Star Fruit Extract Research Articles

Manufacturing natural soap-base (Multiclean) with the addition of wuluh starfruit extraction (Averrhoa)

Starfruit extract is used as a base for making natural soap that is more environmentally friendly and beneficial for health. The aim of this study is to identify the optimal conditions for adding starfruit extract to natural soap production, which involves citric acid and surfactant components. The method involves maceration and extraction of starfruit to obtain citric acid by immersing it in 80% ethanol. The soap is produced using a hot process at temperatures between 70-80°C with three formulas: F1 (200:200:10), F2 (225:175:15), and F3 (250:150:20), representing different ratios of virgin coconut oil (VCO), olive oil, and starfruit extract, respectively. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used as an alkali at a concentration of 30%. After the soap is made, MES (a plant-based surfactant), sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) as a preservative, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as a cleanser are added. Testing of the three soap formulas showed they all meet Indonesian National Standards (SNI). Among 20 respondents, F1 was rated the highest in terms of color, scent, and softness. It had 83% foam stability, 0.85% moisture content, a pH of 8, and 0.001% free alkali content. These results suggest that consumer preference is influenced by the starfruit extract content.

The Effectiveness of Belimbing Wuluh Fruit Extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L) as A Smear Layer Cleanser

Background: Root canal treatment is an effort to maintain the function and aesthetics of teeth. The smear layer is formed from the remains of instrumentation composed of organic and inorganic components. A smear layer in the tooth root canal will benefit the adhesion and colonization of microorganisms, block the action of disinfectant solutions, and prevent medicaments in the tooth root canal from penetrating the dentin tubules in the tooth root canal walls. Irrigation can be used for cleaning and disinfection in areas of the root canal that cannot be reached using instruments. Starfruit contains alkoloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and triterpenoids. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of star fruit extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L) as a smear layer cleaning agent. Materials and Methods: This researcher used laboratory or experimental testing called Post Test Only Control Design. Samples were taken using the purposive sampling technique involving four treatments and six repetitions. The statistical test used is the Mann-Whiteney test. Results: Based on the Mann-Whiteney test, the test results obtained a p-value of 0.093 which is more significant than 0.05 (p-value 0.05). The results showed no significant difference between the 17% EDTA and 35% extract treatment groups regarding smear layer cleanliness. The 35% extract group is as good as the 17% EDTA group. Conclusion: star fruit extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L) is 35% effective in cleaning the smear layer.

Bioactive aerogels based on native and phosphorylated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) starches incorporated with star fruit extract (Averrhoa carambola L.)

The aim of this study was to develop a star fruit extract (SFE) and incorporate it into aerogels based on native and phosphorylated potato starches. The phosphorylation of starch enhances its properties by incorporating phosphate groups that increase the spaces between starch molecules, resulting in a more resilient, intact aerogel with enhanced water absorption. The bioactive aerogels based on potato starch and 10, 15, and 20 % (w/w) of SFE were characterized by their morphological and thermogravimetric properties, infrared spectra, water absorption capacity, loading capacity, and antioxidant activity. Epicatechin was the major compound present in SFE. The thermal stability of SFE increased when incorporated into phosphorylated starch aerogels at a concentration of 20 %. The water absorption capacity was higher in phosphorylated starch aerogels (reaching 1577 %) than in their native counterparts (reaching 1100 %). Native starch aerogels with 15 and 20 % SFE exhibited higher antioxidant activity against hydroxyl free radicals compared to phosphorylated starch aerogels, achieving 79.9 % and 86.4 % inhibition for the hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals, respectively. The ideal choice of freeze-dried aerogel depends on the desired effect, either to act as an antioxidant agent by releasing bioactive compounds from SFE or as a water-absorbent agent in food products.

