Start Of Quarantine Research Articles

A major outbreak of the COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: Estimation of the basic reproduction number.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which broke out in Wuhan, China, in 2019, was declared an international public health emergency by the World Health Organization on January 31, 2020. The outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship had appeared first as a cluster infection outside China during the early pandemic. The incident occurred on February 1, 2020, involved an 80-year-old Hong Kong man who was diagnosed with COVID-19. The cruise ship docked in Yokohama, Japan, for 14 days of onboard quarantine; however, cluster infection outbroke rapidly. We constructed a SIR mathematical model and conducted an epidemiological study of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, covering the period from February 5 (start of quarantine) to February 20 (completion of 14-day quarantine). We estimated the basic reproduction number (R 0 ) using a novel method of nonlinear least-squares curve fitting under Microsoft Excel Solver. The 95% confidence interval (CI) values were estimated by the jackknife procedures. Six hundred thirty-four (17.1%) cases were diagnosed in a total population of 3711 cruise passengers, and 328 (51.7%) cases were asymptomatic. As of April 24, 2020, 712 cases had been diagnosed and 14 (1.96%) deaths had occurred. The R 0 with 95% CI of the COVID-19 outbreak was 3.04 (2.72-3.36). Without an evacuation plan for passengers and crew, we estimated the total number of cumulative cases would reach 3498 (CI, 3464-3541). If the R 0 value was reduced by 25% and 50%, the cumulative cases would be reduced to 3161 (CI, 3087-3254) and 967 (CI, 729-1379), respectively. The abovementioned R 0 value was estimated from the original Wuhan strain. Cruise conditions would accelerate the spread of infectious diseases and were not suitable for onboard quarantine. Early evacuation and isolation of all passengers and crew members would reduce the R 0 value and avoid further infections.

Academic Performance during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relationship with Demographic Factors and Alcohol Consumption in College Students.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many changes in the education sector worldwide, and school curricula have had to adapt to a non-face-to-face modality. However, international studies have concluded that this modality has affected the academic performance of students. The present study aimed to compare the academic performance of a sample of college students from before the start of quarantine with their current performance, and to test whether various demographic factors influenced these changes in conjunction with alcohol consumption. With a non-experimental, comparative and longitudinal design, we applied an ad hoc questionnaire, in conjunction with the AUDIT questionnaire, in a sample of college students (n = 341), and we also obtained data of academic average and failed subjects. The demographic factors that influenced academic performance were sex (p < 0.01), age (p < 0.01) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.001). Most students showed an improvement in their academic average during the quarantine period. Women without failed subjects and low-risk alcohol consumption obtained a better average in this period. In conclusion sex, age and alcohol consumption level were factors associated with academic performance during the quarantine period due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and women had a higher academic average than men did.

Postpartum depression in cohorts before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic

The start of quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 began a prolonged period of isolation from family and crucial social support for many pregnant and postpartum patients throughout the country. The objective of this study was to compare the score of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), breastfeeding, and compliance with postpartum gestational diabetes follow-up in cohorts before and after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.

A longitudinal investigation of COVID‐19 pandemic experiences and mental health among university students

Previous studies have established a link between the COVID-19 pandemic and poor mental health. They further suggest that young adults may be especially vulnerable to worsened mental health during the pandemic, but few studies have investigated which specific aspects of the COVID-19 experience affect psychological well-being over time. To better understand concrete predictors of poor mental health outcomes in this population, we identified several pandemic-related experiences and evaluated their effects on mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress, alcohol, and substance use) in a sample of U.S. college students (N = 176). Both mental health symptoms and pandemic-related experiences were evaluated at the start of quarantine (March/April 2020, Time 1) and the end of the Spring 2020 semester (May 2020, Time 2). Given the limited literature on specific predictors of mental health during a pandemic, we used elastic net regression, a novel analytic method that helps with variable selection when theoretical background is limited, to narrow our field of possible predictors. While mental health symptoms were elevated at both timepoints, there were no clinically significant changes from Time 1 to Time 2 and few differences between sociodemographic groups. Both disruption due to the pandemic (β = .25, p = .021) and limited confidence in the federal government's response (β = -.14, p = .038) were significant predictors of depression symptoms at the end of the semester, even when controlling for baseline depression. Further, predictions that the pandemic would continue to impact daily life further into the future were linked with pandemic stress response symptoms (β = .15, p = .032) at Time 2, beyond the effects of baseline symptoms. Alcohol (β = -.22, p = .024) and substance use (β = -.26, p = .01) were associated with reduced adherence to COVID-19 guidelines. Our findings indicate that specific aspects of the pandemic experience may be influencing internalizing symptoms and alcohol/substance use in college students, pointing to potential avenues for targeted support and intervention. A range of factors may influence university student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students who expect the pandemic will continue to impact daily life further into the future maybe more likely to report stress symptoms. Disruption due to the pandemic and limited confidence in the federal government's response may be associated with depression symptoms. Alcohol and substance use are associated with lower COVID-19 guideline adherence in university students.

