Stanford-Binet Scale Research Articles

تصميم بيئة تدريب إلكترونية قائمة على نظرية العقل وأثرها على تحسين مستوى الوظائف التنفيذية لدى الطلاب من ذوي اضطراب طيف التوحد

This study aimed to measure the effect of designing an electronic training environment based on the theory of mind on improving the level of executive functions for students with autism spectrum disorder by identifying the appropriate executive functions for them, identifying the appropriate educational design for that environment, and measuring its effect on improving the level of executive functions in those students. The study adopted the quasi-experimental approach with a single-group experimental design in the pre- and post-applications. The study population consisted of students with autism spectrum disorder enrolled in a development center in Riyadh. The study sample consisted of (5) students who were selected intentionally based on the convergence of their scores on the Binet Intelligence Scale and the Gilliam Autism Severity Scale so that they would be within the category of those with autism spectrum disorder to a mild degree and with normal intelligence scores between 85-115 on the Stanford-Binet scale, and their ages ranged between 8-14 years. The researcher used a scale for executive functions for children with autism spectrum disorder prepared by Mustafa Aref (2020) and standardized it in the Saudi environment. The study reached a number of results, the most prominent of which are: There is a very significant effect of using the electronic training environment based on the theory of mind on improving the level of all executive functions among these students, as there are statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average ranks of the sample members in the pre- and post-application of the executive functions scale in favor of the post-application. Therefore, the study recommended expanding the scope of using electronic training environments based on the theory of mind in teaching students with autism spectrum disorder; given the proven positive effect on developing the level of their executive functions.

Visually supported short-term auditory memory in children with developmental language disorder (DLD)

BackgroundDevelopmental language disorder (DLD) is an impairment that disturbs the ability to acquire and make use of native language. The exact cognitive and neuronal brain underpinnings of the disorder are still a matter of investigation.Material and methodsThe relationship between the audiovisual phonemic short-term memory and particular language abilities was examined among 7–9 year-old children with DLD as well as in a gender, age, and IQ-matched control group. Children were assessed with a standard language battery and the Stanford–Binet scale (SB5). Subsequently, they performed a short-term memory task requiring immediate recall of sequences composed of syllables presented audiovisually.ResultsThere were lower levels of audiovisual phonemic memory among children with DLD. They performed significantly worse than matched typically developing (TD) children in the experimental task and their performance was correlated with scores obtained in each language subtest. In contrast, we did not find between-group differences in visual short-term operational memory measured on the SB5 scale.ConclusionsThe present experiment replicated previous findings about short-term phonemic memory impairment in the DLD population. We found that memory impairment also occurs even if phoneme information is presented simultaneously in the auditory and visual domains. It appears that non-linguistic spatial cues accompanying phoneme stimuli do not overcome phonemic short-term memory impairment.

Metabolism and memory: α-synuclein level in children with obesity and children with type 1 diabetes; relation to glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and executive functions

Background/ObjectivesChildren with obesity and those with type 1diabetes (T1D) exhibit subtle neurocognitive deficits, the mechanism of which remains unknown. α-synuclein plays a fundamental role in neurodegeneration. Moreover, its role in glucose and lipids metabolism is emerging. This study aims to assess whether α-synuclein is correlated with the degree of neurodegeneration in children with obesity and those with T1D in comparison to healthy controls and correlate it to various neurocognitive and metabolic parameters.Subjects/MethodsForty children with obesity, 40 children with T1D and 40 matched-healthy controls were assessed for anthropometric measurements and blood-pressure. Cognitive evaluation was performed using Stanford–Binet scale and Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning (EF) Scale-Children and Adolescents. α-synuclein, fasting lipids and glucose were measured with calculation of the homeostatic model of insulin-resistance and estimated-glucose disposal rate.ResultsChildren with obesity and those with T1D had significantly higher α-synuclein (p < 0.001) and total EF percentile (p = 0.001) than controls. α-synuclein was negatively correlated to total IQ (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001), and positively correlated with total EF percentile (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001) and EF symptom count percentile (p = 0.005 and p < 0.001) in children with T1D and obesity, respectively. Multivariate-regression revealed that α-synuclein was independently related to age (p = 0.028), diabetes-duration (p = 0.006), HbA1C% (p = 0.034), total IQ (p = 0.013) and EF symptom count percentile (p = 0.003) among children with T1D, and to diastolic blood-pressure percentile (p = 0.013), waist/hip ratio SDS (p = 0.007), total EF percentile (P = 0.033) and EF symptom count percentile (p < 0.001) in children with obesity.Conclusionα-synuclein could have a mechanistic role in neurocognitive deficit among children with obesity and T1D.

