Preparation Of Starch Research Articles

Preparation and Optimization of Water-Soluble Cationic Sago Starch with a High Degree of Substitution Using Response Surface Methodology

Modification and characterizations of cationic sago starch with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) prepared via etherification reaction was reported in this study. The optimization of cationic sago starch modification was performed by utilizing the combination of response surface methodology and central composite design (RSM/CCD). The effect of each variable and the interaction between the three variables, the concentration of CHPTAC, concentration of the catalyst NaOH, and the reaction times on the degree of substitution (DS) of the product were investigated and modeled. Moderate conditions were employed and a water-soluble cationic sago starch with high DS value was obtained. Based on RSM, the highest DS = 1.195 was obtained at optimum conditions: 0.615 mol of CHPTAC concentration (CHPTAC/SS = 5), 30% w/v NaOH, and 5 h reaction time, at 60 °C reaction temperature. Furthermore, the cationic sago starch was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, XRD, and field emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM.

Preparation of porous starch by α-amylase-catalyzed hydrolysis under a moderate electric field

Enzymatically-catalytic conversion of starch-based industrial waste into porous materials was enhanced by a moderate electric field (MEF). Changes in the hydrolysis rate, α-amylase activity and starch structure during MEF treatment (0–20 V, 0–400 Hz, room temperature and 0–2 h) were monitored and the hydrolyzed products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and water/oil adsorption analyses. The results showed that MEF enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis mainly by destroying starch structure, rather than by altering α-amylase activity. The average number of pores of hydrolyzed starch increased when voltage increased from 2 to 15 V, but a further increase of voltage caused the gelatinization of starch, thus making it unfavorable for the preparation of porous materials. The crystallinity of electrically-treated porous starches was decreased by 2.87–5.06%. The water and oil adsorption capacity of the porous starches was much higher than that of their native counterpart. Overall, this study extends the applications of electric field-based techniques in an enzymatic modification of biomaterials.

Preparation and performance of thermoplastic starch and microcrystalline cellulose for packaging composites: Extrusion and hot pressing

The microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) used as the fillers, were incorporated into the starch matrix to prepared MCC/thermoplastic starch (TPS) granules by extrusion method blending with glycerol plasticizers. Then the MCC/TPS composite films were produced by the hot-pressing method, which were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, DSC, TGA, tensile test, water vapor permeation and water contact angle. When the loading of MCC was not more than 6 wt%, MCC were well dispersed in composite films seen from SEM images. XRD results show that the crystallinity of TPS in the presence of MCC was improved. The FTIR curves indicate that the interaction between MCC and starch formed more hydrogen bonds, so the tensile strength and water vapor permeation of 6 wt% MCC/TPS composite films were better than those of other films. Besides, the water contact angle of MCC/TPS composite films decreased gradually with the content of MCC increased.

Non‐conventional starch nanoparticles for drug delivery applications

AbstractStarch has been used for a variety of biomedical and pharmacological applications, including drug delivery systems. Most of the starch‐based drug delivery systems have been developed using starches extracted from commercial crops, including potato, maize, corn, cassava and wheat. However, there are several agricultural underutilized crops that could be useful sources of starch. The availability and low cost of these underutilized crops have triggered the interest in the use of non‐conventional starches for diverse applications, especially in the food industry where they are used as emulsifiers, and gelling and thickening agents. The properties of starch are strongly dependent on the botanical source. It has been found that using starches from different sources can result in the preparation of nanoparticles with different properties. In this paper, we report the use of conventional and non‐conventional starches in the development of novel nanoparticle drug delivery systems. The processing routes used for the preparation of both starch and starch nanoparticles are reviewed together with the most recent applications including oral, parental and transdermal delivery for cancer, diabetes, hyperuricemia and hypertension treatments, among others.

Functionality of Native Starches in Food Systems: Cluster Analysis Grouping of Rheological Properties in Different Product Matrices.