COVID-19 related posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in quarantine/lockdown measures in most countries. Quarantine may create intense psychological problems including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) especially for the vulnerable critically developing children/adolescents. Few studies evaluated PTSD associated with infectious disasters but no Saudi study investigated PTSD associated with COVID-19 in children/adolescents. This study was undertaken to screen for PTSD in children/adolescent in Saudi Arabia to identify its prevalence/risk factors during COVID-19 pandemic and its quarantine. A cross-sectional survey was conducted after 2 months form start of quarantine for COVID-19 pandemic utilizing the original English version and an Arabic translated version for the University of California at Los Angeles Brief COVID-19 Screen for Child/Adolescent PTSD that can be parent-reported or self-completed by older children/adolescents. Participants (Saudi citizens/non-Saudi residents) were approached online via social media. Five hundred and thirty seven participants were enrolled. The participants were 262 boys and 275 girls with a mean age of 12.25±3.77 years. Symptoms of no, minimal, mild and potential PTSD were identified in 15.5%, 44.1%, 27.4% and 13.0% of children/adolescents, respectively. The age, gender, school grade, and residence were not predictive of PTSD symptoms. Univariate analysis of risk factors for PTSD revealed that work of a close relative around people who might be infected was significantly different between groups of PTSD symptoms, but this difference disappeared during multivariate analysis. Children/adolescents of Saudi citizens had significantly lower median total PTSD score than children/adolescents of expatriate families (p = 0.002). PTSD associated with the COVID-19 and its resultant quarantine shouldn't be overlooked in different populations as it is expected in a considerable proportion of children/adolescents with variable prevalence, risk factors and severity. Parents/healthcare providers must be aware of PTSD associated with COVID-19 or similar disasters, so, they can provide children/adolescent with effective coping mechanisms.

Hygienic substantiation of measures to optimize living conditions and rehabilitation in new types of institutions for patients with mental disorders

Annotation. In contrast to Ukraine, psychosocial rehabilitation in European countries today is gaining considerable popularity for the socialization and reintegration of patients with mental disorders, for their more adaptive self-improvement. The article analyzes the experience in the EU in the latest, modern, psychosocial methods of providing medical care/rehabilitation to patients with mental disorders to improve patient self-management skills, personal reintegration, development of adaptive properties, self-improvement and to reduce health care costs. Hygienic substantiation of measures to optimize living conditions and treatment and rehabilitation process for patients with mental and behavioral disorders. To perform the tasks in the sociological study involved 92 people – relatives of patients with mental disorders using a specially designed questionnaire: “A method of determining the quality of medical care by relatives of a psychiatric patient and the relationship “doctor-relative””. The survey had conducted in January 2020 before the start of quarantine on COVID-19 and the beginning of the second phase of medical reform in the field of psychiatry. The work used content analysis of domestic and foreign scientific sources, bibliosemantic, analytical, and statistical research methods. It has found that the most significant problems faced by patients in providing them with psychiatric care, according to relatives, are the inconsistency of sanitary and hygienic conditions of patients in psychiatric hospitals – 62.6%, low quality of care – 37.3% and inattentive attitude on the part of medical staff – 34.7%. A sociological survey of relatives of patients with mental and behavioral disorders found that patients are referring for treatment only in critical conditions. Treatment of patients with mental and behavioral disorders nowadays, it is necessary to introduce a comprehensive approach, not just psychopharmacological drugs. To do this, each patient must individually develop psychosocial rehabilitation methods: training in music therapy, communication, motivation, sports training, bibliotherapy, art therapy, animal therapy, training to improve social adaptation, activation of independence, as is done in the EU.

