State Diagram Research Articles

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИСКАЖЕНИЙ КРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКОЙ РЕШЁТКИ В ТВЁРДОМ РАСТВОРЕ АЛЮМИНИЕВОГО СПЛАВА Д16 (АА2024) ПОСЛЕ ОТЖИГА И СТАРЕНИЯ

Annealing, quenching, natural and artificial aging at 100 and 200°С during 15 and 30 minutes of Al-Cu-Mg alloy D16 (AA2024) are provided. Chemical composition of solid solution is found using scanning electron microscopy and micro-X-ray-spectral analysis. Based on results of chemical analysis the calculation of average interatomic distance changing in the solid solution is found, which shows the value of crystal lattice distortion. Also crystal lattice distortion and residual stresses in the solid solution are studied using X-ray analysis. It was found, annealed state and artificial aging at 200°С during 30 minutes lead to similar content of alloying elements in the solid solution, mass percentage of Cu 15…16 times and Mg 4…5 times higher than should be in the solid solution at equilibrium state in accordance with state diagram. Exposition of 15 minutes for artificial aging at temperature of 100 and 200°С does not lead to significant difference in the level of residual stresses calculated and measured. High level of residual stress in the solid solution of alloy D16 at quenched state and after short exposition before 30 minutes allows receiving the high strength, but may give less exfoliation corrosion resistance in water-salt environment.

Critical conditions of forced ignition in Ni-Al, Ti-Al powder systems under solid-phase synthesis

A theoretical study of the critical conditions of forced solid-phase ignition in Ti-Al, Ni-Al systems was carried out. Based on the analysis of the non-stationary diffusion equation with moving boundaries, the critical powers of the heating source and the corresponding critical temperatures were determined during the formation of NiAl, TiAl3 intermetallic compounds using the state diagrams of these binary systems. The diffusion activation energies, frequency factors, particle sizes, and heat removal conditions were considered as variable parameters. The diagrams of critical parameters which relate the corresponding specific heating powers with the indicated values were constructed. It has been established that for the same values of the parameters and under identical synthesis conditions, the critical temperatures in these systems differ by more than one hundred degrees. The latter is associated with a significant difference in the width of the solubility region for the corresponding compounds of the composition NiAl, TiAl3. The performed analysis allows separating the modes of isothermal sintering and thermal explosion which makes it possible to control the thermal and diffusion modes of synthesis. The comparison of the calculation results with the experimental data showed their satisfactory agreement.

Screening-induced phase transitions in core-shell ferroic nanoparticles

Using the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire approach, we study screening-induced phase transitions in core-shell ferroic nanoparticles for three different shapes: an oblate disk, a sphere, and a prolate needle. The nanoparticle is made of a ferroic ${\mathrm{CuInP}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ core and covered by a tunable screening shell made of a phase-change material with a conductivity that varies as the material changes between semiconductor and metallic phases. We reveal a critical influence of the shell screening length on the phase transitions and spontaneous polarization of the nanoparticle core. Since the tunable screening shell allows the control of the polar state and phase diagrams of core-shell ferroic nanoparticles, the obtained results can be of particular interest for applications in nonvolatile memory cells.

Regularities of phase equilibria based on the Bjerrum-Guggenheim concept for the Fe-Al binary system