Preliminary Study of The Utilization of Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Extract as A Coagulant of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) Latex

Coagulants are commonly used in rubber plantations to coagulate latex. This study aims to determine the effect of incubation time and dose of starfruit extract on coagulation speed, total solid content (TSC), and weight loss of the resulting coagulum. The study was carried out at the Sungei Putih Research Unit, Indonesian Rubber Research Institute in September – October 2023. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied with two treatments, namely, the incubation period for the extract (A) which consisted of three levels (0 days (A1), 2 days (A2), and 4 days (A3)) and the extract dose (B) consisting of three levels (3 ml (B1), 6 ml (B2), and 9 ml per 20 ml latex (B3)). Each treatment combination was repeated three times. The results indicated that the degree of acidity (pH) of starfruit extract without incubation was around 2.8. After incubation for 2 days, the pH decreased to 2.7, and after 4 days to pH 2.5. The fastest coagulation was obtained in treatment A3B3 for 2.03 minutes after mixing, while the longest was in treatment A1B1 for 7.07 minutes. The highest coagulum TSC was obtained in the A3B1 treatment at 50.30%, while the lowest was in the A2B3 treatment at 27.47%. The highest level of weight loss was found in the A2B2 treatment at 36.80%, while the lowest was in the A3B3 treatment at 23.01%. The use of high doses of starfruit extract can coagulate latex in a short time with low weight loss; thus, it can be used as an organic coagulant.

Efek Antinyeri Ekstrak Etanol Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) pada Mencit yang Diinduksi Asam Asetat

Pain is an unpleasant combination of sensory and emotional experience linked to the potential or actual of tissue damage. Typically, pain arises from stimulation of peripheral receptors, which send impulses through pain pathways to the brain. Starfruit is a medicinal plant that is used empirically as an analgesic. This study aims to determine the analgesic effect of starfruit extract on the stretch index and pain protection ratio against acetic acid-induced mice. This study used 25 mice divided into three test groups: one control group (Na-CMC) and one comparison group (Mefenamic acid). The results showed that starfruit can reduce the pain stretch index and have a pain protection ratio compared to the control group. A dose of 250 mg/kg has an analgesic protection ratio of 75.75%, and a dose of 500 mg/kg has a protection ratio of 85.14%. Thus, based on the results of this study, it can be seen that starfruit has the ability to act as an anti-pain.

Antibacterial Effect of Starfruit Extract (Averrhoa blimbi L.) against Streptococcus mutans

Dental caries is caused by gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus mutans, which is part of the normal flora of the mouth. Herbal medicines have powerful antibacterial compounds that can be used to limit the growth of germs that cause infections. The aim of the research was to determine whether starfruit extract (Averrhoa blimbi L.) has antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans. This type of research uses a posttest only control group design in the laboratory. Streptococcus mutans in pure culture were used as the research sample. This study had two control groups, one with four repetitions of DMSO as a negative control and one with a positive control (0.2% chlorhexidine), and four treatment groups with starfruit extract concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80 %). The disc diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial effect. One-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD statistical tests were then used to test the results. The results showed that, for Streptococus mutans bacteria, the mean and standard deviation of the diameter of the inhibition zone of starfruit extract at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% were 12.03 ± 0.33 mm, 16.70 ± 0, 48 mm, 19.98 ± 0.13 mm, 22.25 ± 0.26 mm, and 19.25 ± 0.91 mm in the positive control, but no zone of inhibition was observed in the negative control. The width of the inhibition zone in starfruit extract (Averrahoa blimbi L.) at doses of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, positive control, and negative control was significantly different, according to the results of the one-way ANOVA test (p=0.000; p≤ 0.05). Antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans varied significantly (p≤0.05) among all star fruit extract groups and positive and negative controls, based on LSD post hoc test findings. Based on the research results, it can be said that star fruit extract at the most effective concentration, namely 80%, has antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi) Sebagai Suplemen Dalam Pakan Buatan Untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Dan Kelangsungan Hidup Benih Ikan Nila Gift (Oreochromis Niloticus)