Comparison of Remote Controlled Automated Peritoneal Dialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis During COVID-19 Pandemic

Objectives: We aimed to show the possible effect of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) modality on the mood and clinical outcomes of the patients during the first official quarantine period applied to control the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in Turkey. Materials and Methods: With the start of quarantine, in our center, we started doing the patient visits by phone. At the end of the quarantine, the patients were asked to complete a questionnaire in order to reveal whether they felt safe or alone, their anxiety status, and their preferred method of communicating with the team. In addition, volume status, biochemical parameters, blood pressure and medications in December 2019 were reviewed and compared with those in June 2020. Results: A total of 60 patients, 32 of whom were female, with a mean age of 53.4±16 years were included in the study. While there were 24 (40%) patients who underwent remote controlled outpatient peritoneal dialysis (RK-APD), there were 36 (60%) patients who underwent continuous APD (CAPD). According to the survey results, 15 (25%) patients did not experience any anxiety, while 45 patients stated that they had varying degrees of anxiety. 85% of the patients reported that they were very pleased that they could continue their dialysis treatment at home. While 69.4% of the patients who underwent CAPD were worried that they could not be followed as closely during the quarantine, 70.8% of the patients who underwent RK-APD stated that they felt safe because their treatment was monitored by the team through the system. While there was only an increase in the daily amount of ultrafiltration in RK-APD patients (December 2019 and June 2020;1,365 vs 1,514 mL, p=0.026), no difference was observed in CAPD patients. CAPD patients tended to communicate with nurses more frequently. While these interviews were done frequently via WhatsApp messages in CAPD patients (20, 37% vs 5, 18.5%;p=0.008), they were in the form of audio phone calls (22, 81%) in APD patients. Conclusion: In conclusion, during the COVID-19 outbreak, maintaining dialysis with PD treatment at home, regardless of the modality, is a safe and effective method and has positive effects on patient satisfaction.

Time from Start of Quarantine to SARS-CoV-2 Positive Test Among Quarantined College and University Athletes - 17 States, June-October 2020.

To safely resume sports, college and university athletic programs and regional athletic conferences created plans to mitigate transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Mitigation measures included physical distancing, universal masking, and maximizing outdoor activity during training; routine testing; 10-day isolation of persons with COVID-19; and 14-day quarantine of athletes identified as close contacts* of persons with confirmed COVID-19. Regional athletic conferences created testing and quarantine policies based on National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) guidance (1); testing policies varied by conference, school, and sport. To improve compliance with quarantine and reduce the personal and economic burden of quarantine adherence, the quarantine period has been reduced in several countries from 14 days to as few as 5 days with testing (2) or 10 days without testing (3). Data on quarantined athletes participating in NCAA sports were used to characterize COVID-19 exposures and assess the amount of time between quarantine start and first positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. Despite the potential risk for transmission from frequent, close contact associated with athletic activities (4), more athletes reported exposure to COVID-19 at social gatherings (40.7%) and from roommates (31.7%) than they did from exposures associated with athletic activities (12.7%). Among 1,830 quarantined athletes, 458 (25%) received positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results during the 14-day quarantine, with a mean of 3.8 days from quarantine start (range=0-14 days) until the positive test result. Among athletes who had not received a positive test result by quarantine day 5, the probability of having a positive test result decreased from 27% after day 5 to <5% after day 10. These findings support new guidance from CDC (5) in which different options are provided to shorten quarantine for persons such as collegiate athletes, especially if doing so will increase compliance, balancing the reduced duration of quarantine against a small but nonzero risk for postquarantine transmission. Improved adherence to mitigation measures (e.g., universal masking, physical distancing, and hand hygiene) at all times could further reduce exposures to SARS-CoV-2 and disruptions to athletic activities because of infections and quarantine (1,6).