A theoretically justified method of mathematical description of phase equilibrium lines based on the regularity of the behavior of components along the phase crystallization line has been developed. When analyzing the state diagrams of various systems, a regularity was found in the formation of crystallization fields of phases in the form of a correlation dependence between the osmotic coefficient of the crystallizing component and the ratio of its activity in the liquid and solid phases. The Bjerrum-Guggenheim osmotic coefficient can serve as a measure of the deviation of the energy properties of a real system from the ideal one described by the Schroeder-Le Chatelier equation. Two types of generalized mathematical expression in the form of a modified Schroeder-Le Chatelier equation are proposed for the analytical description of the liquidus and solidus lines of state diagrams of a whole class of systems. These types make it possible to calculate the dependence between the composition and the temperature. Mathematical expressions describing the lines of monovariant phase equilibria are presented on a single analytical basis. Mathematical expressions represent the liquidus and solidus lines of the Fe-Al system for the corresponding elements and compounds using the Schroeder-Le Chatelier equation and the Bjerrum-Guggenheim coefficient (Фi). The linear nature of the change in the osmotic coefficient of crystallizing phases (Фi) on the ratio of the activity of the components in the ideal liquid and solid phases under the boundary conditions of the formation of crystallization fields of the phases was revealed. The type of change in the Bjerrum-Guggenheim osmotic coefficient depends on the intermolecular interaction of the components in the melt. If only van der Waals forces of interaction between the structural units of the considered component with the second prevail, then a linear relationship is observed. When the formation of various groups from the initial components or the dissociation of a chemical compound takes place in the melt, the osmotic coefficient has a curved dependence. This research is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP08855453).

Quantum criticality of excitonic Mott metal-insulator transitions in black phosphorus

Quantum phase transition refers to the abrupt change of ground states of many-body systems driven by quantum fluctuations. It hosts various intriguing exotic states around its quantum critical points approaching zero temperature. Here we report the spectroscopic and transport evidences of quantum critical phenomena of an exciton Mott metal-insulator-transition in black phosphorus. Continuously tuning the interplay of electron-hole pairs by photo-excitation and using Fourier-transform photo-current spectroscopy as a probe, we measure a comprehensive phase diagram of electron-hole states in temperature and electron-hole pair density parameter space. We characterize an evolution from optical insulator with sharp excitonic transition to metallic electron-hole plasma phases featured by broad absorption and population inversion. We also observe strange metal behavior that resistivity is linear in temperature near the Mott transition boundaries. Our results exemplify an ideal platform to investigating strongly-correlated physics in semiconductors, such as crossover between superconductivity and superfluity of exciton condensation.

Intelligent system of passenger flows dynamic 2D-visualization for public transport routes

In order to increase the attractiveness of public transport for urban residents, a software product has been created for transport companies that, by visualizing passenger traffic, helps to improve the quality of public transport services provided within the city. The paper analyses existing and current scientific developments and literature sources, which show the advantages and disadvantages of a large number of different algorithms and methods, approaches, and methods for solving problems of 2D- visualization of passenger flows on public routes. As a result of the research, stable connections have been established between the factors and criteria involved in assessing the quality of passenger transport services. The system analysis of the designed system is executed, and examples of the structure of an intelligent system of 2D visualization of passenger flows are created. The connections of the system with the essential elements of the external world are analysed. For a visual representation, diagrams of usage variants, classes, sequences, states, and activities are created according to UML notation. Our own unique algorithms have been created for displaying visualizations in two different modes: schematic and “on the map”. In the “on the map” mode, a method of calculating data on the movement of transport units on the route was successfully applied for 2D visualization on the screen, taking into account the absolute values of geographical coordinates in the world. This avoids unnecessary errors and inaccuracies in the calculations. An artificial neural network has been developed that operates using the RMSprop learning algorithm. The artificial neural network predicts how the values of passenger traffic will change when adjusting the schedule of the transport unit on the route. The obtained results make it possible to form and substantiate the expediency of changing the schedule of the vehicle running on the route in order to make more efficient use of races during peak times.

