Iodine Test Research Articles

Intradermal Botulinum Toxin A Injection Versus Topical 2% Glycopyrrolate for the Treatment of Primary Facial Hyperhidrosis: A Pilot Study and Review of Literature.

Facial hyperhidrosis (HH), a common problem with both cosmetic and psychological impact, interferes with quality of life. Wide range of treatment options is available for HH. Finding the most effective and yet a safe, tolerable option is the main target. To evaluate and compare clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of topical 2% glycopyrrolate versus intradermal Botulinum toxin A injection in facial HH treatment. Twenty-four patients with primary facial HH were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: Group A included patients treated by intradermal Botulinum toxin A injection and Group B included patients treated by topical glycopyrrolate gel 2%. Starch iodine test was performed before and after treatment to assess response, along with Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and patient satisfaction. Both modalities showed complete response in 75% of cases with a longer duration of action in botulinum toxin group up to 6 months. Side effects were minor and temporary. Both Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale and DLQI showed statistically significant improvement after treatment. Topical glycopyrrolate 2% showed comparable results to Botulinum toxin A in facial HH treatment with faster onset but shorter duration of action.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN PRAKTIK PEMBERIAN MAKAN BAYI DAN ANAK (PMBA) SERTA PENGGUNAAN GARAM BERYODIUM DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING

Stunting problems often arise as a result of a lack of knowledge and skills in meeting the nutritional needs of toddlers. Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) is an effort aimed at increasing the knowledge and skills of the community to deal with nutritional problems independently. In addition to feeding patterns, adequate intake of iodine is required for normal physical growth during pregnancy and early life. This study aims to analyze the relationship between knowledge and practice of IYCF and consumption of iodized salt with the case of stunting in toddlers aged 12-24 months.This research is an analytic observational study using a cross sectional design. 87 samples were selected using random sampling technique. The data was collection on the level of knowledge and practice of PMBA carried out interviews with respondents using a questionnaire, collecting data on the use of iodized salt by testing for iodine levels using Lugol's solution (iodine test), measuring body length using an Infantometer and determining nutritional status processed with the WHO anthro application and analyzing data using the test. Continuity Correction stats. IYCF knowledge of the respondents at 76.0% is classified as good, IYCF practice of the respondents at 69% is classified as good and the use of Iodized Salt is at 35.6%. The Continuity Correction ”test showed that there was” a significant association between IYCF“knowledge (p=0.001; PR =14.9), IYCF practice (p=0.001; PR =10.6) and ”the use of iodized salt” (p=0.017; PR =3.7) and the incidence of stunting in children aged 12-24 months.There is an,.association between IYCF practice and knowledge and the use of iodized salt and ”the”incidence”” of stunting in ”children ”aged 12-24 months.

Innovative Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions in Cervical Dysplasia: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials.

Simple SummaryCervical dysplasia is one of the most common disorders of the female genital tract affecting millions of women worldwide. This systematic review of the literature of the last decade shows that significant progress has been made in its diagnosis and treatment. Based on >30 controlled clinical trials, specific and evidence-based recommendations can be formulated, such as for intravenous or intracervical lidocaine for pain reduction during colposcopically-directed cervical biopsies, but not topical lidocaine, music, or video colposcopy. Monsel’s solution might be used to control bleeding after cervical biopsies. The acetic acid test should be scored after 1 min and should be followed by Lugol’s iodine test for an optimal detection of dysplastic lesions. Loop electrical excision using standard instrumentation and techniques should be performed under local anesthesia and with direct colposcopic vision. Cryotherapy and thermoablation might be used in women with low-grade dysplasia, especially in women with HIV infection. Topical imiquimod remains an experimental procedure.Cervical dysplasia is a common precancerous lesion affecting 1% to 2% of women worldwide. Significant progress in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical dysplasia have been made in the last decade. We performed a systematic literature search of the databases PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify controlled clinical trials reporting on the efficacy and safety of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for cervical dysplasia. Data were analyzed according to PRISMA guidelines. In total, 33 studies reporting on 5935 women were identified. We recommend intravenous or intracervical lidocaine for pain reduction during colposcopically-directed cervical biopsies but not topical lidocaine, music, or video colposcopy. Monsel’s solution might be used to control bleeding after cervical biopsies. The acetic acid test should be scored 1 min after the application of acetic acid and should be followed by Lugol’s iodine test for an optimal yield of LSIL/HSIL. LEEP/LLETZ remains the standard and techniques such as SWETZ, C-LETZ, and TCBEE are not superior. LEEP/LLETZ should be performed under local anesthesia and with direct colposcopic vision. Cryotherapy and thermoablation might be used in women with LSIL, especially in women with HIV infection, but LEEP/LLETZ remains the standard for HSIL. Topical imiquimod remains an experimental procedure. In conclusion, significant progress has been made in the last decade regarding both diagnostic interventions as well as therapeutic interventions for women with cervical dysplasia. Based on >30 controlled clinical trials, we were able to formulate specific and evidence-based recommendations.