Gift tilapia is a fish that is widely favoured by people in Bengkulu province and includes fish that has important economic value. Efforts to increase the growth rate of gift tilapia is one idea to increase production. As an important source of protein for the community. Gift tilapia has the advantage of being easy to breed, fast growth rate, and can be cultivated intensively and extensively with high density. The survival rate of tilapia seeds is highly influenced by several factors of the aquatic environment such as temperature, pH and feed. The growth of tilapia seeds also depends on the quality of the feed given every day, the higher the nutritional value of the feed given, the growth rate will increase, so therefore the provision of belimbing wuluh juice is expected to help improve the growth system and resilience of gifted tilapia seeds. This research was conducted in April to May located in the yard of the orange alley house, in Karang Anyar II Village, Argamakmur District, North Bengkulu. This study used a completely randomised design with 4 treatments and 3 replicates, namely Treatment A (no extract 0 ml/kg pellets), B (star fruit extract 55 ml/kg pellets), C (star fruit extract 75 ml/kg pellets) and Treatment D (star fruit extract 95 ml/kg pellets). The results showed that the provision of star fruit extract in artificial feed had a very significant effect on the length growth of gift tilapia, and the weight growth of gift tilapia. The best survival of gift tilapia in treatment C (star fruit extract 75 ml/kg pellets) with a survival value of 100% and produced the highest length growth in treatment D of 15.12 cm and the highest absolute weight growth was in treatment D with a value of 16.6 grams.

Antibacterial Effects of Star Fruit Extract Against Streptococcus sanguinis

Streptococus sanguinis is a pioneer bacteria that colonize the oral cavity, plays a role in plaque formation, and contributes to the development of dental caries. Plaque control is needed to inhibit the growth of microorganisms that cause caries by using herbal plants such as starfruit. The aim of the research was to determine whether or not there was an antibacterial effect of starfruit extract (Averrahoa bilimbilin).) against the bacteria Streptococus sanguinis. This research includes laboratory experiments with the sample as a pure culture of Streptococus sanguinis obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of North Sumatra University Hospital. There were 5 treatment groups (starfruit extract concentration 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%), positive control (chlorhexidine 0.2%), and negative control (DMSO). The antibacterial effect was tested using the disc diffusion method. Then, the data was analyzed using statistical tests, one-way ANOVA, and, after this, LSD. The research results were obtained mean, and standard deviation of the diameter of the inhibition zone of star fruit extract, concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and positive control for bacteria Streptococus sanguinis were 7.05 ± 0.192 mm, 9.38 ± 0.171 mm, 13.38 ± 0.171 mm, 14.30 ± 0.216 mm, and 14.38 ± 0.096 mm, while the concentration of star fruit extract was 6.25% and the negative control no inhibition zone was found. Test results from one-way ANOVA revealed that there was a significant antibacterial effect of star fruit extract against the bacteria Streptococus sanguinis (p≤0.05). Test results after this LSD found that the antibacterial effect of the 75% concentration extract was not significant with the positive control, and the 6.25% concentration was not significant with the negative control (p>0.05). From the research results, it can be concluded that the higher the concentration of the extract, the higher the antibacterial effect, with the most effective concentration being 75% and the MIC at a concentration of 12.5%.

Uji Total Mikroba, Kadar Air, dan pH Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) Dengan Perendaman Ekstrak Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) Selama Penyimpanan Suhu Ruang

Tilapia fish are susceptible to the process of decay, within 2 hours after death the tilapia fish will experience a decline in physical quality. Starfruit extract contains active compounds, namely saponins, triterpenoids and several minerals which are antibacterial substances. This research aims to determine the effect of starfruit extract on the total microbial test, water content and pH of tilapia during room temperature storage. Data analysis used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Data were analyzed descriptively for total microbial testing using the Indonesian National Standard calculation method SNI 2332.3-2015 and SNI 01-2346-2006. The differences in treatment in this study were made by differences in the concentration of starfruit extract. The concentration of starfruit juice given was 0 gr (P1), 40 g (P2), 60 gr (P3), 80 gr (P4) and 100 gr (P5) with four repetitions. The samples were then stored at room temperature for 8 hours. Based on the research results, it can be seen that starfruit extract has an influence on the total microbial value, Based on the research results, it can be seen that starfruit extract has an influence on the total microbial value, pH value and water content value of tilapia fish. The number of bacterial colonies in the treatment with the highest amount of extract (100 grams) with the lowest total microbial value was 2.49 x 105 colonies/g. Also, the pH value and water content of all treatments given starfruit extract were still included in the standards for fresh fish.
 Keywords: Tilapia, Wuluh Starfruit, Total Microbes