Numerical calculation of bent reinforced concrete elements of rectangular section in the Abaqus software

The calculation of building structures to a large extent began to be performed using automated software systems based on the finite element method. An urgent issue of the widespread use of this type of calculation is the accuracy of the calculation results in comparison with experimental data. In this study, by numerical simulation using the Abaqus software package, the stress-strain state of a bent reinforced concrete element of a rectangular cross section is investigated. Numerical modeling of the element is performed by volumetric finite elements, taking into account the non-linear (actual) state diagram of concrete, described by the model of plastic fracture of concrete with damage (CDP). Reinforcement is specified by rod finite elements, with a combination of elastic properties and metal plasticity model. The loading of the beam element in the model is performed statically with the application of concentrated forces at the centers of the thirds of the design span. As a result of the finite element calculation, the distribution of stresses in concrete and reinforcement according to Mises, deformations of finite elements along the main axes, as well as a model of concrete damage with increasing load were obtained. The obtained results showed a high convergence with the experimental data of testing beams for bending along a normal section, which allows using this algorithm for automated finite element analysis in the design of bending reinforced concrete structures.

Perancangan Sistem Produksi Lampu dengan Metode Perancangan Berorientasi Objek di PT. Cosmo Technology Indonesia Kabupaten Sukabumi

The development of information technology (IT) so rapidly, including for the field of ERP (Enterprice Resources Planning). To design and build an ERP system, it is necessary to first analyze the system to be built, especially for the design of Rekayas Software (RPL). The results of this study are expected to find the results of good and correct analysis so as to be able to implement the system into a program using JAVA.
 
 This research consists of several parts analysis. The core of this research is to review the problems that exist in the company, in determining user requirements or user needs, then generate design in the form of diagrams used as a system design tool. The point explanation that will be done is Business Overview, Organizational Structure, Department Description, User Requirement. While the design of the system using UML consisting of several diagrams are Activity Diagram, Use Case Diagram, Sequence Diagram, Class Diagrams, Entity Diagrams, Communication diagrams, State Machine Diagrams, Component Diagrams, Deployment Diagrams, Composite Structure Diagrams, Interaction Overview Diagrams, Object Diagrams , Package Diagram, Timing Diagram,
 
 The author takes the object case that is PT. COSMO TECHNOLOGY which is located at Jl. Raya Segog Km.14 Batununggal Village Kec. Cibadak, Sukabumi-West Java. Is a company engaged in decorative lights and is developing a business in the field of toys.
 
 Keywords: ERP, UML
 
 

Entanglement phases in large- N hybrid Brownian circuits with long-range couplings

We develop solvable models of large-$N$ hybrid quantum circuits on qubits and fermions with long-range power-law interactions and continuous local monitoring, which provide analytical access to the entanglement phase diagram and error-correcting properties of many-body entangled non-equilibrium states generated by such dynamics. In one dimension, the long-range coupling is irrelevant for $\alpha>3/2$, where $\alpha$ is the power-law exponent, and the models exhibit a conventional measurement-induced phase transition between volume- and area-law entangled phases. For $1/2<\alpha<3/2$ the long-range coupling becomes relevant, leading to a nontrivial dynamical exponent at the measurement-induced phase transition. More interestingly, for $\alpha<1$ the entanglement pattern receives a sub-volume correction for both area-law and volume-law phases, indicating that the phase realizes a quantum error correcting code whose code distance scales as $L^{2-2\alpha}$. While the entanglement phase diagram is the same for both the interacting qubit and fermionic hybrid Brownian circuits, we find that long-range free-fermionic circuits exhibit a distinct phase diagram with two different fractal entangled phases.

Impact of Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Balance on Aggregation Pathways, Morphologies, and Excited-State Dynamics of Amphiphilic Diketopyrrolopyrrole Dyes in Aqueous Media.

