State Correctional Institution Research Articles

Soygundan Hüküm Giymiş Erkeklerde, Çocukluk Dönemi İstismarı ile Psikolojik Semptomların Uyuşturucu Kullanma Sıklığı ve Kendine Zarar Verme Sıklığını Ayırt Ediciliği

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of prior childhood abuse and current psychological symptoms on the frequency of drug use and self-harming behavior among a group of male prisoners convicted of robbery. The sample consists of 127 men convicted of armed, aggravated, unarmed/forced robbery, who were held in Metris T-type closed penitentiary state correctional institution. History of childhood abuse was assessed with The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and psychological symptoms were assessed with The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Frequency of drug use was assessed with three questions and self-harm was assessed through four questions both on the self-completed demographic information form. Among 127 men recruited, history of childhood abuse and psychological symptoms provided discrimination concerning frequency of drug use and self-harm. The rate of self-harming individuals in the present study was relatively high compared to the literature. There was a significant correlation between CTQ total and subscale scores and BSI total and subscale scores, except for the emotional neglect subscale.

Protection of Law and Justice and Human Rights must be Enforced Even in Large-Scale Social Restrictions

Online media. TempoCOM. July 1, 2021. Restrictions on mobility in Java and Bali are getting more stringent. Online Law. July 4, 2021. The Advocate Profession Does Not Enter the Essential Sector, DetikNews. July 8, 2021. Metro Police Chief Promise. The Company Boss Brush Does Not Take Sides of Humanity. Supreme Court PR Announcement May 8, 2020. Circular Letter of the Secretary of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2020. Regarding Guidelines for the Implementation of Work From Home and the Imposition of Disciplinary Sentences for Judges and Apparatus within the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia and the Judicial Bodies Under It During the Corona Virus Disease Community Emergency Period 2019. SINDOnews. October 24, 2020. Supreme Court. PERMA Number 4 of 2020. Date September 29, 2020, regarding the Administration and Trial of Criminal Cases in Courts Electronically. In the Indonesian Criminal Justice System: 1. Investigation: investigators together with an advocate accompanying the suspect; 2. Pre-prosecution: the public prosecutor and the judge and advocate were accompanying the defendant; 3. the judge's verdict: the judge together with the advocate accompanying the defendant; 4. After the criminal verdict: the prosecutor implements the final decision, and the advocate accompanies the defendant and officials from the state detention center or correctional institution. Detention in the Indonesian Criminal Justice System: 1. Investigation for a maximum of 60 days and or 120 days if the penalty is nine years or more; 2. The pre-prosecution is a maximum of 50 days and or 110 days if the punishment is nine years or more; 3. The pre-sentence is for a maximum of 90 days or 150 days if the sentence is nine years or more. Law Enforcers in the Indonesian Criminal Justice System: 1. Advocates as legal advisors or defenders of suspects and defendants and convicts requesting the judicial review; 2. Investigators; 3. Prosecutors; 4. Judge; 5. Officials of state land houses or correctional institutions. Instruction Letter from the Minister of Home Affairs Number 15 of 2021. On July 2, 2021, regarding the Implementation of Restrictions on Emergency Community Activities for Corona Virus Disease 2019. In the Java and Bali Regions. Cannot bind law enforcers in the Indonesian criminal justice system—Fiat Justitia Ruat Coelum (the justice law must be upheld even if the sky falls).

‘Daddy made a mistake and needed a time out’: Incarcerated parents as moral educators

ABSTRACT Although incarcerated individuals have committed potentially ‘immoral’ crimes, many are also parents, and need to foster their children’s moral development. As such, incarcerated parents occupy a paradoxical position: they are labelled as morally deviant yet simultaneously expected to provide moral guidance for their children. This study explores the concurrent rifts and junctures between incarceration, parenting, and morality by revealing how incarcerated fathers at a Pennsylvania state correctional institution (SCI) used a family literacy program to offer moral instruction to their young children. Moreover, it examines the seeming paradox of how incarcerated parents viewed as morally culpable seek to shape their children’s moral development while serving time for their own past actions. We find that although scholars and the public have historically perceived incarcerated individuals as lacking moral reasoning, there are multiple examples of incarcerated fathers acting as moral educators for their children.