فعالية استراتيجية التوقف المؤقت في خفض حدة المصاداة لدى أطفال اضطراب طيف التوحد

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرف على فعالية استراتيجية التوقف المؤقت في خفض حدة المصاداة لدى أطفال اضطراب طيف التوحد الذين يعانون من المصاداة؛ بغرض الإسهام في تحسين الاستخدام الاجتماعي الوظيفي للغة وزيادة التواصل الوظيفي لديهم، والتحقق من إمکانية استمرار فعالية هذه الاستراتيجية بعد انتهائها، وقد تکونت عينة الدراسة ذي المجموعة الواحدة التجريبية من خمسة (5) أطفال اضطراب طيف التوحد، والذين تتراوح أعمارهم الزمنية ما بين (4 - 6) سنوات، وقد تم اختيارهم ممن حصلوا على معامل ذکاء ما بين (65 – 75)، ونسبة اضطراب طيف التوحد لديهم بسيطة، وليس لديهم إعاقات مصاحبة، وتمثلت أدوات الدراسة في: مقياس المصاداة، مقياس جيليام التقديري لتشخيص أعراض وشدة اضطراب التوحد – الإصدار الثالث، مقياس ستانفورد بينيه للذکاء (الصورة الخامسة)، وأسفرت نتائج البحث عن فعالية استخدام استراتيجية التوقف المؤقت في خفض حدة المصاداة لدى أطفال اضطراب طيف التوحد وتبين أن للاستراتيجية المقترحة تأثير ممتد. The current study aimed at identifying the Effectiveness of using Cues–Pause–Point Strategy on reducing separately Echolalia among children with autism spectrum disorder suffering from echolalia؛ in order to improve social function using of language and increase function communication. The researchers would see if it would be possible to make use of that Strategy in the future, and the sample of study consisted of (5) Five children with autism spectrum disorder. the Same experimental group who ranged in time ages (4 to 6) years and their Intelligence coefficient ranges between (65-75) degrees and the rate of autism spectrum disorder they have simple, and they don’t have accompanying disabilities, and the tools of the study included: Echolalia Scale, Gilliam Autism Rating Scale GARS-3, Stanford Binet Scale of Intelligence (Fiveth Edition). The study result showed significant improvements in the post performances of the children of the experimental group. It was found that Echolalia have been reduced. It was also found the suggested Strategy had a prolonged effectiveness.

THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEPRIVATION ON THE KNOWLEDGE PAGE OF THE STANFORD SCALE, THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIFTH PICTURE IN A SAMPLE OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN

The study aimed to verify environmental deprivation on the knowledge page of the Stanford Scale, the structure of the fifth image of autistic children, and researchers used Spearman's theory of intelligence and theory (CHC) (Cattell-Horn-Carroll), The sample of the study consisted of (50) items from (Institute of Hearing and Vision in Imbaba - Haram Hospital). Divided (25), by the children of the Institute of Hearing and Vision in Imbaba (25) Mufarah Children of Al-Haram Hospital. The relational approach to tools, the environmental deprivation scale, the researchers ’preparation, the Stanford Binet Scale of Intelligence, Fifth Image, the CARS scale, and the study reached a number of results, the most important of which are; 1- There is a statistically significant relationship at the level of significance (0.01) between the sub-tests of the non-verbal field (liquid inference, knowledge, spatial visual processing, working memory). 2- There are no statistically significant differences in the mean scores of children with autism and meals and females on the scale of environmental deprivation (dimensions and overall score). 3- There is no significant effect of the difference on the type of child with autism on the level of working memory that is not verbal. The study also recommends thefollowing; 1- Attention to modern methods, especially those not affected by culture. 2- The necessity of providing data and statistics about people with autism, in order for researchers and those interested to study these cases. 3- The necessity of training parents on ways to deal with their autistic children, given the impact of parents on autistic children.

