Star Anise Oil Research Articles

Multicomponent double Povarov reaction for julolidine: Synthesis and mechanistic insights

Julolidines constitute a class of N-heterocyclic molecules that behave as molecular rotors. Due to their fluorescent properties, they are applied in a wide range of technological fields, such as the production of solar cells, fluorescent biomarkers or bioimaging, and photoconductive materials. In the present work, we developed a methodology for the synthesis of julolidines through the one-pot tandem reaction-based application of multicomponent double Povarov reaction (MCPR) using BF3.OEt2 as the catalyst (25 mol%), star anise oil rich in trans-anethole as the substrate, and water as the solvent in reactions at room temperature. The julolidines were obtained with total yields ranging from 55 to 95 %. A mechanistic study allowed for the conclusion that these MCPRs take place through an ionic mechanism and also that released protons by the reaction between BF3.Et2O and water are involved in the catalytic process. After extracting the products from the reaction medium, the remaining aqueous phase containing the catalyst can be reused for up to six catalytic cycles with a minimal loss of catalytic efficiency. DFT calculations were conducted to investigate the catalytic cycle using BF3.Et2O and ZnCl2 as catalysts. The results indicate that the formation of iminium ions is a prerequisite for the progress of the reaction (MCPR). When BF3.Et2O and water are involved, the reaction proceeds via Brønsted catalysis, and the formation of iminium ions occurs in an exothermic and spontaneous process. However, when the ZnCl2 is used, the process is Lewis catalyzed to form the first iminium ion and is endergonic, shifting the equilibrium towards the reactants and inhibiting the cyclization.

Characterization and pharmacokinetics of cinnamon and star anise compound essential oil pellets prepared via centrifugal granulation technology

Cinnamon and star anise essential oils are extracted from natural plants and provide a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of compound essential oil pellets. However, cinnamon oil and star anise oil have the characteristics of a pungent taste, extreme volatility, poor palatability, and unstable physical and chemical properties, which limit their clinical use in veterinary medicine. In this study, the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil and star anise oil on Escherichia coli and Salmonella were measured. Compound essential oil pellets were successfully prepared by centrifugal granulation technology. Subsequently, the in vitro dissolution of the pellets and their pharmacokinetics in pigs were investigated. The results showd that, cinnamon and star anise oils showed synergistic or additive inhibitiory effects on Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The oil pellets had enteric characteristics in vitro and high dissolution in vitro. The pharmacokinetic results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax and AUC were directly correlated with the dosage and showed linear pharmacokinetic characteristics, which provided a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of compound essential oil pellets.

Star anise and oregano essential oil: A comparative evaluation of antibacterial effect

Star anise and oregano essential oil: A comparative evaluation of antibacterial effect

A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacology, Chemistry, Traditional Uses and Quality Control of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. F.): An Aromatic Medicinal Plant.

Illicium verum Hook. F., also known as star anise, is one of the most important plants of the genus Anise in the family Magnoliaceae. I. verum not only has the functions of warming Yang, dispersing cold, regulating Qi and relieving pain but can also be used as a condiment to increase flavor as well as reconcile and remove fish smells. Currently, 201 chemical constituents have been identified from star anise; among these, star anise oil and shikimic acid are the two most widely used and studied chemical components in star anise, with the oil accounting for a large proportion of the total. This review integrates, classifies and updates studies related to the botany, pharmacology, phytochemistry, traditional and modern uses and quality control of star anise, with a special reference to its phytochemical composition and pharmacological activity. It will provide a reference for further research on this important medicinal plant. In addition, the broad applications and research profiles of star anise essential oil and shikimic acid are highlighted. Our review indicates that the research prospects regarding star anise are very broad and worthy of further investigation.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of an essential oil derived from the fruit of Illicium verum Hook.f. (star anise oil) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of star anise oil from the fruit (without or with the presence of plant leaves) of Illicium verum Hook.f., when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. For long-living and reproductive animals, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) considered of low concern the use of the additive in complete feed at 0.6 mg/kg for laying hens and rabbits, 1.0 mg/kg for sows and dairy cows, 1.6 mg/kg for sheep/goats, horses and cats, 1.9 mg/kg for dogs and 6.5 mg/kg for ornamental fish. For short-living animals, the Panel had no safety concern when the additive is used at 83.3 mg/kg for veal calves, 73.3 mg/kg for sheep/goats, cattle for fattening and horses for meat production, 83.8 mg/kg for salmonids, 24.8 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 18.5 mg/kg chickens for fattening, 33.3 mg/kg for piglets, 40 mg/kg for pigs for fattening and 29.3 mg/kg for rabbits for meat production. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered of low concern at 0.6 mg/kg. The use of star anise oil in animal feed is expected to be of no concern for consumers and for the environment. The additive under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Due to the high concentration of estragole (≥ 1%), the additive is classified as suspected of causing genetic defects and of causing cancer and should be handled accordingly. Since the fruit of I. verum and its preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be the same, no further demonstration of efficacy was necessary.

