State Entities Research Articles

Formation of the foundations of ancient Chinese international law in the Zhou period

This article is a comprehensive study of the formation and development of international law in ancient China. The article states that at the turn of the II and I millennia BC. The Zhou Empire pursued an active foreign policy, as a result of which certain customs began to emerge in this area. In the VII-VI centuries BC in China there were seven large state entities, as well as a significant number of small and smallest. The authors emphasize that by the middle of the first millennium BC relations were formed that were not just foreign policy, but international law. The practice of international negotiations was widespread, sometimes involving up to a dozen or more states. They can be considered the forerunners of international conferences.
 History has preserved to this day examples of treaties concluded between subjects of international law at the time. In general, the practice of ancient Chinese treaties was quite diverse: peace treaties of mutual assistance, treaties on territorial issues, especially neutralization of territories, non-damage to territories, especially rivers, agreements on collective retaliation and sanctions against violators, marriage contracts, export or import agreements. etc. In most cases, the treaties concluded between the ancient Chinese states did not have a single defined object, but covered several (sometimes up to ten) issues that needed legal settlement.
 Gradually, due to customary norms, the law of war was formed, although in practice in ancient China there were numerous deviations from the officially declared behavior - mass killings of prisoners, sale of captured people into slavery, sacrificing them to the gods. The authors conclude that on the one hand, in ancient China there are significant steps towards the development of international law. First of all, this manifested itself in the gradual formation at that time of the basis for the further formation of basic institutions of international law. On the other hand, it is not necessary to idealize the interstate relations of this era. After all, true international law is established on the basis of equality of states, respect for the citizens of other countries, and this was not to be expected in ancient times, especially after the unification of China by the first emperor of the Qin dynasty in 221 BC.

The Impact of Public Sector Lending on Financial Stability in Central Africa

Investments by the private and public sectors have formed the basis for economic growth in developing economies. The creation of goods and services for consumption hinges on the ability of market actors to lend from financial institutions. The process of credit creation is, therefore, central to economic activity, output, employment, productivity, and wage growth. Nevertheless, it is not clear that crowding out of investment occurs via lending to state entities, whose ability to repay credit is contingent on oil prices and domestic economic activity. This paper finds that the impact of the public sector on per capita GDP is weaker (1.6%), while the impact of private credit is significantly larger (2.6%). Greater linkages between commercial banks and the public sector increase financial stability risks as weaker oil prices affect the ability of the public sector to repay its loans to Cameroon’s commercial banks. In other to bolster financial stability, commercial banks should make targeted investments in high-growth and scalable sectors that will reduce the uncertainty on their profits stemming from uncertain oil prices and late repayments by state-owned entities. Not only will a climate-centric and diversified portfolio insulate bank profits over the medium-long run, they will also reduce the exposure of their asset and liquidity positions to uncertain commodity prices.

Сiprus-france relations and problems of region security

After gaining independence in 1960, Cyprus began to establish relations with other countries. However, the ethnic conflict between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in 1974 led to the actual division of the island into two state entities and to various forms of intervention by foreign states, including Greece, Turkey, France and also Great Britain and the United States. The purpose of the article is to analyze the history and current state of Cypriot-French relations, to study the whole range of French interests in Cyprus after gaining independence to the present. Methods used to achieve the goals of the study: historical and comparative analysis, systematization and generalization, retrospective method. The article emphasizes that from the very beginning of the Cypriot ethnic conflict, France has consistently advocated the territorial integrity of Cyprus and condemned the creation of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. In subsequent years, France contributed to the fact that Cyprus in 2004 became a member of the EU. But bilateral relations became most intense during the presidency of E. Macron in 2017–2022. The economic interests of France in Cyprus are primarily associated with the discovery of large gas reserves on the Cyprus shelf, for which several states are fighting in the Eastern Mediterranean region, among which Turkey is the most active. This struggle stimulates the establishment of military cooperation between France and Cyprus. The related 2017 bilateral treaty, which came into force in 2020, aims to contain Turkey. This treaty, the French-Cypriot military exercises and French efforts to resolve the Cyprus conflict aggravate French-Turkish relations and the political situation in the region. The analysis presented in this article, the study of the experience of these bilateral relations will be important for the development of appropriate strategies for international interactions for post-Soviet states, in particular, Ukraine.