Industrial application of starch as a texture-forming agent is primarily limited to preparations obtained from waxy corn and potatoes. The main reason behind this is its functionality, which depends mostly on rheological properties. However, in food product matrices, these properties change. Despite the vast amount of information on the rheological properties of various starches, the rational choice of thickener appears to be an extremely difficult task. The aim of the work is to systemize the information on the rheological properties of most popular starches in matrices of various food products, applying principal component and cluster analyses. The investigated material is potato and corn starch of the normal and waxy varieties. Binary mixtures containing salts or sweetening agents, as well as four different food products (ketchup, mayonnaise, pudding, and jelly), are investigated. It was found that compared to normal varieties, waxy starches reveal many similar rheological properties in all investigated models and food systems. Furthermore, in most applications, one waxy starch variety may be substituted by another, with no significant impact on the rheological properties and texture of the food product. Moreover, waxy starch preparations are less altered by the presence of cosolutes, i.e., salts and sugar alcohols. Starch model systems were proven to be useful only for rapid thickener screening tests and cannot be recommended as a final reference for the quality design of food products.

From starch to carbonaceous foam: The effects of structure and conformation of the feedstock

Three-dimensional carbon/carbonaceous foams (CFs) have attracted great research interest in recent years and have been widely used in many military and civilian fields. Replacing traditional raw materials (e.g., pitches and petrochemical raw material derived resins) with renewable biomass resources is becoming one of the trends in the research of CFs. In the present work, CF was prepared from starch. The effects of the structure and conformation of polysaccharides on the preparation of CF were studied from multiple perspectives and multiple scales using a variety of starches as raw materials. It is proved that the conformation of the raw material, a factor that is almost neglected in the research of pitches derived CFs, has a significant influence on the preparation of starch derived CF. However, hydrogen bonding, which is ubiquitous in biomass feedstocks, is not a primary factor affecting the thermophysical and thermochemical properties of the feedstocks in this study. It is not the key to the foaming state of starch derived CF. The results of this work will be instructive for the preparation and structural regulation of biomass derived CFs.

Fabrication of nanostructured mesoporous starch encapsulating soy-derived phytoestrogen (genistein) by well-tuned solvent exchange method

The present research was concerned with preparation of mesoporous starch (MPS) as a carrier for genistein, a model of poorly water-soluble phytoestrogen isoflavone; and exploration of the impact of different fabrication parameters on structural and loading properties. MPS is considered as a highly porous biomaterial which typically possesses nanometer-sized porous microstructure and low density, providing a large effective specific surface area (SSA) and hydrophilic surface to improve solubility, stability and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble active agents. To fabricate MPS, various concentrations (8–14% w/v) of starch from different sources (corn, potato and tapioca) was used for gel formation and the successive solvent exchange process was performed with use of various ethanol concentrations (40–70% v/v), which were then dried by different techniques (rotary vacuum evaporation, microwave and freeze drying). MPS quality attributes such as SSA, total porous volume, BJH pore diameter and swelling ratio were determined and effects of the fabrication parameters were investigated using L9-Taguchi orthogonal array design. The results indicate that second order polynomial regression models were well fitted for all response variables. Interestingly, the starch components greatly influenced physical properties of MPS. Also, the drying type and ethanol concentration altered significantly the model equations. The overall best fabrication condition (14% corn starch, 100% ethanol concentration in aging step and rotary vacuum drying) resulted in favorable MPS preparation with mean size of 105.4 nm and unimodal distribution. In the next step, genistein was encapsulated in MPS microstructure at different ratios, resulting in high loading capacity and efficiency (44.71% and 79.9%, respectively) at 1:1 weight ratio. Equilibrium adsorption isotherm of genistein was evaluated also by four different kinetics models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherms. The experimental data were found to be fitted well to the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.989). According to the electron microscopy and XRD analysis, the degree of genistein crystallinity lowered remarkably after the impregnation in to MPS, indicating improved solubility. In-vitro release profile of genistein from MPS in the simulated gastrointestinal buffer solutions (pH 1.2 and 6.8) demonstrated that incorporating genistein into the MPS enhanced the dissolution rate compared with genistein powder. Release kinetic data were fitted to the Higuchi model (R2 = 0.98), indicating diffusion-controlled release mechanism. Altogether, well-tuned MPS fabrication method can be utilized for an efficient encapsulation and dissolution enhancement of poorly soluble phytochemicals, such as genistein.