Spiritus Est qui Vivificat: Mass Incarceration, Social Justice and the Spiritan Mission

This article explores the connection between the Congregation of the Holy Spirit (Spiritans) and the Elsinore Bennu Think Tank for Restorative Justice (EBTT). The Spiritan’s historic involvement in the liberation, healing and restoration of enslaved men, women, and children in French colonies, as well as the establishment of local churches in Africa, inspires the human spirit to equitable relationships between peoples. Shifting from that global perspective, we consider their local efforts in founding Duquesne University as an institution of higher education for the children of immigrant steelworkers. Moving to the present, we note the genesis of The Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program at Duquesne, the formation of the EBTT at the State Correctional Institution in Pittsburgh. EBTT members are committed to collaborative community efforts as a way for people damaged by circumstance and systems of oppression to remake themselves, recognizing that remade people are needed to restore a broken society.

A Different Kind of Labor: Writing in Prison

A Different Kind of Labor: Writing in Prison Ryan M. Moser “It’s never too late to become who you might have been.” —quote on a prison library wall The Writers Guild We called ourselves the Writers Guild: three raconteurs brought together by a creative writing workshop and our mutual passion for words. There were others in the class, but none as dedicated as us. Brad was quixotic, always stretching his vocabulary to defend the relationship with the soul; Ethan was my sounding board and a master of the metaphor, layering image upon image to deliver his messages of hope or loss; and I was the storyteller. Between us, we’d won the monthly short story contest six times in a row, besting our fellow classmates over and over with our collaborations. The workshop met once a week in an old classroom by the chow hall, and after returning to our cellblock, the three of us would sit in the noisy TV room at a small table comparing notes, establishing outlines, developing characters, and revising our work until it sparkled like a polished diamond. Some months, we would labor on just one story, toiling away by the faint night light in the cellblock hall or whispering comments back and forth; other months, we’d each write our own and pick the best to submit—a friendly competition within a competition. Trying to find a quiet place to study or write in a state correctional institution is difficult on most days, and impossible on some. We were lucky to have a space to meet at all. The Florida Department of Corrections has stabbings and drug overdoses almost every day, and these emergencies result in lockdowns with no movement to classes or programs. Everybody knows that when you see a wheelchair and two medical orderlies running down the sidewalk, or the Emergency Response Team (aka the goon squad) taking pictures of a crime scene, we’re about [End Page 85] to be sitting on our bunks or confined to our units for an indefinite amount of time. Violence is prevalent at many institutions in the state, so programs, volunteers, educational and technical training, and recreation time are scarce. With officers pulled in so many directions to address major problems, everything else stops. “What are you writing?” I would hear all day long from each passerby. Imagine sitting in Starbucks with every customer who walks past your table asking you a question about your work, even though you are wearing headphones. There were also constant interruptions for head counts, chow, and the daily fist fights that are a part of our struggle, but we were assiduous and produced some gratifying literary work. One month in 2018 I wrote an ekphrastic short story called “The Farmer’s Pond,” an autobiographical piece inspired by a photo of a young farmhand in a book about Amish life. The Writers Guild refined the plot and edited for grammar. We revised scenes on the weekends while everyone else played Texas Hold ’Em, watched football, or got inked with gang tattoos. Eventually, I was able to complete a final draft that everyone considered my best piece yet, and I basked in the glow of having finished my first quality short story. “This one has some real potential,” Ethan told me as we talked over lunch. “You should send it out to magazines.” I balked. I didn’t want to submit my writing to serious places because I knew I wasn’t as good as the other authors I’d read throughout my life, floating across the thought clouds of the sage guides before me— Franzen, Homer, and Burroughs. Basho and Keats. Hirshfield. The immortalized Jung. Self-doubt prevents me from even trying. But when my story won the monthly writing contest, I decided to take a chance. I mailed copies to several literary journals listed in my Writer’s Digest and felt like I’d taken a step toward something credible. The Writers Guild was my personal dream team, but the creative writing class was my favorite time of the week: it was my first formal workshop, and a glimpse into the possibilities of collaborative creativity...

Behind the wall: service challenges at a prison library

This article examines the challenges of providing library services to incarcerated men at the State Correctional Institution Benner Township in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. Most challenges stem from sustaining an inmate’s right of access to the courts, operating without the technology found in most public libraries, and dealing with censorship.