We report the thermodynamic and kinetic aqueous self-assembly of a series of amide-functionalized dithienyldiketopyrrolopyrroles (TDPPs) that bear various hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol (OEG) and hydrophobic alkyl chains. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies showed that the TDPP-based amphiphiles with an octyl group form sheet-like aggregates with J-type exciton coupling. The effect of the alkyl chains on the aggregated structure and the internal molecular orientation was examined via computational studies combining MD simulations and TD-DFT calculations. Furthermore, solvent and thermal denaturation experiments provided a state diagram that indicates the formation of unexpected nanoparticles during the self-assembly into nanosheets when longer OEG side chains are introduced. A kinetic analysis revealed that the nanoparticles were obtained selectively as an on-pathway intermediate state toward the formation of thermodynamically controlled nanosheets. The metastable aggregates were used for seed-initiated supramolecular assembly, which allowed establishing control over the assembly kinetics and the aggregate size. The sheet-like aggregates prepared using the seeding method exhibited coherent vibration in the excited state, indicating a well-ordered orientation of the TDPP units. These results underline the significance of fine tuning of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance in the molecular design to kinetically control the assembly of amphiphilic π-conjugated molecules into two-dimensional nanostructures in aqueous media.

Conditions for the propulsion of a colloid surrounded by a mesoscale phase separation.

We study a two-dimensional model of an active isotropic colloid whose propulsion is linked to the interactions between solute particles of the bath. The colloid catalyzes a chemical reaction in its vicinity, that yields a local phase separation of solute particles. The density fluctuations of solute particles result in the enhanced diffusion of the colloid. Using numerical simulations, we thoroughly investigate the conditions under which activity occurs, and we establish a state diagram for the activity of the colloid as a function of the parameters of the model. We use the generated data to unravel a key observable that controls the existence and the intensity of activity: The filling fraction of the reaction area. Remarkably, we finally show that propulsion also occurs in three-dimensional geometries, which confirms the interest of this mechanism for experimental applications.

Designing eucalyptus replanting model using hybrid simulation method : a review

The main objective of this paper is to find out the concept of designing the eucalyptus plant replanting model using a hybrid simulation method. Logically, single simulation is much easier to apply than hybrid simulation because its procedure is simpler and easier to do. However, it is possible for hybrid simulation to be the best solution in solving problems. Based on previous studies, hybrid simulation which combines agent based model and dynamics system is the right solution in answering this research study object. The eucalyptus plant replanting model is computerized and uses a causal loop diagram. Furthermore, this model will be simulated in two ways, namely (1) a state chart area and (2) stock and flow. This systematic review identified twelve articles and one book related to the topic discussed. In addition, with this hybrid simulation system, it is hoped that the availability of eucalyptus plant as an essential raw material in the pulp and paper mill can be maintained, and it can increase the company's profitability. Here we provide details of Hybrid Simulation using the Agent-Based Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling that underlines our research study.

Instability of the magnetic state of MPX3(M=Mn,Ni;X=S,Se) monolayers induced by strain and doping

The instability of magnetic states in two-dimensional magnetic materials plays a crucial role in the application of spintronics. However, the instability mechanism and magnetic state diagram of $M\text{P}{X}_{3}$ ($M=\mathrm{Mn}$ and Ni and $X=\mathrm{S}$ and Se) monolayer with multiple magnetic states remains elusive. In our paper, we investigate the instability of magnetic states using ab initio calculation combined with an effective Heisenberg model. We obtain a series of magnetic state diagrams of $M\text{P}{X}_{3}$ ($M=\mathrm{Mn}$ and Ni and $X=\mathrm{S}$ and Se) monolayer under the approaches of strain and carrier doping. We clarify the instability mechanism that is mainly determined by the nearest-neighbor exchange interaction between magnetic ions, find a higher N\'eel temperature in ${\mathrm{NiPSe}}_{3}$ monolayer, and unveil a considerable increase in hole effective mass along the armchair direction in the ${\mathrm{NiPSe}}_{3}$ monolayer, which leads to giant anisotropy of carrier mobility. Our results provide a useful guidance to design high-performance spintronics devices based on the $M\text{P}{X}_{3}$ monolayer.