Effects of glycerol and thymol on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of corn starch films

This study explores the preparation of corn starch (CS) films incorporated with glycerol, thymol, and combination of glycerol and thymol via solution casting technique. The resulting films were characterized in terms of structural changes, physical, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Results show that the presence of both glycerol and thymol in CS film increased the film thickness while reduced the moisture content, solubility, and transparency of the film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding existed between CS, glycerol, and thymol. The presence of glycerol had more remarkable impact on tensile strength of CS films than that of thymol alone, while the combination of thymol and glycerol led to synergistic effects. Thermal degradation profiles of the films revealed the maximum degradation temperature of CS film with glycerol and thymol shifted to a higher temperature compared to other films indicating better thermal stability. In conclusion, the inclusion of glycerol and thymol led to improvement in overall performance of corn starch films.

Analysis of Biodegradable Films of Starch from Potato Waste

Starch was extracted from potato wastes and its peels to prepare bio-degradable films using glycerol and sorbitol at various concentrations of 35%, 45% and 55 (w/w) of dry starch. The properties of films prepared with modification techniques (hydrothermal treatment (HTT) and acid-alcohol treatment (AAT)) were analyzed. Biodegradability test was done by incubating with amylolytic bacteria (Bacillus lichneformis and Streptococcus bovis) for 24 hours and fungi (Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer) for 72 hours. All microbial species were isolated from soil except S. bovis which was from calf stool and identified by conventional methods. The properties of modified starches were significantly different from non-treated starches. Tensile strength (10 N/m2) and elongation (9.47%) were significantly (p<0.05) superior in HTT starch films whereas solubility (25.8%) was superior in AAT starch films. Elongation (8.91%) and solubility (29.98%) were significantly (p<0.05) superior in 35% and 55% glycerol used films respectively but tensile strength (13.02 N/m2) was superior in 35% sorbitol used films. WVTR (999 g/m2/d) was higher at 91% RH in 55% glycerol used films. Micro-organisms used showed a significant effect (p<0.05) on biodegradation of starch based films. Highest degradation was observed by B. lichneformis i.e, 57.85% while A. niger had minimum of 25.13%. Films prepared with 35% glycerol was significantly (P<0.05) degraded by B. lichneformis i.e, 78.86%. Films prepared by using glycerol with acid alcohol treatment was significantly (P<0.05) degraded by S. bovis (55.57%). Although the starch of same variety of potato waste was not studied, results of the study suggest possibility of preparation of starch based bio degradable films potato waste and its peels by using glycerol and sorbitol.

Correction to: The effect of increasing soaking time on the properties of premixing starch–glycerol–water suspension before melt-blending process: comparative study on the behavior of wheat and corn starches

The reduction in the torque consumed during the preparation of thermoplastic starch to the minimum value was achieved by reaching equilibrium state of the premixing suspension of starch–glycerol–water before melt-blending process. The study was conducted on two kinds of cereal starches, wheat and corn. Microscope, FT-IR and XRD analytical methods were employed to follow the change in starch structure during soaking time (aging time) until reaching the equilibrium. Microscope photomicrographs exhibited a relative and partial swelling of the starch granules simultaneously with progressive breaking down of the granules with soaking time until 10 days. Thereafter, no additional breaking down was observed in starch granules. FT-IR analysis showed that shifting of –OH group, which refers to the formation of H-bonds between starch and plasticizers, started from the first day of soaking and continuously increased until the suspension reached the equilibrium state after 10 days of aging. XRD analysis shows that the A-type, which cereals starch characterized by, still be conservative during the soaking. Nevertheless, the absence of some peaks and the progressive growth of new other peaks, which refer to the VH-type and B-type, were recognized. As microscope and FT-IR, XRD results show, after 10 days of soaking, no measurable change happened in diffractograms that means the equilibrium state was reached. This study demonstrated that higher amylose-content wheat starch compared with lower amylose-content corn starch showed greater torque requirement to get plasticized, formed stronger H-bonds with plasticizers and presented higher crystallization degree when soaking in plasticizers mixture.