Building Bridges Across Diversity

The Inside-Out Prison Exchange Programme is a unique prison education programme that brings together ‘Inside' (prison) students and ‘Outside' (university) students to learn collaboratively through dialogue and community-building exercises within the prison walls. Challenging prejudices and breaking down social barriers, the programme provides students from diverse backgrounds with a transformative learning opportunity. Drawing on the critical pedagogy of Paolo Freire and the teaching practice of bell hooks, Inside-Out instructors engage in ‘teaching to transgress,' enabling students to understand experientially the ways in which every day and commonplace environments are shaped by privilege and inequalities. The programme was founded 20 years ago by Temple University criminologist Lori Pompa in collaboration with incarcerated men at Graterford State Correctional Institution in response to the racial injustice and mass incarceration that characterized the US criminal justice system. Durham University criminologists introduced Inside-Out to the UK in 2014, at three very different prisons: a men's category A (high security) prison, a men's category B (medium security) prison and a women's prison. A decade on the government's introduction of the Widening Participation agenda in higher education (HE), with levels of inequality in and access to HE, particularly within Russell Group Universities, is persistently high, Inside-Out challenges this lack of diversity in HE head on. This article explores how the Inside-Out ethos and pedagogy are powerful means through which inequalities rooted in gender, ethnicity and privilege can be exposed and challenged within the unique prism of the prison setting. Quantitative and qualitative data from three years of programme delivery across the three prisons will be drawn upon. The article will argue that the Inside-Out model can overcome social barriers and prejudices to embrace and celebrate diversity; support students to critically explore their own beliefs and identities; and go on to utilise this educational experience to foster social change on both sides of the prison walls.

Addressing methodological issues in correctional health research: a case report.

This case study describes the experiences of a novice correctional nurse researcher's application of the recommended strategies from the correctional literature to improve the conduct of research in a correctional institution. An innovative booster intervention was implemented and evaluated as a pilot study in a state correctional institution. Correctional nurse researchers encounter many challenges when conducting research in a correctional facility. This case study shares challenges that persisted and concludes by recommending ways to strengthen and improve on learned strategies proposed by experienced correctional nurse researchers.

DOWN IN THE CHAPEL: Religious Life in an American Prison by Joshua Dubler, and: THE PUNISHMENT IMPERATIVE: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America by Todd R. Clear and Natasha A. Frost (review)