Can Sticks And Stones Break Your Bones? A Cross-Country Study Of The State’s Impact On Greenwashing

Governments are playing an increasingly important role in promoting corporate environmental sustainability. However, little is known about their ability to discourage firms from engaging in greenwashing by selectively disclosing more favorable and benign environmental information. In this paper, we explore two important mechanisms through which governments can affect firms’ behaviors in this area – environmental regulations and state ownership. We also study whether presence of external audit impacts the effectiveness of environmental regulations and state ownership in greenwashing mitigation. Our preliminary analysis is based on a sample of 1,731 firms from 34 countries between 2007 and 2017 and shows that both environmental regulations and state ownership are effective in preventing greenwashing by exerting coercive pressures and creating governance structures that align state owners’ and managers’ objectives. We also find that while central state ownership has a negative mitigating effect on firms’ greenwashing, ownership by local state entities or sovereign wealth funds does not have a significant impact. Lastly, we show that external audit of non-financial disclosure provides an additional layer of monitoring that can substitute regulations’ mitigation effect on firms’ greenwashing.

Technological innovation and Knowledge in Chinese Space

Chinese firms have made considerable progress in the space industry within recent decades; some larger state entities have joined the Fortune Global 500 list. The market liberalization, since 2014, has further attracted aspiring entrepreneurial entrants. This article develops a conceptual model by synthesizing business process and technical knowledge among high tech employees to understand technological accumulation within the context of the quadruple helix. We examine the case study of Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology in the Southern Guangdong Province of China, basing on extensive primary and secondary data collection. The findings in this article suggest that technological accumulation within the firm is linked to cultural mechanisms, and therefore provides a broad perspective on managing knowledge and innovation. The findings in this article also suggest that global firms that connects with China's past are more likely to motivate talented employees in the industry.

Implementation of Multi-level Interventions to Mitigate Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant at a PUBLIC UNIVERSITY in Southern United States.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, navigating the implementation of public health measures in a politically charged environment for a large state entity was challenging. However, Louisiana State University (LSU) leadership developed and deployed an effective, multi-layered mitigation plan and successfully opened in-person learning while managing cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the fourth surge. We describe the plan to provide a framework for other institutions during this and future responses. The goals were 3-fold: maintain a quality learning environment, mitigate risk to the campus community, and ensure that LSU operations did not contribute to health-care stress. As of September 2022, LSU has achieved high compliance with interventions and relatively low virus activity on campus compared with peer institutions. This university model can serve as a template for similar implementation plans in the context of complex socio-political and economic considerations.

Martial law: grounds for putting into operation in Ukraine

The research is devoted to the legal regulation of the peculiarities of martial law in Ukraine. The norms of the Ukrainian legislation as to the imposition of martial law in Ukraine are studied. The concepts and grounds for the decision to declare martial law are given. It is determined, that the grounds for the imposition of martial law in Ukraine are armed aggression, attack threat, and the danger of violating Ukrainian territorial integrity. Proposals for amendments to the legislation, governing the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine, have been identified. The Law of Ukraine On Defense of Ukraine and the Constitution of Ukraine is proposed to be supplemented with provisions that provide that martial law may be imposed only in the case of a declaration of war. The necessity of enshrining in the Law of Ukraine On the Legal Regime of Martial Law an exhaustive list of grounds for martial law has been proved. Armed aggression, the threat of attack, and the threat to the territorial integrity of Ukraine are recognized such grounds. The term "threat of attack" should be understood as conducting military exercises by another state near the borders of Ukraine, dangerous flight or maneuvering by an aircraft of another state within the territory of Ukraine, obstruction of navigation in the Kerch Strait, Black or Azov Seas in violation of international law. The term “threat of violation of territorial integrity” should be understood as the participation of citizens of other states in mass riots with demands for the withdrawal of certain regions from Ukraine, decision-making by the city, district, and regional council on announcing a referendum on the proclamation of a new state entity or withdrawal from the state. In this case, martial law may be imposed in certain areas of Ukraine. It is necessary to distinguish the grounds for the imposition of martial law throughout Ukraine and in some areas