The effect of vitamin C supplementation in the last month of pregnancy on neonatal bilirubin levels; A double-blind randomized clinical trial

ObjectivesJaundice is a typical condition in the neonatal period, particularly in the Asian continent. Drowsiness and disruption of breastfeeding, behavioral and neurological disorders, hearing loss and mental retardation are the results of impairment in controlling it. The increase in oxidant substances can stimulate the heme oxygenase enzyme and increase the conversion of heme to bilirubin. In some studies, vitamin C levels in the blood of infants with hyperbilirubinemia were lower than in healthy infants. DesignIn this double-blind clinical trial study, 144 healthy pregnant women aged 20–40 years who were in 34th weeks of gestation were randomly divided into intervention, and control groups and until the end of pregnancy, they took a 500 mg tablet of vitamin C or placebo (Preparation of starch) daily. Demographic information, dietary intake, and physical activity level of the participants were also evaluated. The total blood bilirubin level was measured on the fifth day after birth using a sample of the neonatal heel. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22. In this study P-value < 0. 05 was considered significant. ResultsOf the 144 participants, 128 of them completed the intervention. There was no significant difference between the two groups at the level of vitamin C intake through diet, and anthropometric indices, but the total bilirubin level in the neonates of the two groups was statistically different (P = 0.02). ConclusionVitamin C supplementation in the last month of pregnancy had a significant effect on neonatal bilirubin level and decreased it significantly.

Optimization of starch isolation process for sweet potato and characterization of the prepared starch

The study was conducted to standardize the parameters of centrifugation method of starch isolation for sweet potato to yield better quality starch. The effects of solid-to-solvent ratio in slurry-making, numbers of blending, slurry filtration and starch washings were studied for obtaining maximum yield and purity of starch with desired color and amylose content. The goal of the study was to develop a suitable process for small scale/on-farm processing of sweet potato for preparation of starch. A widely grown pink-skinned cream fleshed cultivar (Kanjangad) was used for the experiments. The studied parameters were slurry making solid-to-solvent ratio (1:2, 1:3 and 1:4), number of blendings (1 and 2 times), number of slurry filtration water washings (2, 3 and 4 times) and starch washings (2, 3 and 4 times). The study showed that the starch yield, purity, color and amylose were influenced by altering the starch isolation procedures. The solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:2 in the starch isolation process yielded the best results. Also, the increase in number of blendings degraded the purity, amylose and color of starch. The optimal process was slurry making at 1:2 solid-to-solvent ratio and once blending, slurry filtration washing for 2 times and starch washing for 2 times. Accordingly, the starch yield, purity, amylose, and L, a and b values were 13.967 ± 1.135%, 80.640 ± 1.139%, 29.220 ± 0.759%, and 57.88 ± 2.982, 0.386 ± 0.204, and 2.68 ± 0.127, respectively. The prepared starch was characterized for chemical composition, water activity, paste clarity, swelling power, water solubility index, pasting property and granule size and morphology. The study suggested that the prepared starch was suitable for food uses.

Effect of protease and phytase on the physiological state of alcoholic yeast in cultivation

Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast is used in the production of ethyl alcohol. The main requirements for yeast used in the production of ethyl alcohol from starch-containing raw materials: alcohol yeast used in the processing of starchy raw materials must have high fermentation activity; complete fermentability of sugars, resistance to metabolic products, resistance to the development of extraneous microflora. Proteolytic enzyme preparation Prolive BS Liquid was used as a source of protease. Kingphos enzyme preparation was used as a source of phytase. The effect of the enzyme preparations of the neutral protease Prolive BS Liquid and Phytase Kingphos on the fermentation activity of alcohol yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae race XII was studied. The maximum fermentation activity is possessed by yeast cultivated on the wort, obtained using protease and phytase. The duration of the exponential growth phase in the experiment is 14–16 hours, in the control -18–20 hours. The exponential phase is described by the Mono equation. Compared to the yeast in the control, the yeast in the experiment multiplies more intensively, and by 14–16 hours of growth, about 170 million yeast cells accumulate in the culture medium, and the yeast in the control-about 95 million yeast cells by 18–20 h of growth. The specific growth rate was maximum in the logarithmic phase and amounted to 0.35 million cells / cm3 • h in the experimental samples and 0.25 million cells / cm3 • h in the control. It was found that the maximum accumulation of yeast cells was observed when the neutral enzyme Prolive BS Liquid was added to the wort with a dosage of 0.2 units. PS/g of starch and enzyme preparation Phytase Kingfos with a dosage of 0.5 units. FS/g of starch, the yeast cell content in mature yeast reached 170 million cells / cm3 by 16-18 hours of cultivation, the yeast has a high fermentation activity.

Effects of pulsed electric field treatment on the preparation and physicochemical properties of porous corn starch derived from enzymolysis

Porous corn starch preparation by enzymolysis and pulsed electric field treatment (PEF) and its physicochemical characterizations were investigated in this study. The best processing parameters of enzymolysis and PEF treatment designed by response surface methodology were 3.9 hr, 11.5 kV/cm applied for 18 ms, respectively, resulting in the highest oil absorption value of 130%. The solubility and transparency of native corn starch were increased after enzymolysis or PEF treatment, and the values were the highest when starch was treated with the combined method. Pasting temperature and gelatinization enthalpy of porous starch were higher than that of native starch, but then decreased significantly after PEF treatments. Scanning electron microscope images, specific surface area as well as X-Ray Diffraction directly reflected the reinforcement effect of PEF treatment on the micropores formation of porous starch. These results indicate that PEF is expected to be used to assist the production of porous starch. Practical applications Starch materials are able to dehydrate water from ethanol due to the existence of numerous hydroxyl groups on the surface, porous starch granules possesses larger specific surface area, which increases the total number of hydroxyl groups on starch particles’ surface. Increased surface area provides more reactive sites at which functionalized groups can be grafted to improve starch properties as well. In addition, numerous small pores enable porous starch to encapsulate compounds of several times its weight by the absorption and capillary flow of micropores, especially heat-liable compounds like flavor molecules, plant essential oils, biologically functional compounds, for example, liquid flavors are unstable under heat processing, mixtures of which could be spry-dried with porous starch to obtain flavor powder, prolonging the storage time of flavor compounds. And the combination of enzymolysis and PEF treatment is good for the micropores formation of porous starch, which could be used to produce porous starch for industrial application.

Optimisation of the Preparation of Sweet Potato Resistant Starch by Dry Heating with Pectin

The technological conditions for preparing sweet potato resistant starch (RS) by utilising the synergy of dry heating with pectin were optimised. By applying a response surface method, the influences of concentration of pectin, dry-heating treatment time, and dry-heating treatment temperature on starch anti-digestibility of sweet potato starches were analysed. The results showed that the optimal technological conditions were as follows: the content of pectin, dry-heating time, and dry-heating temperature were 2.18%, 2.09 h, and 121.73 °C, respectively. The RS content in sweet potato starches prepared under these conditions was within 18.48% ± 0.73%. The result obtained through differenti0al scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that the heat enthalpy (ΔH) of sweet potato starch increased from 2.475 to 3.698 J/g after being subjected to dry heating with pectin. Moreover, the result of in vitro digestibility tests suggested that the glycemic index of sweet potato RS prepared through dry heating with pectin was 69.09.

Preparation and study of starch/ collagen/ polycaprolactone nanofiber scaffolds for bone tissue engineering using electrospinning technique

Bone tissue engineering has been a fast growing area recently. It suggests a novel and talented methods for bone regeneration. The aim of the current work is to produce nanofiber scaffolds based on starch/ collagen/ polycaprolactone (PCL) biomaterials by means of an electrospinning methodology for bone tissue engineering purposes. The results showed that the developed structures have good physicochemical and interconnected properties that could be considered for bone tissues engineering. The results from the characterization specify that the nanofibers were successfully prepared with monodispersed nanosized diameter (60 nm), uniform network shaped morphology and negative surface charge (-13.5 mV). Besides, the applied method can be set up to prepare fiber-based structures using other polymeric materials. We believed that by incorporating different materials to reduce the degradation rate of the fibers it can be matched with the speed of tissue regeneration. In this case, the prepared nanofibers can be used as the membrane biomaterials for example guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane.

Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Avocado Seed Starch (KIT-PBA) Edible Film

&lt;pre&gt;Chitosan is a biopolymer that has the advantage of being able to form films that are non-toxic which has great potential to form edible films. To improve the properties of edible films in the form of antioxidants, it is necessary to add other materials such as avocado seed starch. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of avocado seed starch on mechanical properties, degree of &lt;em&gt;swelling&lt;/em&gt; and solubility of edible film chitosan-Avocado Seed Starch (Kit-PBA). This study uses a laboratory experimental method. Steps in this study are (1) extraction of avocado seed starch; (2) Making edible film Kit-PBA (mixing chitosan and avocado seed starch), heating and neutralizing) with a ratio between chitosan: avocado seed starch are at 50:50; 60:40; 70:30; 80:20; 90:10; 100: 0; (3) Characterization of Kit-PBA are (tensile strength and elongation) edible film mechanical properties, &lt;em&gt;swelling&lt;/em&gt; test and solubility test. The results showed that the higher the concentration of chitosan in the Kit-PBA edible film, the tensile and elongation strength values would increase while the degree of &lt;em&gt;swelling&lt;/em&gt; and solubility would decrease.&lt;/pre&gt;

Green preparation of citric acid cross-linked starch for improvement of physico-chemical properties of Cyperus starch

Green preparation of citric acid cross-linked starch for improvement of physico-chemical properties of Cyperus starch

Effect of different types of phosphorylating reagent on the synthesis of modified tapioca starch

Tapioca starch is isolated from the root of cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant and currently ranked second among commercial starch produced worldwide. Tapioca starch has very low residual impurities, bland flavor, and superior gel properties. Native tapioca starch has been widely used for daily food preparation. Chemical modifications of native starch structure, however, is often needed before starch can be utilized for industrial applications. In this research, a preliminary study on the use of different types of phosphorylating reagents (Sodium Tripolyphosphate/STPP, Sodium Trimetaphosphate/STMP, and mixture of both reagents) on the synthesis of modified tapioca starch was performed. Phosphorylation of tapioca starch was performed at a temperature of 130 °C, initial suspension pH of 9, and an intake of STPP of 5 %-w/w and/or STMP of 2 %-w/w based on dry starch. The experimental result shows that modified starch products with Degree of Substitution (DS) of 0.0084-0.0132 (correlated to P-content of 0.169-0.258 %-w/w) were obtained. The use of both STPP and STMP phosphorylating reagents gives starch products with increased solubility. Phosphorylation with all types of reagent also increases water and oil absorption capacity as well as paste clarity of tapioca starch. The result suggests that STPP and STMP are potential phosphorylating agents for modified tapioca starch preparation.

Structural characteristics of low-digestible sweet potato starch prepared by heat-moisture treatment

The objectives of this study were to optimize the conditions for the preparation of sweet potato starch containing a high proportion of slowly digestible starch (SDS) by heat-moisture treatment (HMT), and to investigate the structural properties of SDS and resistant starch (RS) fractions isolated from this modified starch. Response surface methodology evaluation of considering temperature, time, and moisture content was conducted to determine the HMT condition for maximizing SDS yield. Maximum SDS content (50.9%) was obtained after 8.6 h at 113 °C with 22.8% moisture level. Scanning electron micrographs of RS fractions displayed growth ring structure and hollow regions. X-ray diffraction patterns of SDS + RS and RS fractions were not changed by HMT. Gelatinization enthalpy of the SDS + RS fraction was decreased more than that of the RS fraction. The results indicated that the SDS fraction consisted of less perfect crystallites and amorphous regions, whereas the RS fraction was composed mostly of crystalline regions.