Complication in Time of COVID-19: Biloma

Purpose: After declaration of international health alert for COVID-19 pandemic, the diagnosis of non-viral diseases has decreased. ''Stay at home'' advice and the risk of coronavirus infection makes the patient afraid to approach hospital emergency department. Here is presented a rare complication related to gallbladder perforation with fistula to abdominal wall. A consequence of a subacute cholecystitis which the pacient did not came earlier to hospital because of the risk of virus infection. Methods: A 64-year-old woman developed an asymptomatic abdominal tumour located in the right hypochondrium, measuring 20 centimetres, which had been present for 3 weeks. A CT scan was performed showing an intermuscular cystic tumour in abdominal wall and hepatic subcapsular region. They were identified a perforation of the gallbladder fundus with a fistulous trajectory towards the abdominal wall and a dilatation of the left intrahepatic bile duct, secondary to extrinsic compression. Subsequently, percutaneous drainage of the collection was performed. Followed by scheduled cholecystectomy, which revealed a perforated and inflammated gallbladder and a large cavity with a pyogenic capsule. The anatomical pathology of the specimen was described as chronic cholecystitis. The patient evolved satisfactorily after operation and was discharged on the 2nd postoperative day. Results: After the start of quarantine, there has been a decrease in the number of visits to the emergency department. Acute pathologies such as cholecystitis present at diagnosis with more advanced and severe degrees of evolution compared to those diagnosed before the pandemic. Gallbladder perforation occurs in 12% of acute cholecystitis, with a mortality rate of 16%. In our case, according to Neimeier's classification, it is a subacute perforation type II (frequency 45.9%) with a pericholecystic collection and fistulization towards the abdominal wall, an unusual presentation. Conclusion: The new global epidemiological situation causes fear of infectious-contagious state to prevail over the appearance of new symptoms. This favours a delay in the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic pathologies, which then manifest in the patient in more advanced stages and require more complex treatments.

Opinions of Students of the Teaching of Vocational Subject and Practical Training Study Programme on the Teaching Practice in the First Wave of the Coronavirus Pandemic

The main goal of this work is to present opinions of students of Teaching of Vocational Subjects and Practical Training on the teaching practice in the new circumstances during the coronavirus pandemic in the spring of 2020. The first part describes the conditions valid before the start of quarantine as well as the changes that have taken place to enable students to successfully complete teaching practice in the standard period of study. The second part of this work presents the results of qualitative research conducted by performing interviews with 36 students of Teaching of Vocational Subjects and Practical Training and analyzing their diaries from the teaching practice. Qualitative analysis of the data revealed four categories: “situation perceived as a welcomed change”, “change of the opinion on virtual teaching observation”, “sort of different preparation for a lesson”, “virtual teacher- autodidact”. We have confirmed that a video recording to fully replace face-to-face teacher training at school and that digital competencies of students of the programme (teachers-in-training) are not satisfactory and we also found out that short videos may be used for the post-Covid period for regular training of students of the programme.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ АГРОПРОМИСЛОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, identify development trends and assess the crop and livestock industry, study the commodity structure of foreign trade, develop a mechanism for the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine in the future. The agro-industrial complex of Ukraine is an important industry, which, in turn, is a set of several interrelated industries aimed at processing raw materials and production of agricultural products. Analysis of crop development indicators from 2014 to 2020 showed that the industry is gradually but steadily developing despite, after the start of quarantine, the introduction of strict restrictions, which were unfavorable not only for market participants but also for the state budget, because agricultural exports annually brings about 40% of all foreign exchange earnings to the country. The analysis of livestock development indicators showed that from 2014 to 2020 there was a sharp decline in the number of farm animals, production of basic products other than meat (in slaughter weight) also decreased in all respects for both milk and eggs. In terms of volume, milk production has reached an all-time low. With a lack of money and a reduction in livestock, there is a very low average annual growth rate of production - for 10 years at 0.4%. The main problems of the decline of the livestock industry are: imbalance in the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, ie the pace of development of livestock lags behind crop production; low level of commodity production and low investment attractiveness; insufficient level of consumption due to lack of money of the population; lack of finances and state support for the implementation of innovations and new technologies; lack of investment in fixed and current assets, as well as in breeding and genetic resources; high level of costs and labor intensity; long production cycle. The mechanism of development of agro-industrial complex of Ukraine according to the model "Common agro-industrial policy" with the support of the state, ie state partnership is offered. products at affordable prices, organization of producers' incomes, development of small and medium business, social and economic stability, etc.