Chemoattractability of amino acid glycine, fish oil and star anise oil in smooth marron (Cherax cainii Austin & Ryan, 2002)

The chemoattractability of three attractants, the free amino acid glycine, fish oil and star anise oil, Illicium verum Hook f., in the freshwater crayfish, smooth marron, Cherax cainii Austin & Ryan, 2002, was assessed by measuring their excitatory capacity and time spent in pre- and post- attractant phase. Marron were observed individually for 5 min in 10 L glass aquaria before and 5 min after the addition of filtered freshwater as a control, glycine high (10-4 mol L-1), glycine low (10-6 mol L-1), fish oil and anise oil. Attractants were added directly to the aquarium water, and the marron excitatory capacity was recorded. Frequency was recorded of the excitatory behaviours: antennae wave, antennule wave, pereopod wave, maxilliped wave, cheliped wave, and cheliped grasp. Time spent in pre- and post- attractant phase activities; resting, walking, climbing wall, and searching for food, were also recorded. The excitatory response of C. cainii was shown as an increase in pereopod sweeping and probing. Overall, the frequency of antennule wave, leg wave and maxilliped wave increased during the post-attractant phase (p < 0.05). Marron spent more time searching for food with glycine high, anise oil and fish oil than with filtered freshwater. Resting time was higher in marron given filtered freshwater than those given glycine high. The results of this study show that glycine, fish oil, and anise oil are effective chemoattractants of marron, however, their suitability as feeding incitants still needs to be assessed further.

Development and characterization of starch‑sodium alginate-montmorillonite biodegradable antibacterial films

The biodegradable antibacterial composite film blended with starch and sodium alginate was developed by solution casting method, using montmorillonite as the fortifier and star anise oil as the bacteriostat. Infrared analysis showed that montmorillonite and star anise oil were successfully incorporated into starch and sodium alginate to form a stable composite film. The addition of 6 wt% montmorillonite could enhance several properties of the films, including barrier properties, optical properties, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the incorporation of star anise oil made the composite films have antibacterial properties to resist E. coli. Packing cherry tomatoes with starch‑sodium alginate-montmorillonite-star anise oil composite film could reduce the weight loss rate and decay rate of fresh cherry tomatoes. Soil burial experiments showed that the composite films exhibited a continuous biodegradation process. The starch‑sodium alginate-montmorillonite-star anise oil films decomposed into little pieces and were completely mixed in the soil within 22 days, which offered an application foreground for the development of biodegradable food packaging film with bacteriostatic activity.