Land Protection Partnership in the Montezuma Wetlands Complex, New York, USA

Conserving critical wildlife habitat at a regional scale can be challenging, especially when the region hosts a range of land uses, jurisdictions, and competing interests. Abundant opportunities exist for cooperation when vested conservation entities find common ground to use their unique strengths in a cooperative effort to protect and restore wetlands for wildlife and people. We present the Montezuma Wetlands Complex (MWC) Land Protection Partnership as a case study of regional conservation collaboration aimed at identifying areas in greatest need of wetland protection and restoration to support wetland wildlife and provide wildlife-based recreation. The MWC is among the most important wetland complexes in the Atlantic flyway of eastern North America for migratory birds because it provides critical migratory stopover habitat for millions of birds and regionally unique habitats for breeding birds and resident wildlife, including numerous endangered and threatened (E&T) species. This case study demonstrates how state, federal, and nonprofit entities with differing goals and objectives can partner to protect and restore critical wetland habitat for wildlife. Partners optimized efforts by developing an online survey that included physical, land cover, biological, and people/use attributes which were ranked by each partner to determine common priorities and applied these into a spatial mapping, decision-support tool. Within attribute categories, land protection (physical), emergent marshes (land use), E&T (biological), and recreational areas (people/use) were highest ranked by partners. The decision-support tool provided an objective method of ranking parcels of land for public outreach efforts by the partners to protect and restore wetland wildlife habitat.

Historical and legal aspect of the formation of the external function of Ukraine: from state formations to the cossatians

Purpose. In this scientific research we will try to cover the times from pre-state formations that took place before the formation of the famous Kievan Rus to the times of the Cossacks and trace their ways of negotiating, consolidating agreements or marriages, which affected areas. Different periods of Kievan Rus under different princes, their activities and its impact on foreign relations are going to be mentioned. Let us highlight the times of her descendant - the Galicia-Volyn principality, which for years maintained the traditions of its ancestor, the times of the Cossacks, the figure of B. Khmelnytsky, the search for allies and the preservation of the once-cathedral lands. Method. The method involves the analysis of available scientific and theoretical materials and the formation of recommendations that meet the requirements of the time. Methods. During this scientific research were used such methods of scientific knowledge as historical, comparative, analysis and synthesis, functional. Results. We note that the issues of historical and legal aspects of the formation of external functions of the state, which today include: protection of sovereignty; integration into the international community of self-sufficient democracies; foreign economic activity; diplomatic cooperation with other states; international cooperation on environmental protection; The fight against international terrorism, money laundering, drug trafficking, human trafficking and illegal migration has a long tradition and reflects the same long and difficult path as the history of the state itself, but is always relevant and extremely important. stage of legal analysis in the general system of legal sciences and especially in the science of theory and history of state and law. The study found that the requirements for participants in international relations were formed almost together with the formation of the that state entities, which are virtually unchanged today, it is more appropriate to indicate that they are evolutionary. No less important are the facts of spirituality, volunteerism and wisdom of the head of state, on which depends the international legal activity and position. Scientific novelty. The modern world is currently going through difficult times in the context of global changes and transformations, which entails several consequences to which many states, as well as international law itself, are not adapted. The Ukrainian scientific literature practically does not comprehensively study the issue of updating the international legal functioning, which is an extremely important issue both in general and for Ukraine in particular, which has embarked on a path of radical renewal of its international functional wardrobe. That is why we have been conducting research since the beginning of statehood to develop the most up-to-date recommendations for updating the current situation. Practical significance. The results of this study can be the basis for further research in this historical and legal field and during lectures and seminars in the discipline "Theory and History of State and Law".