Influence of composition and cooling rate of alumocalcium slag on its crumblability

The main components of metallurgical slags are iron compounds, which are extracted by reduction smelting. There are several types of this process with obtaining various products based on iron and slags of various compositions (aluminum-calcium self-disintegrating), etc. The mode of smelting and cooling of alumocalcium slag, formed during melting in the furnace, should ensure the most complete spontaneous crumbling of it, as well as high rates of extraction of REM from it. Synthetic slags similar in phase composition to industrial samples after smelting of iron-containing ores were selected for the experiments. The simulated samples correspond to the region of primary crystallization of bicalcium silicate on the triple state diagram of CaO – SiO2 – Al2O3 system. The slag after crumbling was subjected to a sieve analysis using a mechanical sieve. In the experiments, slags with a silicon module k = 2.0 were used, which actively crumbled during their cooling. With an increase in the silicon module, the crumbling deteriorates. It was established that it is impossible to precisely limit the areas of compositions of crumbling slags at certain cooling rates. The conducted studies showed that the crumblability of slags improves as it approaches the center of the bicalcium silicate region. The composition of slags close to composition of the intersection points of the lines 2CaO·SiO2 – 2CaO·Al2O3 and 2CaO·SiO2 – 12CaO·7Al2O3 with the lines of the permanent silicon module granulometric composition almost does not depend on the cooling rate. The temperature mode from smelting to cooling affects the slags crumblability. The most promising are slags with a silicon module in the range of 2.85 – 3.00, close to the phase triangle 12CaO·7Al2O3 – 2CaO·SiO2 – 2CaO·Al2O3 .

How to make IoT in C# using Sinric Pro

Purpose: Nowadays, IoT, or the internet of things, is a popular technological term. Any device operation is possible anywhere in the world using IoT. It controls the Device using a couple of telemetry protocols. Here we will describe how we can experiment with IoT using the Sinric Pro IoT platform. We will test without any hardware. We will also operate our Device from Alexa and Sinric Pro mobile app. the IoT client is written in C#. The complete project code is adopted from Sinric Pro. The Researcher can modify and integrate the code as their research needs. Design/Methodology/Approach: Sinric Pro is a popular IoT service. First, we create our account on the Sinric Pro website. Then we configure devices and note the API key, secret key, and device id. We add those keys to our C# application and run the client application. The running client receives a command from various sources. We also Configure the mobile application to send the command through apps. Findings/Result: This procedure helps us understand the data flow between the IoT server and the client. We can understand what happens inside the client application using a state diagram. We can use it as a demonstration tool and possibly to trigger the actual Device. Fetching the load status from the client application might trigger the controller board through the serial port. Originality/Value: Sometimes Researcher cannot get the actual hardware for the experiment due to availability or cost constraints. This procedure might help them. Working with existing hardware also need some basic electronics knowledge. Otherwise, severe damage can occur inside the working system. There is no such risk in this procedure, and it produces the result efficiently. Paper Type: Simulation-based Research.

Magnetization manipulation using ultra-short light pulses

In this review, we discuss the different results demonstrating deterministic magnetization switching using ultra-fast laser pulses, named all-optical switching (AOS). The response of these magnetic systems can be separated into two groups depending on whether the helicity of the incident light affects the switching behaviour. All optical helicity-independent switching (AO-HIS) occurs after a single laser pulse and is mostly observed in Gd-based alloys and multilayers while all optical helicity-dependent switching (AO-HDS) occurs following multiple laser pulses and is observed in a diverse range of magnetic thin films. Our discussion focuses on the experimental and theoretical aspects of AO-HIS from Gd-based systems and other emerging materials. For AO-HDS, we highlight recent progress on the influence of domain size, state diagrams, mechanisms, and interlayer coupling. Finally, we discuss the potential application of all-optical switching in data-storage and logic devices, such as magnetic tunnel junctions, racetrack memories, and logic computation.