Reducing The Number Of Germs On Tableware By Using Star Fruit Extract (Averrhoa Bilimbi)

Background: The cutlery used by traders is one of the factors that plays an important role in the transmission of disease, such as the cleanliness of the stall and the location of the stall, the process of washing cutlery does not meet health requirements. The requirement for cutlery should not have a germ count of <0 colonies/cm2. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of star fruit extract (Averrhoa bilimbi) in reducing the number of germs on eating utensils. Method: This research is experimental or experimental (experiment research) using 4 repetitions and 5 treatments, namely concentrations of 10.0%, 12.5%, 15.0%, 17.5%, 20.0% which are used for the disinfectant process. Results: The results showed that the measurement of the germ count in the control was 17.5×103 cfu/ml, at a concentration of 10.0% the average reduction in the germ rate was 60.9%, at a concentration of 12.5% the average reduction in the germ rate was 90.8%, at a concentration of 15.0% the average reduction in germ numbers was 90.9%, at a concentration of 17.5% the average reduction in germs was 71.7%, at a concentration of 20.0% the average reduction in germs was 89.8% . Statistical test results obtained P-Value = 0.032 meaning at alpha 0.05 it can be concluded that there is an effect after administration of star fruit extract (Averrhoa bilimbi) on reducing the number of germs. Conclusion: There was an effect after being given a solution of star fruit extract (Averrhoa bilimbi) to reduce the number of germs on cutlery before and after at various 5 concentration variations.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averhoa blimbi L) Dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila Pada Ikan Mas (Cyprinus Carpio)

This research aimed to determine the optimal concentration of wuluh star fruit extract in feed as an effort to prevent the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in common carp. The study was conducted from may to june 2023. The treatments in this study consisted of different levels of wuluh star fruit extract in the feed, comprising five (5) levels:A = 0ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed + injection of Aeromonas hydrophila (positive control = PC), B = 0ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed ( nrgative control – NC), C = 10ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed + injection of Aeromonas hydrophila, D = 15ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed + injection of Aeromonas hydrophila, and E = 20ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed + injection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Each treatment had three (3) replications. The common carp used was 10 cm in size, collected from a fish farm. The fish were kept in aquariums with a stocking density of 5 fish per aquarium. Prior to treatment, the fish were acclimated to the environment for 1 week. During acclimation, the fish were fed commercial pelletswith a protein content of 36% twice a day. ANOVA analysis results showed that the addition of wuluh star fruit extract significantly influenced the growth rete and survival rate of common carp, aiding in the recovery of common carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila BACTERIA AND PREVENTING the growth of the bacteria. The optimal concentration of wuluh star fruit extract was 15ml per kg of feed to prevent the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria.

Analisis Potensi Ekstrak Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) terhadap Kematian Larva Aedes Albopictus Di Laboratorium Balai Litbangkes Tanah Bumbu