GC-MS metabolites profiling of anethole-rich oils by different extraction techniques: antioxidant, cytotoxicity and in-silico enzymes inhibitory insights

GC-MS profiling and metabolomics study of anise and star anise oils obtained by hydrodistillation, n-hexane, and microwave-assisted extraction methods were conducted herein. Trans-anethole was the major phenylpropanoid in both oils. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses revealed a clear separation of different extraction methods. Microwave-assisted star anise oil (MSA) revealed the highest anethole content (93.78%). MSA oil showed antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS assays, this was verified via an in-silico docking study of its major compounds on human tyrosinase and NAD(P)H oxidase. Trans-anethole displayed the best fitting scores (−8.9 and −10.1 Kcal/mole, respectively). MSA oil showed promising cytotoxic activity on different cell lines, mainly the cervical (HeLa) cell lines. Cell cycle inhibition at the G0–G1 phase was observed with an early apoptotic effect of the oil on HeLa cells. Trans-anethole achieved the best docking scores (−7.9, −9.3 and −9.9 Kcal/mole) for in-silico study on EGFR, CDK2 and CDK4 enzymes engaged in cancer, respectively.

Quantitative Fragrance Durability Evaluation Depending on Keeping Condition of Knitted Fabric Treated by Microcapsules Containing Star Anise Essential Oil

Fabric treated by fragrance was one of textile applications. The evaluation of fragrance durability of fabric treated by the fragrance was always the subject of many researches, though quantitatively determining fragrance intensity was difficult and there will not always be agreement on odor characteristics by different testers. In this paper, we built a simple and quantitative method to evaluate the fragrance intensity, which could be considered as the remained oil quantity on fabric treated by microcapsule loaded with star anise essential oil. The evaluation was based on the combination of the expert method and diluted solution method. This method was used to evaluate the influence of the knitted fabric’s keeping conditions on fragrance duration of the fabric. Two groups of single jersey fabric have been prepared: one was knitted from the Ne 40/1 Chief Value Cotton (CVC) yarn (60% cotton and 40% polyester). The second group was also single jersey fabric knitted from the Ne 46/1 100% cotton. The knitted fabrics were treated with microcapsules containing star anise essential oil and then have been kept in ambient conditions (temperature was about 25 oC ±2, relative humidity was 75% ±2) and in the cold dried condition (temperature was about 2 oC, relative humidity was 20%). The results showed that the developing method in the research can be used to effectively quantitatively evaluate the fragrance intensity of fabric treated by fragrance. The fabrics treated by microcapsules containing star anise oil essential remained their fragrance longer than 7 days in the cool dried condition while which ones in the ambient condition finished their fragrance after 5 days.

Microbiota and Transcriptomic Effects of an Essential Oil Blend and Its Delivery Route Compared to an Antibiotic Growth Promoter in Broiler Chickens.

This study evaluated the effect of the delivery of a commercial essential oil blend containing the phytonutrients star anise, cinnamon, rosemary, and thyme oil (via different routes) on broiler chickens’ ileal and ceca microbiota and liver transcriptome compared to an antibiotic growth promoter. Eggs were incubated and allocated into three groups: non-injected, in ovo saline, and in ovo essential oil. On day 18 of incubation, 0.2 mL of essential oil in saline (dilution ratio of 2:1) or saline alone was injected into the amnion. At hatch, chicks were assigned to post-hatch treatment combinations: (A) a negative control (corn-wheat-soybean diet), (B) in-feed antibiotics, (C) in-water essential oil (250 mL/1000 L of drinking water), (D) in ovo saline, (E) in ovo essential oil, and (F) in ovo essential oil plus in-water essential oil in eight replicate cages (six birds/cage) and raised for 28 days. On days 21 and 28, one and two birds per cage were slaughtered, respectively, to collect gut content and liver tissues for further analysis. Alpha and beta diversity differed significantly between ileal and ceca samples but not between treatment groups. In-feed antibiotic treatment significantly increased the proportion of specific bacteria in the family Lachnospiraceae while reducing the proportion of bacteria in the genus Christensenellaceae in the ceca, compared to other treatments. Sex-controlled differential expression of genes related to cell signaling and tight junctions were recorded. This study provides data that could guide the use of these feed additives and a foundation for further research.