Field-Free-Switching State Diagram of Perpendicular Magnetization Subjected to Conventional and Unconventional Spin-Orbit Torques

The lack of certain crystalline symmetries in strong spin-orbit-coupled nonmagnetic materials allows for the existence of unconventional spin Hall responses, with electrically generated transverse spin currents possessing collinear flow and spin directions. The injection of such spin currents into an adjacent ferromagnetic layer can excite magnetization dynamics via unconventional spin-orbit torques, leading to deterministic switching in ferromagnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. We study the interplay between conventional and unconventional spin-orbit torques on the magnetization dynamics of a perpendicular ferromagnet in the small intrinsic damping limit, and identify a rich set of dynamical regimes that includes deterministic and probabilistic switching, precessional and pinning states. Contrary to common belief, we find that there exists a critical conventional spin Hall angle, beyond which deterministic magnetization switching transitions to a precessional or pinned state. Conversely, we show that larger unconventional spin Hall angle is generally beneficial for deterministic switching. We derive an approximate expression that qualitatively describes the state-diagram boundary between the full deterministic switching and precessional states and discuss a criterion for searching symmetry-broken spin Hall materials in order to maximize switching efficiency. Our work offers a roadmap towards energy-efficient spintronic devices, which might open the door for applications in advanced in-memory computing technologies.

Information on the Annual Report of the Ukrainian Commission of Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamics (2022)

The Ukrainian Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamics Commission has been a member of the Alloy Phase Diagram International Commission (APDIC) for almost thirty years (since 1994). APDIC unites 18 member organizations involving 26 countries. The main tasks of APDIC are the exchange of scientific information and coordination of the activities of the international scientific community, mainly in the field of state diagrams and phase thermodynamics. The annual report of the Ukrainian Commission on the results of the activities of Ukrainian scientists in this field in 2021 was presented at the APDIC meeting on May 27, 2022. This information is presented in a table, collecting data on the systems studied and the result obtained and containing a list of references to published papers. Scientists from the Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv), Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kyiv), and Donbas State Engineering Academy (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kramatorsk) provided relevant information to the Ukrainian Commission.

Optimization of the composition of cast iron for cast parts operating under abrasive friction, according to the criterion of maximum wear resistance

The object of research: Titanium-alloyed hypoeutectic iron for mixer blades operating under abrasive friction conditions.&#x0D; Investigated problem: selection of the optimal titanium content in the alloy according to the criterion of the maximum wear resistance coefficient.&#x0D; The main scientific results: the content of titanium in cast iron was determined, which provides the maximum wear resistance coefficient with various compositions of the base alloy. It has been established that with the same titanium content, the highest value of the wear resistance coefficient depends on the carbon content and the position of the eutectic point on the Fe-C state diagram. In the studied range, the highest values of the wear resistance coefficient correspond to the average range of variation of these factors. This allows to say that the effect of carbon content and the position of the eutectic point doubly affect wear resistance at the same titanium content, and there is a range of titanium content in which the effect of these factors on the wear resistance value becomes the same.&#x0D; The area of practical use of the results of the study: the results obtained can be used by designers of industrial enterprises choosing materials for the manufacture of machine parts subject to intense friction due to operating conditions. The wear caused by this friction leads to the failure of the blades, so the designer's task is to choose the one that maximizes the durability of the blades.&#x0D; Innovative technological product: wear-resistant hypoeutectic cast iron alloyed with titanium for cast parts operating in conditions of intense abrasive friction&#x0D; The scope of the technological innovative product: mixing plants of various types, mainly used in road construction, construction and agriculture.

Skyrmion Dynamics in a Double-Disk Geometry under an Electric Current: Part Two.

Using numerical simulations, we studied the dynamics of two skyrmions nucleated in a double-disk structure. Depending on the geometry and the electric current, different regimes for the dynamical behavior of the skyrmions were obtained. Our results evidence that there are four main dynamic regimes depending on the geometry and current: stagnation points, oscillatory motion, and two types of skyrmion annihilation: partial and total. Our findings are explained as a result of the different forces that skyrmions are subject to and are shown in a state diagram of the dynamical states that allow an adequate understanding of the associate phenomena.