Reviewed by: DOWN IN THE CHAPEL: Religious Life in an American Prison by Joshua Dubler, and: THE PUNISHMENT IMPERATIVE: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America by Todd R. Clear and Natasha A. Frost Lee Bernstein DOWN IN THE CHAPEL: Religious Life in an American Prison. By Joshua Dubler. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. 2013. THE PUNISHMENT IMPERATIVE: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America. By Todd R. Clear and Natasha A. Frost. New York: New York University Press. 2014. Two recent books agree that American prisons lost much of the patina of penitence, corrections, and rehabilitation from earlier eras. Joshua Dubler, a religious studies scholar, describes punitive-centered contemporary prisons as machines with [End Page 138] no such “ghosts” to animate their cellblocks in his layered ethnography of one week in the chapel at the Pennsylvania State Correctional Institution at Graterford, the state’s largest maximum-security penitentiary. If prisons are no longer driven by earlier goals of reform, what justifies their regimes today? Criminologists Todd R. Clear and Natasha A. Frost posit that they are physical manifestations of the “punishment imperative,” a pattern of legislation and practices that includes long sentences for non-violent offenses as part of the war on drugs, determinate sentences as part of the response to the victim’s rights movement, and community monitoring that carries high risk of incarceration. Clear and Frost ignore the first 150 years of US prison history when incarceration was comparatively rare. Instead, they peg the punishment imperative to a Nixon administration responding to the civil rights movement. They characterize the punishment imperative as a law and order social experiment with antecedents in the New Deal and Great Society rather than the earlier history of incarceration. The legislative onslaught between 1970 and 2000 included long sentences for non-violent violations of drug laws, enhanced sentences for repeat offenders, and surveillance-based community supervision with high risks of incarceration for even minor violations. Whether by design or default, prosecutorial practices and sentencing guidelines ensured that African Americans bore the brunt of this punishment imperative. This pattern predictably ran up the US prison population. Not content with locking people up, state and federal legislatures dealt a coup-de-grace during the Clinton era when formerly incarcerated people and their families faced restricted access to education, housing, social services, and employment. Drawing on Clear’s earlier research, the authors demonstrate that the current consequence is a criminal justice system that erodes public safety by preventing the public sector from lawfully supporting the growing number of formerly incarcerated people. Incarceration and the overall punitive approach, Clear demonstrates, tend to increase crime. If neither reform nor punishment worked, what work do prisons accomplish? Clear and Frost point to what they call latent functions, noting Jonathan Simon’s insights on the political expedience of fears of crime for campaigning politicians. In addition, they highlight the analysis of Loic Wacquant, who situates mass incarceration within the historical and economic contexts of postindustrial job loss and the ways that prisons control young men of color. But most importantly, what makes punishment an imperative is the way that its steady march drowned out critics and possible alternatives. One consequence of the social experiment is that at the same time that the prison population increased, policymakers defunded a broad spectrum of non-punitive programs. According to the law and order logic of the punishment imperative, if prison-based therapeutic, educational, and vocational efforts failed to encourage people to stop breaking laws, then a punitive approach would. Policy-makers doubled down even as evidence mounted that the new approach offered no benefits—and many consequences. But if prisons are now solipsistic machines that produce only more prisons and misery, how then might people live meaningful lives behind bars? Incarcerated people spend their time with one another in the dormitories, cellblocks, yards, and [End Page 139] pods with few prison-sanctioned social or cultural resources. Religious observance withstood the punishment imperative as a result of legislation and litigation, providing one crucial exception to an otherwise dull repetition. Although Dubler does not take the totality of mass incarceration as his subject and specifically resists broad generalizations based...

Is there a recognizable post-incarceration syndrome among released “lifers”?

It has been suggested that released prisoners experience a unique set of mental health symptoms related to, but not limited to, post-traumatic stress disorder. We sought to empirically assess whether there is a recognizable post-incarceration syndrome that captures the unique effects of incarceration on mental health. We conducted in-depth life interviews with 25 released “lifers” (individuals serving a life sentence), who served an average of 19years in a state correctional institution. We assessed to what extent the symptoms described by the participants overlapped with other mental disorders, most notably PTSD. The narratives indicate a specific cluster of mental health symptoms: In addition to PTSD, this cluster was characterized by institutionalized personality traits, social–sensory disorientation, and alienation. Our findings suggest that post-incarceration syndrome constitutes a discrete subtype of PTSD that results from long-term imprisonment. Recognizing Post-Incarceration Syndrome may allow for more adequate recognition of the effects of incarceration and treatment among ex-inmates and ultimately, successful re-entry into society.

Poster #90 MIGRATION, ETHNICITY AND PSYCHOSIS: EVIDENCE FOR A SOCIO-DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAY

It has been suggested that released prisoners experience a unique set of mental health symptoms related to, but not limited to, post-traumatic stress disorder. We sought to empirically assess whether there is a recognizable post-incarceration syndrome that captures the unique effects of incarceration on mental health. We conducted in-depth life interviews with 25 released “lifers” (individuals serving a life sentence), who served an average of 19 years in a state correctional institution. We assessed to what extent the symptoms described by the participants overlapped with other mental disorders, most notably PTSD. The narratives indicate a specific cluster of mental health symptoms: In addition to PTSD, this cluster was characterized by institutionalized personality traits, social–sensory disorientation, and alienation. Our findings suggest that post-incarceration syndrome constitutes a discrete subtype of PTSD that results from long-term imprisonment. Recognizing Post-Incarceration Syndrome may allow for more adequate recognition of the effects of incarceration and treatment among ex-inmates and ultimately, successful re-entry into society.