Physical properties of local upland rice kupang east nusa tenggara, indonesia

Local upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a type of cereal crop that has the potential for dry land areas. Farmers in Kupang plant upland rice/local rice that has been consumed and used for generations and is considered by the surrounding community as part of their ancestral heritage. The materials used in this research were local upland rice varieties as a result of exploration. The varieties of six local upland rice of Kupang studied in this research had different rice characters in terms of its weight, volume, density and yield.'Aen Molo' has the highest weight per grain and per 1000 grains, namely 0.024 g and 24.95 g, also the highest volume of 1000 grains of rice is 30 ml, while 'Aen Lekes' has the lowest weight per grain and per 1000 grains, namely 0.020 g and 19.66 g and also the lowest volume of 1000 grains, namely 23 ml. The Iodine test results showed that the local rice of Kupang was classified in the regular or non-glutinous rice group. Meanwhile, Alkali test results show that the six samples of local upland rice have a high gelatinization temperature which indicates that local upland rice in Kupang Regency has high amylose content.

Clinical utility of botulinum toxin type A local injection therapy for head and forehead hyperhidrosis.

Head and forehead hyperhidrosis (HFH) is a disease that causes a large amount of sweating from the head region, and it significantly reduces patients' quality of life. Only a few reports have shown the effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) local injection therapy (BTX-A therapy) for HFH. To clarify the benefits of BTX-A for HFH, BTX-A therapy was performed in 15 patients, and its efficacy was evaluated. The amount of sweating was measured by the ventilation capsule method and Minor's iodine-starch test. Evaluation was also performed using the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). In most cases, a remarkable antiperspirant effect was observed from 2 weeks after the injection, and the effect lasted for approximately 30 weeks. HDSS and DLQI improved along with the decrease in sweating. Two patients (13.3%) complained of transient mild ptosis. There were no serious side-effects. This study showed that BTX-A therapy is a safe and effective treatment for HFH.

Blaschkoid expansive eccrine nevus with a trace of hyperhidrosis confirmed by a sensitivity-reduced iodine-starch test

Blaschkoid expansive eccrine nevus with a trace of hyperhidrosis confirmed by a sensitivity-reduced iodine-starch test

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Bahan Penguat terhadap Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik Pati Talas (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) dan Kitosan

Taro starch is a carbohydrate contained in plants, especially chlorophyll plants. Naturally, starch contains amylose and amylopectin. Amylose gives a hard nature and gives a dark blue color on the iodine test, while amylopectin causes a sticky nature and does not cause a reaction. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide consisting of the monomers N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and D-glucosamine (GlcN). Chitosan has the general formula (C6H9NO3)n or is referred to as poly(ß(1,4)-2-amino-2-Deoxy-D-glucopyranose). This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol and polycaprolactone on the characteristics of the taro starch and chitosan bioplastic composites which produce the best bioplastic composites. This study used a randomized block design (RAK) with 6 treatments consisting of 3 levels of polyvinyl alcohol concentration and 3 levels of polycaprolactone concentration of 0%, 5% and 10% with taro starch and chitosan as raw materials 60:40. Each treatment was grouped into 3 based on the time of the bioplastic manufacturing process, so there were 18 experimental units. The variables observed were tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity (Young's modulus), WVTR, swelling and biodegradation. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Honest Significant Difference test if there was a significant effect. The results showed that the concentration of reinforcing material had a very significant effect on the characteristics of tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity (Young's modulus), WVTR, swelling and biodegradation of taro starch and chitosan bioplastic composites. The best characteristic of taro starch and chitosan bioplastic composites was the concentration treatment of 10% polyvinyl alcohol with the greatest tensile strength 13.85 MPa, elongation at break 8.46%, elasticity 2.83 MPa, swelling 66.81%, WVTR 1, 85 g/m2day and biodegradation time for 7 days.
 Keywords: bioplastic composites, concentration, taro-chitosan starch, polyvinyl alcohol and polycaprolactone

IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS CARBOHYDRATES AND CHEMICALS CONTAINED IN THEM

This study aims to observe the structure of some carbohydrates through their reaction properties with multiple test reagents and know and understand various carbohydrate tests. Research methods used Research methods used are analytics with experimental design (pre experimental), Object of research is milk, honey, sago, flour and amylum. Then to five samples each added with NaOH, HCL, Aquades to find out if the five samples contain carbohirat or not.
 The results showed that Carbohydrates are nutrients in the form of organic compounds consisting of carbon atoms, hydrogen, and oxygen used as energy-forming materials. In this carbohydrate study, an iodine test was conducted to prove the presence of carbohydrate content in 5 samples of foodstuffs, namely iodine test on sago, honey, amylum, flour and milk. In the first experiment milk added NaOH, HCL, aquades the result did not change the layer and color, then the second experiment on honey in the pond NaOH, HCL, Aquades the result is two layers and the change of color to blackish yellow, then the third experiment on flour added NaOH, HCL, Aquades the result there are two layers and discoloration in each organic compound mixed in the sample, next experiment to the fourth on sago added NaOH, HCL,

Developing novel bio-nano catalyst well clean up fluid to remove formation damage induced by polymeric water-based drilling fluids

Drilling and completion fluids may cause significant formation damage in oil and gas reservoirs, directly affecting productivity. For many years, operators have applied different stimulation practices such as acidizing, oxidizers, chelating agents, and enzyme treatment to remove formation damage associated with drilling fluids filter cake. An enzyme-based biological treatment was combined with other chemicals or additives as a selective well clean-up practice to improve removing polymer content in the filter cake. However, the secondary formation damage such as deep cleaning of the invaded zone and wettability alteration remained the main concern. This paper presents the development of an innovative clean-up fluid formulation by immobilizing an enzyme and a selective nanoparticle as Bio-Nano Well Clean-Up Fluid (BNWC) in potassium chloride brine to enhance WBM filter cake removal. Several bulk experiments, including; precipitation, iodine test, and viscosity measurement, demonstrate the enzyme's optimization, the nanoparticle concentration, and base fluid brine. BNWC in potassium chloride brine showed the highest HPHT filtration rate at 200 °F and differential pressure of 100 psi and increased the filtration rate by more than 90 percent compared to the conventional enzyme in the same brine. Contact angle measurements confirmed wettability alteration of the carbonate rock to water-wet, and IFT measurements showed higher oil mobility potential. Finally, core flooding tests at reservoir conditions showed a 300 percent enhancement in injection rate and a 50% improvement in core permeability after damage. The immobilization of the enzyme with the nanoparticle has been developed successfully for other applications in bioremediation, farming, and other industries, but the novelty of this research demonstrates the application of nanobiocatalysts in drilling fluids for the first time. This innovative clean-up fluid enhances the enzymatic activity and removes primary and secondary formation damage associated with drilling fluid filter cake.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Jute Stick by Chemical Activation: Comparison of Different Activating Agents

Activated carbons were prepared from jute stick by chemical activation using ZnCl2, H3PO4, and H2SO4. The influence of activating agents and carbonization temperatures ranging from 300oC ~ 350oC were studied. The properties of the carbons were characterized by iodine adsorption and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) method. The results of iodine tests showed resemblance close to the values found in literature 500~1200 (mg/g). FTIR results revealed the existence of O-H, C=O, C=C, C-O and C-H bonds.