Experimentation and dynamic modeling of batch packed distillation for star anise essential oil purification

ABSTRACT This study focused on dynamic modeling of the essential oil purification process using a batch distillation column and verified with experimental data. Anethole is the main component in the star anise essential oil with an average content of 80–90 wt.%. The effects of feed, pressure, number of theoretical stages, pot liquid holdup, and reflux ratio to product purity were investigated. The results showed that there are agreements between experimental and simulated data of top and bottom temperatures and anethole composition. The higher purity of anethole is obtained when increasing the number of theoretical stages and the reflux ratio and/or decreasing the pot liquid holdup and the condenser pressure. Star anise essential oils from China and Vietnam could be purified up to 98.4 wt.% and 96.4 wt.% of anethole with recovery efficiencies of 95.8% and 87.1%, respectively. The method combining experimental works and modeling could be applied to scale up the production of not only star anise oil but also other essential oils.

Compositional Analyses and Cytotoxic Activity of Star Anise (Illicium Verum) Essential Oils in Vietnam

By means of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method, 21 volatile components have been identified in the essential oils of fruits and the leaves of star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f., Illiciaceae) in Vietnam, in which, essential oil of star anise fruits has 18 components, essential oil of star anise leaves has 16 components, with content have been determined more than 98.60% total compounds of essential oil. The major compound was identified as trans- anethole with 87.05% in leaves essential oil and 90.12% in fruits essential oil. The in vitro anti-cancer activity of star anise essential oil was evaluated by cytotoxicity assay. The results showed that the essential oil obtained from leaves of star anise inhibited the grow of liver cancer cell (IC50 = 10.22 µg/ml) and colon cancer cell (IC50 = 6.26 µg/ml). The essential oil obtained from fruits of star anise inhibited the grow of liver cancer cell and colon cancer cell with the IC50 values of 5.93 and 3.20 µg/ml, respectively.

Predictive quality control for compound liquorice tablets by the intelligent mergence fingerprint method combined with the systematic quantitative fingerprint method.

Compound liquorice tablet (CLT) is a herbal compound preparation and is used as a classic antitussive and expectorant in China. It is composed of liquorice extract powder, opioid powder, star anise oil, camphor, and sodium benzoate. The complexity of herbal materials brings a huge challenge in producing compound preparations with stable and uniform quality consistency. To establish a new intelligent model for predicting the quality of CLT. The HPLC fingerprints of raw materials including liquorice extract powder, powdered opium, star anise oil, and sodium benzoate were tested and merged to generate the intelligent mergence fingerprints, whose correlation with the raw materials and the CLT samples was studied. The consistency of the intelligently merged fingerprints with the standard fingerprints was observed by using the systematic quantitative fingerprint method in order to calculate quality evaluation results. The intelligent mergence fingerprints covered all the main fingerprint peaks of four raw materials and had a good correlation with the CLT sample fingerprint. There were no significant quality differences either among the six intelligent mergence models obtained by combining different batches of raw materials or between the reference fingerprint of the intelligent mergence connection fingerprints (RFPIMFC ) and the theoretical standard preparation (RFPS ). The computer-aided model of intelligent mergence fingerprints could be used to predict the quality of herbal compound preparations based on raw materials. In this way, preproduction quality prediction can be realised in order to avoid low-quality medicinal materials and improve the quality consistency among different batches.

In vitro lipolysis and physicochemical characterization of unconventional star anise oil towards the development of new lipid-based drug delivery systems