DHF is an endemic disease that occurs throughout the year. Efforts to control DHF still using chemical insecticides that can cause resistance and have negative. The use of vegetable insecticides from plants can be an alternative to natural larvicides, one of which is starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which has the potential as an insecticide due to the presence of toxic substances. The purpose of this study was to analyze mortality, the difference in the average mortality of Aedes Albopictus larvae and to determine the Lethal Time and Lethal Concentration. This type of research is a quantitative research with the True Experimental Design method with Posttest Only Group Design. The results showed that 100% larval death was the fastest at a concentration of 8% after 4 hours of measurement. The results of the Kruskall Wallis test showed that there was no significant difference (>0.05) in the average mortality of larvae. The results of the Lethal Time probit test showed that it took 2,029 hours to kill 50% of larvae and 4,551 hours to kill 99% of larvae with a concentration of 8% while the Lethal Concentration showed that a concentration of 2.647% was needed to kill 50% of larvae and 7.854% to kill 99%. larvae. Further research is needed to develop starfruit extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which, when applied to water, is colorless and tasteless, but does not remove the compounds present in starfruit extract.

Antibacterial Activity of Star Fruit Extract against Vibrio cholera Isolated from Tuna Fish

Aims: This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol concentration and extraction temperature on the characteristics of star fruit extract, that content of bio active, compounds (polyphenol, flavonoid, alkaloids, saponin, and tannin of star fruit) can inhibit bacterial activity as a preservative for tuna.
 Study Design: This research was carried out in 2 stages, namely: (1) determine the ethanol concentration and temperature to produce the best extract and (2) determine the antibacterial power of the extract against Vibrio cholera - BSFIL Randomized block design (RBD) with two factors, namely 1 (ethanol concentration 96% and 70%) and 2 (temperature extraction 30ºC, 40ºC and 50ºC. and analysis of variance with Tukey’s honestly significant difference was used to analyze the data.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted at Food Technology laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Udayana University on November – April 2022.
 Results: The best quality (P=0.05) of star fruit extract by 96% ethanol at 30ºC, such as: yield (77%), total flavonoid (7.10%), total tannin (0.914 mg QE /g), total acids (34.24%). and with a concentration of 80% the extract was able to inhibit the growth of Vibrio cholera (VC-BSFIL) with very strong criteria (inhibition zone diameter: 20.78 mm).

The Making of Liquid Soap Based on Used Cooking Oil with An Addition of Starfruit Extract (Averrhoa Carambola L.) as an Antioxidant

The used cooking oil is a waste that can damage environmental sustainability if its disposed of directly without processing. One of the utilization of it, is as a raw material for making the liquid soap. Sweet starfruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) is known have a potential as a source of natural antioxidants due to its high vitamin C content, flavonoid content and phenolic compounds. This study aims to determine the effect of adding sweet starfruit extract with variation of concentrations 8%, 10% and 12% on used cooking oil-based liquid soap and to analyze the characteristics of the resulting soap. The results showed that the organoleptic tests (shape, odor, color, water content and foaming power) met the SNI standards 06-3352-2016 which were quite good. The addition of sweet starfruit extract with a concentration of 12% was the most effective as an antioxidant.

Cytotoxic/antiproliferative and nutraceutical activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of green and mature Averrhoa carambola.

Averrhoa carambola L. presents in its composition diversity of nutrients and vitamins. The present study aimed to extract water and fat-soluble compounds from this fruit at different stages of maturation (green and mature), perform the physical-chemical characterization as well as evaluate its cytotoxicity against hepatoma cells of Rattus norvegicus (HTC). The physicochemical results showed that the pH and molar acidity is influenced by the fruit maturation state. The fruit presented high percentage of moisture, while the percentage of total minerals (ash) increased according to its maturation stage. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that star fruits present phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity showed greater potential for the ethanolic extracts of the green and mature star fruit. For HTC cells treated with ethanolic extract of green and mature star fruit the data show absence of cytotoxic effect. The tests with the aqueous extract showed cytotoxic/antiproliferative effect of green and mature star fruit extract, in 24, 48 and 72 hours. The presence of nutraceutical compounds and the cytotoxic/antiproliferative activity were more expressive in the aqueous extract, being an option of easily accessible solvent economic and not harmful to organisms.