Corruption and privatization: Evidence from a natural experiment in China

AbstractThis paper investigates how government corruption shapes state‐owned enterprises' (SOEs) privatization. To establish causality, we exploit a natural experiment (i.e., the investigations of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) to document that SOEs significantly deepen privatization after the crackdown on corruption. Further evidence demonstrates two plausible mechanisms driving our findings. Specifically, anti‐corruption campaign: 1) accelerates privatization process by curbing the underpricing transfers to state entities and encouraging the normal transfers to private entities or individuals; and 2) by reducing managers' incentives to maintain the dominance of state ownership for expropriation through the discretion of perk consumption. Moreover, our findings are particularly pronounced for SOEs located in areas with high levels of social trust, government intervention, and less information asymmetry.

Knowledge and Innovation Within Chinese Firms in the Space Sector

Chinese firms have made considerable progress in the space industry within recent decades; some larger state entities have joined the Fortune Global 500 list. The market liberalization, since 2014, has further attracted aspiring new entrants. This article develops a conceptual model by synthesizing business process and knowledge management among high-tech employees to understand technological accumulation within the context of the quadruple helix. We examine the case study of Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology in the Southern Guangdong Province of China, based on extensive primary and secondary data collection. The findings in this article suggest that technological accumulation within the firm is linked to cultural mechanisms, and therefore provides a broad perspective on knowledge management. The findings in this article also suggest that global firms that connect with China’s past are more likely to motivate talented employees in the industry.

PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PROTESTANT COMMUNITIES IN UKRAINE IN THE 2 ND HALF OF THE 19 TH CENTURY TILL THE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY

The article focuses on the pedagogical activity of Protestant communities in Ukraine in the 2 nd half of the 19 th century till the early 20 th century. It is defined in the article that reformational socio-religious movement in Europe in the 16 th century contributed to the rapid changes in understanding of the surrounding reality and attitude to human, which was reflected in the educational activities of Protestant communities. On the basis of investigation of scholarly research and publications aspects of educational activity, methods of realization and moral and educational orienting points of Protestant communities in the cultural and social space of the studied period are analyzed in the article. It is singled out areas of non-institutional social and pedagogical activities, in particular, in the spread of basic literacy among the population. It is found in the paper that Protestants social and pedagogical activities had a positive impact on the mental, creative, patriotic, social, moral, national and cultural personality development. It should be added that Protestants activity played an important role in the introduction and dissemination of natural and ecological scientific knowledge. Protestant communities used the native Ukrainian language during services, which influenced the formation of national, ethno-national and patriotic worldview. The problem of publishing religious literature in Ukrainian was of great importance for Protestants. It is underlined that contemporary Protestant educational activities in Ukraine and abroadare considered as a reflection of its long-term development in the context of various political and state entities. It is emphasized in the article that Protestant communities take part in the formation of the moral and spiritual environment for harmonious development of children, help families with problems, provide livelihoods for family-type orphanages. It is highlighted in the paper that the combination of European and domestic educational experience, the interaction of Orthodox and Protestant teachers and public characters in the direction of dissemination of education and national value orientations are essentialcomponents of Protestants activities.

Groundwater in Crisis? Addressing Groundwater Challenges in Michigan (USA) as a Template for the Great Lakes

Groundwater historically has been a critical but understudied, underfunded, and underappreciated natural resource, although recent challenges associated with both groundwater quantity and quality have raised its profile. This is particularly true in the Laurentian Great Lakes (LGL) region, where the rich abundance of surface water results in the perception of an unlimited water supply but limited attention on groundwater resources. As a consequence, groundwater management recommendations in the LGL have been severely constrained by our lack of information. To address this information gap, a virtual summit was held in June 2021 that included invited participants from local, state, and federal government entities, universities, non-governmental organizations, and private firms in the region. Both technical (e.g., hydrologists, geologists, ecologists) and policy experts were included, and participants were assigned to an agricultural, urban, or coastal wetland breakout group in advance, based on their expertise. The overall goals of this groundwater summit were fourfold: (1) inventory the key (grand) challenges facing groundwater in Michigan; (2) identify the knowledge gaps and scientific needs, as well as policy recommendations, associated with these challenges; (3) construct a set of conceptual models that elucidate these challenges; and (4) develop a list of (tractable) next steps that can be taken to address these challenges. Absent this type of information, the sustainability of this critical resource is imperiled.