Lipid-based drug delivery systems are widely used for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, following oral intake, lipid excipients often undergo gastrointestinal lipolysis, which drastically affects drugs solubility and bioavailability. That's why developing new lipid excipients which are resistant to digestion would be of great interest. We studied here the potential role of the unconventional Chinese star anise whole seedpod oil (CSAO) as an alternative multifunctional lipid excipient. Pancreatic lipase-mediated digestion of the extracted crude oil emulsion was assessed in vitro. Pancreatic lipase, being a strict sn-1,3-regioselective lipase, showed a high (16-fold) olive oil to CSAO activity ratio, which could be attributed to fatty acids composition and triglycerides intramolecular structure. For the sake of comparison, the non-regioselective lipase Novozyme® 435 exhibited higher activity than pancreatic lipase on CSAO emulsion, perhaps due to its ability to release fatty acids from the internal sn-2 position of TAGs. Apart counteracting lipolysis, CSAO oil also showed additional biopharmaceutical benefits including moderate antioxidant and antihypertensive activities. Altogether, these findings highlight for the first time the potential use of star anise unconventional whole seedpod oil as a multifunctional lipid excipient for the development of new lipid formulations.

Recovery Yield and Bioactivities Evaluation on Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.)

This study focused on the extraction of the essential oil and extract from star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.) and the evaluation of the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of these products. This study was conducted by 'one factor at a time' method on the factors affecting on the extraction yield of essential oil and the antioxidant activity of the extract.

Star Anise (Illicium verum) oil administration alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Abstract: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the protective effect of star anise oil against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced hepatic injury and oxidative stress in rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups. Group I (control): rats administered corn oil1 ml/kg orally every day for 5 weeks. Group II (star anise oil exposed group): rats received (1 ml/kg orally) every day via gastric tube over a period of 5 weeks. Group III (carbon tetrachloride): rats were injected IP with CCl4 (1:3 in corn oil, 2.5 ml/Kg, 3 doses at 72 hr interval) for 5 weeks. Group IV (CCl4 injected rats plus star anise oil) rats daily received star anise oil (1 ml/kg orally)plus CCl4 (as in group III).Obtained results showed significant increase in serum ALT, AST and ALP activities, decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations and significant increase liver tissue MDA level in CCL4 exposed rats. In addition , a significant decrease in GSH and CAT concentrations were recorded when compared with control group. Administration of star anise oil with CCL4 induced significant improvement of all previous parameters towards their normal ranges. Various histopathological alterations were detected in the liver treated with CCL4. Interestingly, rats treated with star anise oil plus CCL4 showed marked reduction in these pathological alterations in comparison to CCL4 intoxicated rats. These results suggested that star anise oil has the potential to ameliorate CCL4 induced hepatic damage.

Anise Essential Oil as a Sustainable Substrate in the Multicomponent Double Povarov Reaction for Julolidine Synthesis.

The use of star anise oil from a natural source as a dienophile in the multicomponent double Povarov reaction (MCPRs) to produce highly substituted julolidines with diverse technological applications is described. Within the framework of green chemistry, these MCPRs have many advantages such as (i) use of water in the reaction, (ii) creation of up to six bonds in one sequence, (iii) water as a sole waste, (iv) 100% of carbon economy, (v) a metal-free process, and (vi) nontoxic and reusable organocatalysts. These advantages, along with a simple workup procedure, make this protocol greener for the synthesis of julolidines.

Effects of star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f) and its extractions on carcass traits, relative organ weight, intestinal development, and meat quality of broiler chickens.

Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f) has been used as spice and herbal medicine for many years with lacking researches on evaluating its application for improving relative organ weight, intestinal development, and quality of animal products. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of star anise, its essential oil and leavings on carcass traits, relative organ weight, intestinal development, and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 384 broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 8 replicates of 12 birds each. The 4 dietary treatments were basal diet (Control), basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg star anise (Star anise), basal diet supplemented with 0.22 g/kg essential oil (Essential oil), and basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg leavings (Leavings). The concentration of main active components in the experimental diets was 0.204 g trans-anethole/kg of diet. All birds were fed a starter diet (0–21 d) and a grower diet (22–42 d). Birds supplemented with star anise and essential oil had a greater (P < 0.05) final body weight (BW) than control birds and those supplemented with leavings. However, the carcass yield, half chamber rate, eviscerated rate, and percentages of breast muscle and thigh muscle in birds were similar (P > 0.05) among all treatments. Birds supplemented with star anise and essential oil had higher (P = 0.010) relative weight of thymus than those in control and leavings groups. Essential oil supplemented groups appeared to contain the highest (P < 0.05) villus height in ileum and villus height/crypt depth ratio in ileum and jejunum among all the groups. Meanwhile, among all the groups, breast muscles of essential oil–supplemented groups appeared to contain the lowest (P = 0.012) boiling loss but highest (P < 0.001) concentration of inosinic acid (inosine 5′-monophosphate, IMP). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 5 g/kg star anise and 0.22 g/kg essential oil improved BW, relative organ weight, and intestinal development, and 0.22 g/kg essential oil can also increase the concentration of IMP but decrease the boiling loss in breast muscles of broilers; however, 5 g/kg leavings had no effect.