Quality Assessment Of Biosurfactants From Palm, Groundnut And Melon Oils

This study was carried out to establish the ability of spilled oils on soil to produce biosurfactant from fungal isolates. The bioprocess was conducted with two fungal isolates after several culturing and subculturing which was identified as Mucor spp and Fusarium spp. The research was conducted using the following medium, groundnut oil, palm oil, melon oil supplemented with spent vegetable oil as carbon sources and yeast extract which serves as a source of nitrogen. A portion of the pure culture was inoculated into the prepared broth and incubated with constant agitation for 21days (300C). The biosurfactant broth produced was then extracted by centrifugation for 10mins at 3000rpm. The supernatants were used for the emulsification index (EI) and oil displacements assay (ODA) among other biochemical test such as iodine test, saponification test and biodegradability test using (2, 6-DCPIP). The EI assay is indicative of biosurfactant concentration which gave the following trends considering the effectiveness/suitability of the fungi for the substrate in kerosene emulsion. The EI after 24hours showing the follow trend in biosurfactant emulsification activities by Mucor spp from carbon sources groundnut oil, melon oil and palm oil in kerosene emulsion as 63.63±0.64%, 60.46±0.01, and 52.2±0.2% respectively. In like manner, the E24 from biosurfactants produce by Fusarium spp from the same sequence of substrate includes 46.7±0.13%, 45.83±0.1% and 52.2±0.2%. The EI was conducted in diesel but shows a decrease. This is indicative of the concentration of biosurfactant of the fungi capable of exhibiting great activities in such substrates. The result of the ODA showed a large area displaced by the produced biosurfactant. The biosurfactant produced by Fusarium spp from palm oil sample displaced an area of 12.57 Cm2 equally with biosurfactant released by Mucor grown on groundnut oil. The least ODA was observed in melon oil for Fusarium spp. From this study the following can be deduced; the produced biosurfactants generally can be used for the remediation of kerosene contaminated materials and environments. In terms of substrate selection, groundnut oil is a better substrate which produces more and effective biosurfactant. Furthermore, comparing between the two screened fungi, the Mucor spp produces higher concentration of biosurfactant while Fusarium spp and Mucor spp both had good activities as well as high quality dispersion and Emulsification actions.

Review on postharvest quality and handling of apple

Apple is a climacteric temperate fruit with high market demand providing essential components to the body. Nowadays, apple production is increasing every year especially in EU member countries are the highest producer. Hence, this paper reviews the postharvest quality and associated changes during handling. Usually, farmers face difficulty in estimating the right harvesting time though Different methods exist to test the maturity stage such as counting the days after full bloom, color change, firmness test, measuring soluble sugar, starch iodine test and Streif index. Depending on different factors, farmers can choose the best maturity estimation method in various locations. Postharvest diseases of apples makeup a major part of the economic losses incurred during apple production. Annual losses of many fruits, including apple, vary from 5 to 35% and for developing countries, it ranges between 20%-50%. The most common causes are poor harvesting methods, transportation and storage methods which can open access for fungal growth species such as Botrytis species. B. cinerea is one of the most important of the species with unique characteristics causing the highest losses.

Determinants of Incident Stunting in Elementary School Children in Endemic Area Iodine Deficiency Disorders Enrekang Regency

BACKGROUND: Stunting is a global health emergency, including in Indonesia. The prevalence of childhood stunting in 2019 in Enrekang amounted to 44.8%. Enrekang Regency is the area with the highest stunting and is an endemic area. Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) is thought to be correlated with the incidence of stunting. AIM: This study aims to identify the determinants of stunting in elementary school children in IDDs endemic areas in the Enrekang Regency. METHODS: An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects of this study were mothers and their children aged 6–12 years. 100 total samples were collected based on the purposive sampling method. Collecting data using a questionnaire, FFQ, iodine test kit, microtia, and palpation. Data analysis using chi-square and logistic regression. RESULTS: The results showed that there was a relationship between maternal height (p = 0.020), diet (p = 0.049), PHBS practice (p = 0.012) on the incidence of stunting. While the use of iodized salt (p = 0.510) and palpation of the thyroid gland (p = 1000) were not associated with stunting. Lack of PHBS practices for children has a 6333-fold chance of experiencing stunting, while stunted mothers have a 5.583-fold chance of giving birth to stunting children. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relationship between mother’s height, child’s diet, and PHBS practice with stunting. Analysis of determinants related to the incidence of stunting is very important so that it becomes input and empirical evidence to the regional governments in formulating policies to overcome the problem of stunting, which is the highest in South Sulawesi.

No Association Was Found Between Mild Iodine Deficiency During Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes: a Follow-up Study Based on a Birth Registry

BackgroundSevere iodine deficiency during gestation is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, the impact of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, though prevalent in pregnancy, remains unclear.MethodsWe extracted follow-up data for 7435 pregnant women from a national iodine deficiency disorders monitoring program from 2016 to 2018 and a mother–child cohort study in 2017 based on a birth registry in Shanghai. Birth outcomes were collected from the registry. Spot urine and household salt samples were collected for iodine testing. Single-factor analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between maternal iodine status and pregnancy outcomes.ResultsThe median urine iodine level in pregnant women was 137.5 μg/L (interquartile range 82.4–211.5), suggesting mild deficiency according to WHO standards. The incidence of pregnancy termination, preterm birth, congenital malformations, low birth weight, and cesarean section was 3.2%, 4.3%, 1.4%, 2.7%, and 45.2% in the mildly iodine-deficient group and 3.4%, 4.5%, 1.4%, 2.7%, and 44.5% in the normal group, respectively. After adjusting for maternal age and education, trimesters, and preterm birth rate in the general population, the odds ratios for any outcome did not differ significantly between the two groups.ConclusionThe present study suggests that mild maternal iodine deficiency is not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Anhidrotic Ectodermal dysplasia : A Case Report