A'uwẽ (Xavante) views of food security in a context of monetarization of an indigenous economy in Central Brazil.

Following boom-and-bust economic cycles provoked by Brazilian governmental attempts to integrate Indigenous peoples into national society, it is approximately since the beginning of the 2000s that Brazilian Indigenous peoples came to be viewed officially as “poor” and victims of “hunger.” Consequently, the national indigenist agency and other State entities started to conceive and implement diverse initiatives that ultimately injected money and resources into Indigenous communities. In 2019 we undertook an ethnographic study in three A’uwẽ (Xavante) communities in the Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Reserve, Central Brazil, with the objective of analyzing how people understand and pursue food security. We propose that in the studied communities the complex network of A’uwẽ food reciprocity is a fundamental strategy for mitigating hunger and acute lack of food. We show that among the A’uwẽ, the hybrid economy that developed since the 1970s has proved resilient to dramatic transformations and uncertainty in the availability and characteristics of external government inputs.

Ufundi et Tekinolojia dans la Tanzanie indépendante : les lexiques spécialisés kiswahili dans les manuels pour l’éducation des adultes, années 1960–1980

In the 1970s and 1980s, Tanzanian Publishing House, a government parastatal of the East African nation, embarked upon a project to spread practical yet specialized knowledge to its citizens through a series of twenty how–to Kiswahili manuals called Vitabu Vya Ufundi (“Books of Specialization”). The authors who participated in this project certainly helped shape a national technical language by introducing new terms in both English and Kiswahili. Yet equally important, and the subject of this essay, is that the authors drew upon pre-existing linguistic frameworks and categories for establishing the boundaries of useful knowledge. Using seven of these manuals, this essay demonstrates how a broad, flexible, and historic Kiswahili term for specialization, ufundi, provided a framework for state entities, practitioners-turned-authors, and citizens to establish and negotiate the boundaries of knowledge production during the independent period. It further shows how the vernacularized term for technology, tekinolojia, found uptake with and through established discourses of ufundi and their relationship to two other significant terms, kilimo (farming or agriculture) and maendeleo (development).

MODELING THE PROCESSES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOMESTIC MARKET OF TOURIST SERVICES AND HOSPITALITY

The study is devoted to the issue of modeling the processes of development of domestic market of tourist services and hospitality. Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to model the development of domestic market for tourism services and hospitality. During the study, the authors concluded that under current conditions of competitiveness of tourist regions of Ukraine on a global scale is directly related to the mechanism of cluster management of tourism development, including domestic. The authors established that the subjects of cluster policy are legislative and executive bodies of state and/or local authorities, which in the process of its implementation interact with each other and with business associations, manufacturing enterprises, educational, scientific and financial institutions, transport and logistics companies, service organizations, etc. Methodology. The theoretical basis of the study were the fundamental principles of economics, approaches to the general and special methods of scientific knowledge, scientific achievements of domestic and foreign scientists on modeling the development of tourism and hospitality. When modeling the processes of development of domestic market of tourist services and hospitality, methods of analysis of economic dynamics, structural and functional analysis, scientific abstraction, as well as the graphical method, econometric methods of linear regression and other methods of economic and mathematical modeling were used. The results and value of the research are to develop an author's model of development of the domestic market of tourism and hospitality of Ukraine, the essence of which is to use a cluster approach. In the mechanism of cluster management of the domestic tourism market it is important to determine the means and methods of targeted state influence, including levers of influence of local authorities, in order to effectively develop the cluster system of tourist destinations in Ukraine. The proposed mechanism is the basis for the implementation of cluster policy as a system of relations between the state and economic entities to improve the competitiveness of the national tourist product through the formation and development of tourism and hospitality clusters. The authors have improved the scientific and practical approach to clustering, which is based on the construction of a cluster model of the domestic market of tourist services of Ukraine, which provides an effective state policy of development of individual tourist clusters and the domestic market of tourist services as a whole.