Sooner than you think: A very early affective reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine in Argentina

The unique circumstances created by the COVID-19 pandemic pose serious challenges to mood stability and emotional regulation at all ages. Although many people tend to react resiliently to stress, others appear to display emotional anxiety and depression-related symptoms. In this study, we carried out a survey (N = 10,053) during the first week of the general lockdown (quarantine) in Argentina to measure early affective reactions in Argentine adults. Respondents showed substantial anxious and depressive symptoms, with 33% and 23% of participants reporting possible depressive and anxious syndromes, respectively, with the youngest group (18 to 25 y.o.) showing the highest prevalence of symptoms. Even if prior mental health problems predisposed or aggravated the reaction, participants without prior complaints showed signs of psychological impact. Using linear regression, the most important independent variables related to depressive symptoms were the feeling of loneliness followed by daily stress. In the case of anxious states, the strongest variables were negative repetitive thinking and feeling of loneliness. Other psychological, economic, and social factors are discussed. This study is in line with previous literature that highlight the importance of the psychological impact of pandemics, but additionally demonstrates that these reactions are present at a large scale immediately after the start of quarantine with very low infectious rates as an early anticipatory adaptive reaction leading to potential negative outcomes from adjustment disorders to major disorders. In addition, the present results provide potentially relevant information about sudden environmental impacts on affective states and specific pathways for anxiety and depression to be expressed. We end by discussing implications for public policy based on considering the most vulnerable groups.

Lethality model for COVID-19 based on social determinants of health: an approximation in 67 countries

Background: Social, geographic, economic, demographic, and health factors were analysed to identify some social determinants related to case fatality of COVID-19 in 67 countries. Methods: A mixed generalized linear model with beta distribution with random intercept was used to estimate the effects of the explanatory variables on the lethality for COVID-19 in 67 countries. Results: The case fatality rate (CFR) was highest in the countries with the highest percentages of people over 60 years of age, the highest number of hospital beds,the highest mortalit yrate from diabetes, and the highest number of COVID-19 tests. Additional increases were seen based on literacy rates, health investment, death rate from cardiovascular disease, poverty rate, ratio of men, number of air passengers mobilized, number of days from the first reported case to the start of quarantine, death rate from respiratory infections, and percentage of people living in urban areas. Conclusions: The statistical model used to predict lethality is novel because it allows the magnitude of the CFR to be analysed over a logistic model that classifies countries considering the presence and absence of deaths. When considering a beta distribution with excess zeros, the model also allows countries without reported deaths due to COVID-19 at the analysed cut-off date to be included.

Diagnosis of contagious ecthyma in goats in a quarantine station in Panama

ABSTRACTWe report an outbreak of contagious ecthyma (CE) in a herd of goats at Paso Canoas quarantine station, Panama. The goats were adult intact females. Visible clinical signs became apparent from day 13 after the start of quarantine. We performed clinical examination. Serum biopsy and scabs were collected from crusted lesions in the epithelium of the lips, nose and eyelid corners. Samples were studied by histopathology,complement fixation test, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DAS-ELISA, viral isolationand nucleic acid amplification tests. Histopathology revealed ortho and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, epithelial hyperplasia, viral inclusion bodies, keratinocytes with balonoid degeneration, vesicles with neutrophils and degenerated cells, in superficial dermis there is marked neovascularization. Complement fixation test, DAS-ELISA and nucleic acid amplification tests resulted positive for contagious ecthyma. TEM showed viral particles, consistent with Parapoxvirus. Clinical and laboratory findings were consistent with poxvirus infection in the quarantine goat herd

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Quarantined Close Contacts, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

We estimated the attack rate of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and assessed risk factors for infection among close contacts quarantined in Beijing, People's Republic of China. The first 613 confirmed cases detected between May 16 and September 15, 2009, were investigated; 7,099 close contacts were located and quarantined. The attack rate of confirmed infection in close contacts was 2.4% overall, ranging from 0.9% among aircraft passengers to >5% among household members. Risk factors for infection among close contacts were younger age, being a household member of an index case-patient, exposure during the index case-patient's symptomatic phase, and longer exposure. Among close contacts with positive test results at the start of quarantine, 17.2% had subclinical infection. Having contact with a household member and younger age were the major risk factors for acquiring pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus infection. One person in 6 with confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was asymptomatic.