Background: In the ectoderm-derived structures, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) may lead to developmental abnormalities. An additional set of symptoms, including hypotrichosis, hypodontia, and anhidrosis, are also present. The diagnosis of EDA may be validated by genetic testing. The only way to control EDA is to provide parents with knowledge and counseling on how to keep their children safe from overheating. Early detection of EDA is critical so that the patient may get the most effective therapy. Case: Herewith, we report A 6-year-old-girl with suspected EDA and was planned to perform Iodine-starch test. Her parent complained about dry skin, inability to sweat adequately since birth and episodes of fever. Physical examination showed dry skin, frontal bossing, sparse and fine of scalp hair and eyebrows, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and peg shaped teeth. Genetic testing could not be done because limited of facility. Parents refused biopsy examination and Iodine-starch test revealed anhidrosis as high as the cervical myelum segment 5 and below. Conclusion : Hypotrichosis, hypodontia, and anhidrosis are clinical triad of EDA. Genetic testing should be performed to establish a definitive diagnosis of EDA. If genetic testing facility not available, additional examination such as biopsy and Iodine test can be performed to support the diagnosis of EDA.

Carbonization, Activation and Description of Activated Carbon from Palm Tree Leaves

One of the maximum residences of activated carbon is adsorption capacity, this significance grows every day in a variety of fields. One of its examples is water treatment, processing of potable, all of those residences deliver capacity of activated carbon in smell elimination and flavor in residues of dissolved natural and color. Activated carbon was made from the carbonization of palm tree leave’s stems and activated using calcium chloride, then tested with an increase in reactivity indicated by iodine adsorption test up to 68.6% reactivity increase in commercial sample and 48.7% in palm tree leaves sample. As the methods and precursors of activated carbon are very diverse and result in deferent adsorption properties, the primary test includes: carbonization of palm tree leaves, size reduction and classification of the charcoal produced, applying an iodine test on the non-activated sample, activating another sample with activating agent CaCl2 to comparison between the activated carbon and the non-activated carbon and shows the increasing in the adsorption capacity for elemental iodine in activated carbon.

Prediction modeling of geogenic iodine contaminated groundwater throughout China

Geogenic iodine-contaminated groundwater represents a threat to public health in China. Identifying high-iodine areas is essential to guide the mitigation of this problem. Considering that traditional analytical techniques for iodine testing are generally time-consuming, laborious, and expensive, alternative methods are needed to supplement and enhance existing approaches. Therefore, we developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model and assessed its feasibility in terms of predicting high iodine levels in groundwater in China. A total of 22 indicators (including climate, topography, geology, and soil properties) and 3185 aggregated samples (measured groundwater iodine concentrations) were utilized to develop the ANN model. The results showed that the accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model on the test dataset are 90.9% and 0.972, respectively, and climate and soil variables are the most effective predictors. Based on the prediction results, a high-resolution (1-km) nationwide prediction map of high-iodine groundwater was produced. The high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the central provinces of Henan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi, the eastern provinces of Henan, Shandong, and Hebei, and the northeastern provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. The total number of people estimated to potentially be at high-risk areas because they use untreated high-iodine groundwater as drinking water is approximately 30 million. Considering the growing demand for groundwater in China, this work can guide the prioritization of groundwater contamination mitigation efforts based on regional groundwater quality levels to enhance environmental management.

Expression analysis of p16 and TOP2A protein biomarkers in cervical cancer lesions and their correlation with clinico-histopathological characteristics in a referral hospital, Tanzania.