When Diaspora Politics Meet Global Ambitions: Diaspora Institutions Amid China's Geopolitical Transformations

Through a case study of China, one of the largest emigration states and a rising global power, this article probes how a homeland state envisions diaspora politics amid geopolitical transformations. Drawing on historical, policy, and interview data, I argue that China's changing positioning toward Chinese emigrants, triggered by the state's geopolitical vicissitudes, has reshaped and repurposed diaspora institutions. I find that since the 2010s, China's diaspora policies have shifted away from soliciting diasporic support for domestic economic growth and national unification and toward liaising externally with migrants to expand Chinese soft power abroad. In consequence, diaspora institutions with more extensive overseas connections and flexible working experiences have taken precedence over formal state agencies specialized in domestic policymaking. This article makes two theoretical contributions to a multilevel understanding of diaspora politics as traversing simultaneously the domestic and global political fields. First, following neo-pluralism, I examine China's diaspora bureaucracy as composed of a diverse set of state entities with distinctive, or even contradictory, interests, orientations, and philosophies. These organizational variations shape diaspora institutions’ different strengths and fluctuating significance in China's shifting geopolitical strategies. Second, by situating emigrants and diaspora institutions in the macrohistorical framework of world politics, this article pushes research on diaspora politics into more profound dialog with world-systems theory. Rather than assuming an asymmetric interdependence between weaker emigration countries and hegemonic immigration countries, I demonstrate how an aspirational homeland state seeks to challenge this established world order and accomplish its geopolitical ascendancy through diaspora re-strategizing and institutional reshuffling.

Internal Control and Its Application in Public Management: a Literature Review

Currently, having a transparent and orderly public institution is related to the public policy of modernization of the state, which is not easy because it requires managers who have the will to implement an internal control system that allows the efficiency and effectiveness of the acts of the entities. The internal control in recent years has greater relevance seeking that the state entities are strengthened through new processes and changes of actions that allow transparency and achieve the objectives set and have an efficient management with a level of security of their administrative acts. The objective of this research is to study the simplification of actions and administrative transformations in public management through internal control. The methodology used for the literature review was descriptive, a search was made through the Scopus database, obtaining general data of 24 records, a not very significant number for the topic addressed, which has been subjected to bibliometric analysis that allowed to determine that the growth of publications from 1977 to 2020 has had an insignificant growth, having been accentuated in 2 publications from 2019 to 2020, likewise the greatest number of researches have been carried out in undefined countries, followed by Portugal, United Kingdom and United States, being the article the publication medium that has the greatest significance and the area that stands out most in publications is the social sciences followed by the economic sciences. Likewise, the Vos viewer was used to obtain the study map and the heat map of the Internal Control and Public Management theme. From the analysis, the theories related to the paradigms of internal control and public management have been analyzed, which will lead us to understand the changes or actions that public entities have or have had.

INTERNATIONAL LAW AS THE BASIS FOR EXTENDING ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED BY STATES OR STATE ENTITIES TO NON-SIGNATORIES

AbstractThis article explores the role of international law in relation to the extension of arbitration agreements contained in contracts concluded by States (or State entities) with non-signatory State entities (or States). As contract-based arbitrations involving States or State entities are on the rise, identifying the legal framework governing which parties are covered by the relevant arbitration agreements is of practical importance. The analysis demonstrates that international law forms part of the relevant law, alongside other applicable laws including law of contract, law of the seat and transnational law, concerning the extension of arbitration agreements concluded by States or State entities to non-signatories. Previous analyses have neglected the role of international law by not distinguishing contract-based arbitrations involving private parties from contract-based arbitrations involving States or State entities. Public international law recognises that arbitration agreements can be extended to non-signatories on the basis of implied consent, or abuse of separate legal personality and estoppel. Therefore, foreign investors can rely on international law to extend arbitration agreements to non-signatories in arbitrations conducted under investment contracts concluded by States or State entities, even if the relevant domestic law is agnostic or hostile to this. This has significant legal, and practical, importance.

Embeddability of the concept of an electronic person in the legal system of the state or state entity

Embeddability of the concept of an electronic person in the legal system of the state or state entity