Concrete, Steel & Paint

Concrete, Steel & Paint T. Heriza (Co-Director, Co-Producer) & C. L. Burstein (Co-Director, Co-Producer). (2009). Concrete, Steel & Paint [Documentary]. United States of America: New Day Films. ISBN-978-1-57448-250-8.The United States incarcerates more people than any nation on earth. We are a nation that nurtures the cycle of crime and punishment through the ongoing construction of more and more prisons. On the other side of these impenetrable walled warehouses are families, friends, communities, and victims of crime, abuse, and addiction. Each element in the cycle of crime and punishment is part of a larger complex picture filled with ambiguity, empathy, prejudice, abuse, addiction, guilt, remorse, violence, emptiness, and resilience.The documentary Concrete, Steel & Paint shares a moving story about the role of murals, storytelling, image making, and the use of the arts to bear witness to humanity's capacity for resilience, forgiveness, and understanding. Produced and directed by Cindy Burstein and Tony Heriza, this film weaves all of these disparate elements together in a dramatic story about the creation of murals by the men at the State Correctional Institution in Graterford, Pennsylvania (SCI-Graterford), in collaboration with the famous Mural Arts Program of Philadelphia.Rich and visually textured street scenes and urban vignettes of Philadelphia contrast starkly with views of the bare walls and guard towers of SCI-Graterford, cell blocks, the yard, and intimate spaces within one of the largest and oldest prisons in the United States. There are approximately 4,000 men housed at Graterford under maximum-security conditions. Graterford is a small city revolving around the economy of crime and punishment.Shooting documentaries about difficult such as crime is hardly easy; negotiating to bring a camera Into a maximum-security prison to film candid moments over months of work, meetings, and studio sessions is miraculous. Through candid interviews, the viewer is taken inside and outside the walls of the prison to see the complex relationships between people who are victims of crime and people who have perpetrated criminal acts against others. We are led to see the interior lives of men who help create the murals that are one of the of the film under the direction of two talented artists: Jane Golden, founder of the Mural Arts Project, and Cesar Viveros, the lead artist for this project. The incarcerated men featured in thefilm openly share their crimes, histories of abuse, and family lives with viewers.The filmmakers are invisible throughout the film; this makes viewers feel less of a sense of distance between themselves and the subjects of the film. Sometimes the viewer's visual space is so intimate that it is possible to count the hairs on the chin of some of the men who are interviewed in prison. Viewers see the inside of the cells In which these men spend their lives. The filmmakers portray the vulnerability of these men and the importance of art in their lives.These intimate interviews with men who are incarcerated are balanced by equally candid interviews with victims of violent crimes and victims' advocates. One powerful character within the documentary featured at various points is Victoria Greene. Her son, Emir, was shot and killed as a young man. Her presence within the film embodies a person who is resilient and open to the possibility that people can change in unexpected ways. Viewers hear the painful details of her life and the life of her daughter after the death of her son. Through these heartwrenching accounts, Burstein and Heriza have purposely placed viewers in an emotional quagmire. Viewers must face the question: Is it possible to have sympathy not only for the victims of violent crime but also for perpetrators?Jane Golden, one of America's premier mural artists, is the human bridge in the film between SCI-Graterford and residents in Philadelphia. …

The Graterford Prison Project: Negotiating Change

The writer reflects upon a year of teaching at the State Correctional Institution, Graterford, Pennsylvania, USA, where she and twenty-four prisoners collaborated on the development of an original play. In preparing the men to both perform and write their own dramatic work, based on stories from their lives, she employed both autoethnographic writing and improvisatory theatre practices, namely Augusto Boal's Forum and Rainbow of Desire exercises and Jo Salas's Playback techniques. In the article, the author again utilizes autoethnographic practices, now in combination with scholarship, in an effort to define prison theatre. She elucidates certain challenges encountered, specifically those that occurred when transferring the work to other parties for evaluation and performance. Considering how the prisoners' text changed, as it passed through various communities and struggled to fit into those communities' discursive practices, the writer looks at the unfortunate results of such traffic, specifically how the traffic itself affects the original intentions of the work. However, she admits that only in bringing the work out of the prison and into other communities can it have continued life and presence, which holds the potential to create a wider public forum on community-based work in the justice system.