Comparative active compounds and antioxidant activity between the sweet- and sour-type star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) In Vitro

Background: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is seasonal and originates from many Southeast Asia countries, including Thailand. Previous evidence claimed that it has various antioxidative compounds such as phenolics, saponins, flavonoid C-glycosides, tannin and L-ascorbic acid. In Thailand, the sweet-type of star fruit (SF) is cultivated and marketed more than the sour-type, but their different antioxidant and active compounds between both types have not been investigated. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the active compounds and anti-oxidant activity between sweet- and sour-type SF in vitro. Materials and methods: Active compounds such as total phenolic compound, total flavonoids and L-ascorbic acid in extracts were evaluated between sweet- and sour-type SF crude extracts by using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Antioxidant activity on scavenging radicals such as the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+) cation and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) cation and nitric oxide (NO) was analyzed. Moreover, the protective activity of glutathione (GSH) oxidation from free radicals generated by high voltage (HV)-stimulation in a mixture of plasma micro/nanobubble water; the same as that of protein oxidation in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) from 2,2’-Azobic (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), was evaluated in vitro. Results: Sour-type SF extract at 1 gm showed higher total phenolics (1,625±2.3 µg equivalent gallic acid [GAE]), total flavonoid (245±3.6 µg equivalent quercetin), and ascorbic acid (Vit C) (565±4.5 µg) than sweet-type (520±3.5 µg GAE, 187±2.5 µg, and 513±2.6 µg). In addition, sour-type SF showed a lower dose of inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) than sweet-type on scavenging DPPH (32.32±2.3 & 58.9±2.4 mg) and NO (23.1 ± 1.1 mg & undetected). However, IC50 on ABTS•+ scavenging of sweet-type was lower than that of sour-type (348.8±2.5 & 511.9±2.6 mg). Sweet-type showed protective effects with a dose response at 0.25-1.0 mg of extract, 125-500 µg of protein carbonyl and 62.5-500 µg of lipid peroxidation. However, sour-type at high doses showed pro-oxidant activity on increased GSH oxidation, protein carbonyl and MDA formation. Conclusion: Sour-type SF showed higher active antioxidants, such as total phenolics, total flavonoids and Vit C as well as radical scavenging of DPPH and NO, than sweet-type SF. However, high concentrations aggravated GSH, protein and lipid oxidation. Whereas, sweet-type SF showed beneficial protective effects.

Characteristics of Star Fruit Extract (Averrhoa Bilimbi Linn) at Ethanol Solvent Treatment and Extraction Temperature

Background: Starfruit is a type of plant that contains a lot of acids. In addition to containing acids, star fruit also contains bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins that have the potential to inhibit bacterial activity.
 
 Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol solvent concentration and extraction temperature on the characteristics of star fruit extract, to determine the ethanol solvent concentration and the best extraction temperature to produce star fruit extract.
 
 Method: The experiment conducted was a factorial experiment with two factors designed using a Randomized Design Group (RAK). The factor I is the concentration of ethanol solvents which consists of two types, namely 96% ethanol and 70% ethanol. Factor II is the extraction temperature consisting of 3 types, namely 30oC, 40oC, and 50oC. The data were analyzed using variance analysis and further tested with Honest Real Differences.
 
 Results: The results showed that ethanol solvent concentration and extraction temperature and their interactions affected the amendment, total flavonoids, total tannins, and total acids. The highest yield, total flavonoids, tannins and acids were shown at the treatment with an ethanol concentration of 96% and an extraction temperature of 30°C.
 
 Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the treatment with an ethanol solvent concentration of 96% and an extraction temperature of 30 °C is the best treatment to obtain star fruit extract with yield characteristics of 71%, total flavonoids of 7.10%, tannins total 0.914 mg QE /g, and total acid 34.24%.