Biomarkers yield important information for early diagnosis of cervical cancer. However, they are rarely applied for prognosis of cervical cancer in Tanzania, where visual inspection assay with acetic acid or Lugol's iodine and Pap test are being used as the standard screening/ diagnostic methods. This was a retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study that was conducted to assess cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p16) and topoisomerase II-alpha (TOP2A) proteins expression among women seeking cervical cancer care at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania between May 1, 2017 and May 10, 2018. Immunohistochemistry technique was used to detect the expressions of p16 and TOP2A proteins from the retrieved formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cervical biopsies. A total of 145 patients, with a mean age of 52.1 ± 12.9 years, were included in this study. Upon immunohistochemistry staining, 103 (71.0%) and 90 (62.1%) were p16 and TOP2A positive respectively. There was a strong association between histopathological class and p16/TOP2A expression levels (Fisher's exact test, p<0.001). Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between p16/TOP2A and cancerous cervical lesions (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients = 0.833 and 0.687, p = 0.006 and 0.005, respectively). The age-adjusted odds ratio for predicting cervical cancer lesions were independently significant for p16/TOP2A biomarkers in FFPE cervical tissues [p16: OR = 1.142 (95% CI: 1.059-1.232, p<0.001) and TOP2A: OR = 1.046 (95% CI: 1.008-1.085, p = 0.015)]. Importantly, the diagnostic performance of p16 was higher than that of TOP2A in the diagnosis of cancerous lesions from non-cancerous cervical lesions (sensitivity: 97.2% versus 77.6%, accuracy: 92.8% versus 87.8%, respectively). Our study has highlighted that over-expression of TOP2A is related to the grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia but does not predict prognosis in cervical cancer. Similarly, expression of p16 is related to degree of histological dysplasia and malignancy, suggesting its prognostic and predictive value in the management of cervical cancers. Further bigger studies are needed to validate their applications in the early diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Urban health and nutrition day or only immunisation day? barriers and bottlenecks in implementing Urban health and nutrition day in an Urban primary health centre of Nagpur, Central India.

BackgroundThis study was carried out to evaluate the implementation status of Urban Health and Nutrition Day (UHND) and to explore barriers and bottlenecks as perceived by community-level service providers in the selected city of Nagpur, Maharashtra.Material and methodsThis mixed-method study was conducted using a triangulation design. An initial gap assessment was carried out quantitatively using an observation checklist. Focus group discussion among ASHAs and interviews among frontline health workers involved in community mobilisation were carried out to understand the bottlenecks and barriers.ResultsSupplies of drugs and logistics, like paediatric iron and folic acid tablets, calcium tablets, and weighing machines, were inadequate. Services like distribution of conventional contraceptives, testing for malaria, urine albumin/sugar, haemoglobin estimation, screening for diabetes and hypertension, sputum collection, and qualitative iodine test kits are not available in any of the UHND sessions. Major challenges in the implementation of UHND were found to be as follows: unserved areas and left-out urban slum pockets; the distribution paradox of UHND location with an ill-defined geographic boundary; restriction of range of services to antenatal registration and immunisation with gross neglect of other components; suboptimal training of staff; insufficient availability of space, logistics, and health manpower; non-involvement of community members and Urban Local Bodies; and poor monitoring and supervision.ConclusionThe conduct, use, and list of services offered in UHND are far from the desired goal. For optimal use, reallocation of the UHND sessions, preferably in unserved and underserved slums, need to be carried out after suitable vulnerability assessment. Integration of the Health, Women, and Child Department and Urban Local Bodies is required for convergent planning, monitoring, and supervision.

Efficacy and Safety of Topical 2% Glycopyrrolate in the Treatment of Facial Hyperhidrosis

Background: Facial hyperhidrosis is a frequent complaint characterized by excessive sweating which usually affects the forehead bilaterally but can also involve other regions of the face such as the scalp, nose, chin and less frequently cheeks. The topical application of 2% glycopyrrolate is safe, efficacious, well tolerated and convenient method in the treatment of facial hyperhidrosis. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of topical 2% glycopyrrolate in the treatment of facial hyperhidrosis. Patients Methods: This clinical trial was conducted in the Outpatient Clinics of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Hospitals. Twelve patients suffering from primary facial hyperhidrosis were included in this study. They were treated by topical glycopyrrolate gel 2%. Each patient applied the test product to the area affected in their faces once a day for 9 days. Response to treatment was evaluated by starch iodine test. Patient’s satisfaction level and adverse effects were also evaluated. Follow up evaluation was done for detection of any recurrence. Results:9 patients (75%) showed complete response and 2 patients (16.7%) showed partial response. Only one patient showed no response to topical glycopyrrolate 2% after 10 days of treatment. The improvement was lost in 8 patients (66.7%) on the 3rd day of stoppage of treatment and on the next day of stoppage of treatment among 3 patients (25%). Conclusion: Topical glycopyrrolate 2% is safe, efficacious, well tolerated and convenient method in the treatment of facial hyperhidrosis with minimal, transient and well-tolerated side effects.