Effects of star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f) oil on the nuclear factor E2–related factor 2 signaling pathway of chickens during subclinical Escherichia coli challenge

We characterized the mechanism underlying star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f) oil (SAO)–mediated antioxidant status during subclinical Escherichia coli (E. coli) challenge. A total of 512 male birds (White Leghorn) at 30 wk of age with similar body weight (2.14 ± 0.02 kg) were randomly divided into 2 groups with 1 group being orally challenged with E. coli (every other day from day 15 to day 27) during the experiment. Each group of birds was then randomly allocated to dietary treatment of SAO supplementation at 0, 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg of basal diet (8 replicate cages during each treatment). The treatments were arranged a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. The experiment comprised 1 wk of adaptation and 3 wks of data collection. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between SAO supplementation and E. coli challenge for final body weight and average daily feed intake of birds. However, E. coli challenge resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in final body weight of birds as compared with unchallenged birds. There were interactions between SAO supplementation and E. coli challenge for the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in serum and for the activity of GSH-Px in the liver of birds. Supplementation of SAO enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes but decreased the MDA content in the serum and liver of birds, and it also enhanced the expression of genes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and nuclear factor E2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the liver of the birds. Meanwhile, supplementation of SAO can also reduce E. coli challenge–induced oxidative stress in the serum and liver of birds, and the efficacy of SAO in birds during subclinical E. coli challenge is dose-dependent. In conclusion, the enhancement of antioxidant capacity by star anise or its effective compounds is through upregulation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. The optimum supplementation dose of SAO for protecting birds against E. coli challenge is 400 mg/kg.

Chinese star anise (Illicium verum) and pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) as natural alternatives for organic farming and health care- A review

Botanical insecticides keep attracting more attention from environmental and small farmers worldwide as they are considered as a suitable alternative to synthetic insecticides. The outstanding properties of pyrethrum include rapid action, low mammalian toxicity, broad spectrum of activity, lack of insect immunity, lack of persistence and of course effective insect repellent. Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide which has many properties, but the most important are rapid action, very low toxicity for mammalian, lack of insect immunity, broad of activity, lack of persistence and quick degradation by UV-sunlight and very effective insect repellent. Using natural pesticide may lead to organic farming, and advantage of organic farming is more beneficial to biodiversity and the environment, which reduces dietary exposure to pesticides. Chinese star anise has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal characters. It is useful in treatment of diseases like asthma, bronchitis and dry cough. One of its most compounds is Shikimic acid which is used as a drug in curing influenza and flu virus. It also consists of Linalool which is good for overall health because of its anti-oxidants characters. Its seeds are good source of minerals like calcium, iron, copper, potassium, manganese, zinc, and magnesium. The seeds are a great source of essential B-complex vitamins such as pyridoxine, niacin, riboflavin and thiamin. Chinese star anise is also a good source of anti-oxidant vitamins such as vitamin-C and vitamin-A. The essential oil of Star anise contains anethole which has shown several functional properties including antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and oestrogenic properties. Star anise primarily contains anethole and fatty oil. Its essential oil has a sweetish, burning flavor and a highly aromatic odor. Organic farmers may use these two ancient Chinese herbs which can lead to industrial sustainability.