IDENTIFIKASI METABOLIT SEKUNDER EKSTRAK BUAH BELIMBING WULUH GEOTHERMAL NON GEOTHERMAL ACEH BESAR

Simplicia is a natural ingredient used for medicine and has not undergone any process changes and is in the form of dried material. Drying is a necessary process in maintaining the quality of a simplicia. This study aims to analyze the comparison of the amount of Ie Seu Um Geothermal and non-geothermal star fruit extracts to calculate yield value, dry weight of simplicia, drying loss, extract weight, percent yield and identify active compounds in wuluh starfruit taken from the Ie Seu Um Geothermal area. and non-geothermal Aceh Besar Aceh Province. The laboratory research method begins with oven drying. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent with a solvent ratio of 1:10 for 3x 24 hours. Then the extract was concentrated with a rotary evaporator, the yield value was calculated, and the phytochemical test was carried out. The identification results show that there are differences; sample dry weight, drying loss, extract weight and percent yield of geothermal and non-geothermal starfruit extract. In the ethanol extract of the wuluh starfruit Ie Seu Um Geothermal dry weight of simplicia 152 grams, drying loss 1,992.4 g, yield 52, 63%, extract weight 80 grams and the results of phytochemical screening of samples of ethanol extract of starfruit wuluh Ie Seu Um geothermal contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, saponins. In non-geothermal star fruit ethanol extract, simplicia dry weight 150 g, drying loss 1,992.5 g, yield 3,075%, extract weight 61.5 grams and the results of phytochemical screening samples of non-geothermal star fruit ethanol extract contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids , saponins.. In conclusion, the weight of the extract and the yield of the ethanol extract of the bilimbi wuluh geothermal fruit is higher than that of the non-geothermal.

Metabolic Profiling of Averrhoa carambola Fruit Extract using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and Determination of the Concentration of Essential Elements using MP-AES

A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) based method was developed to separate and identify 44 phenolics and non-phenolics present in Averrhoa carambola fruit in three different stages of its growth. 5 anthocyanins, 9 phenolic acids, 3 flavones, 5 flavanols, 3 flavanones, amino acids, vitamins and other phenolic and non-phenolic compounds were identified. The identification and quantification of 27 bioactive compounds from methanolic star fruit extract are being reported for the first time. All the metabolites were quantified by normalizing the area under the peaks with that of the internal standard hydrocortisone. The extraction of metabolites by using a homogeniser (bead beater) was found to be the best method for the extraction of metabolites. Four essential microelements (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr) and three macroelements (K, Mg, Na) were quantified from star fruit using MP-AES. The zinc concentration (6.988 mg/100 g) in star fruit was found to be higher than in many cereals, vegetables and fruits. The methanolic star fruit extract showed excellent DPPH scavenging activity of 93% after 30 min of incubation in dark for the dry weight sample concentration of 50 mg/ml. In conclusion, the UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS based method developed and MP-AES results presented here can be used in the quality control of food supplements and medicines.

Starfruit extract (Averrhoa bilimbi) as an alternative ingredient in the treatment of aphthous stomatitis and gingivitis

Background: Stomatitis is a lesion of the oral mucosa, inner cheek, inner lip, tongue, gums, and palate. Although it is not dangerous, canker sores are very annoying. Gingivitis is inflammation of the gingival area and is the most common disease in the community. The content of starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi) includes saponins, tannins, glucosides, and calcium, one of the best known as thrush drugs. In addition, the use of herbal plants such as star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi) to reduce the risk of caries because this plant has antibacterial ability. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of starfruit on the healing of aphthous stomatitis and gingivitis. Methods: the type of research used is quasi-experimental, with a pre and post-test design. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The data collection instrument used to measure the diameter of stomatitis was using a caliper and measuring gingivitis using the WHO standard measuring instrument, namely the gingival index. Analysis of the data used was a paired sample test to compare stomatitis and gingivitis before and after the intervention. Result: the application of starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi) showed p= 0.000 and the gingival index showed p=0.016, meaning that starfruit extract (Averrhoa bilimbi) was effective in treatment of aphthous stomatitis and gingivitis. Conclusion: starfruit extract (Averrhoa bilimbi) is effective as an alternative ingredient in the treatment of aphthous stomatitis and gingivitis.