Características da personalidade de pais incestuosos por meio do Rorschach, conforme o Sistema Compreensivo

Adotando-se os criterios legais de estupro (artigo 213 do Codigo Penal Brasileiro) como delimitacoes para essa conduta ou sintoma interpessoal, a finalidade desse estudo foi a de investigar caracteristicas da personalidade de individuos responsabilizados criminalmente por estupros incestuosos. Participaram do estudo tres adultos do sexo masculino, com semelhantes condicoes sociais, demograficas e educacionais, presos em uma penitenciaria do estado de Sao Paulo pelos estupros das filhas biologicas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista e do Metodo de Rorschach, no Sistema Compreensivo de Exner (2003). Para a analise dos resultados foram selecionadas as seguintes variaveis: defensividade, autopercepcao, capacidade de autocontrole, relacionamentos e percepcao interpessoal, afeto e processos cognitivos aplicados na adaptacao a realidade social. Ainda que estupradores nao se constituam como um grupo homogeneo e que nao haja um padrao de caracteristicas universais que os represente, os principais resultados permitiram constatar a insuficiencia de recursos subjetivos aplicados a percepcao de si mesmos e a percepcao do outro, dados que foram convergentes com os comumente retratados na literatura sobre psicologia de agressores sexuais.

An Evaluation of a Family-Centered Cognitive Skills Program for Prison Inmates

This article evaluates a cognitive program at a state correctional institution. The program points to the benefits of cognitive skill development as inmates reflect on rejoining their families. Inmates are instructed on identifying problems, recognizing resources for solving problems, and thinking of alternative ways to respond as they apply principles of practical reasoning to everyday problems families experience. The development, implementation, and evaluation of the program and the implications for professionals and students are discussed.

Rational Behavior Training Effectiveness for White and Nonwhite Incarcerated Felons

45 incarcerated male felons in a medium-security state correctional institution participated in a Rational Behavior Training treatment outcome study. 58% of the subjects were white, 18% were African-American, 17% were Hispanic, and 7% were classified as other. Subjects were selected from an institutional group-therapy waiting list and randomly assigned to one of four group facilitators. The Novaco Provocation Inventory, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, and Rational Behavior Training Concepts Test were administered before and after the 10-wk. treatment period. No differences in gain scores (pretest minust posttest) were observed although the slightly greater improvement on the concepts test by subjects of ethnic minority encourages further study.

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis transmission in a state correctional institution--California, 1990-1991

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis transmission in a state correctional institution--California, 1990-1991

Tuberculosis Transmission in a State Correctional Institution—California, 1990-1991

During September and October 1991, active tuberculosis (TB) was diagnosed in two inmates and one employee of a California state correctional institution (1991 average annual inmate population, 5421; employees, 1500). This report presents findings from an investigation by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS), the California Department of Corrections (CDOC), and CDC to determine whether ongoing transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was occurring in the institution.

Use of the Psychological Screening Inventory with Residents of a State Correctional Institution

Abstract A subjective evaluation of population trends within correctional facilities suggests that prisons are receiving a higher proportion of mentally ill prisoners than previously and because of this research in (he identification of this population is called for. The Psychological Screening Inventory was routinely administered to prisoners at reception centers within the Wisconsin Correctional Facilities to assess potential psychological maladjustment. Of 1,707 male prisoners between the ages of 18 and 36 administered the PSI at one correctional facility 82 were transferred to mental hospitals during incarceration. Scores on the five scales of the PSI for this criterion group were compared with population means using a l-test corrected for hctcrogenity of variance. Transferred inmates had significantly higher scores on the Alienation and Discomfort scales than the prison population. Possible explanations for significantly lower scores for the criterion group on the Defcnsiveness scale arc (a) a character structure already predisposed towards more extreme pathology and thus less effective or more primitive psychological defenses, or (b) an outcome of being psychologically dysfunctional and an inability to maintain a more normal level of defensiveness as measured by the PSI. The results were discussed in terms of utility of the PSI as a screening device for detecting inmates likely to experience psychological maladjustment.

Two successive outbreaks of Clostridium perfringens at a state correctional institution.

An outbreak of acute gastrointestinal illness of short duration involving 100 inmates at a correctional institution followed a similar outbreak among the same population by eight days. Clostridium perfringens was the specific etiology in both outbreaks; the vehicle was roast beef in the first outbreak, ham in the second. Direct observation of food handling practices revealed that the meats were not cooled quickly enough following cooking; not reheated adequately prior to serving, and; held at improper temperatures prior to serving.