برنامج إرشادى إنتقائى تکاملى لخفض بعض سلوکيات التحدى لدى الطفل التوحدى An Eclectic Integrative Counseling Program To Reduce Some Of Autistic Children’s Challenging Behaviors

Abstract of The research: The current research aimed to identify the effectiveness of an eclectic integrative counseling program to reduce some of autistic children’s challenging behaviors . The research sample consisted of (6) autistic children in the Egyptian Center for People with Special Needs in Minya City, whose ages range between (7:11) years, and their grades range from The Diagnostic Child Autistic Scale (CARS_2) is between (30: 36 degrees), and their IQ score on the Stanford-Binet Scale (Fifth Image) ranges between (75: 90 degrees). The research tools have been applied, which are: The Challenge Behaviors Scale for the Autistic Child in its Dimensions (Self-harm - aggression - tantrums and screaming - hyperactivity)( the researcher's preparation) , the eclectic integrative counseling program, which consists of 31 counseling sessions aimed to reduce the challenging behaviors of the autistic children ( the researcher's preparation),and a user guide for this program )( the researcher's preparation), the program was implemented with (4) sessions per week and the sessions varied between individual and group As required by the objectives of the program. Overall, research results showed the effectiveness of the eclectic integrative counseling program to reduce some of the challenging behaviors of autistic children in the experimental study sample, and its continued effectiveness even after the follow-up period and its duration (one month). The research also concluded with a number of recommendations and suggested research.

Effectiveness of cognitive play in developing the self-confidence of the mentally handicapped who are able to learn during COVID-19 pandemic

The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of cognitive play in developing the self-confidence of the mentally handicapped who are able to learn, and verify the effectiveness of the program, and the study sample consisted of (20) children with intellectual disabilities who are able to learn who are inIntellectual Education. The study sample was divided into two groups.The experimental group(10)children, and the control group (10) children, of the mentally handicapped children who are able to learn, their ages ranged between (9-12), and their IQs ranged between (50-70), and the researcher used in the study the quasi-experimental approach The researcher applied the following tools to the study sample: the Stanford Binet Scale (5thimage), citation and preparation. The self-confidence scale, andthe existing training program.On the cognitive play used in the current research, the researcher numbers, and the results of the study revealed.There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of children in the post-measurement on the scale of self-confidence.There are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the control group and the experimental group on the self-confidence scale in the post-measurement in favor of the experimental group .Predicting the effectiveness of the training program based on cognitive play in developing self-confidence in mentally handicapped children who are able to learnduring COVID-19 pandemic.

The Safety of Cannabis Use in Pregnancy

Based on self-reported surveys conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, cannabis use in pregnant females has increased over the years. Despite the increasing trend, the relationship between cannabis use and fetal outcomes is not fully understood. This review paper evaluates the literature investigating the short-term and long-term fetal outcomes resulting from cannabis use during pregnancy. Additionally, the risk of chronic marijuana use leading to cannabis hyperemesis syndrome has been highlighted in this paper using conclusions compiled from several case studies. Several studies linked delayed mental growth and reduced cognitive function with prenatal cannabis use, but the literature was limited to lower-quality observational studies and could not establish causality. One systematic review investigated short-term outcomes of low birth rates and preterm deliveries, where marijuana use in conjunction with tobacco use was associated with more preterm deliveries. Another study found that six-year-old patients exposed to cannabis prenatally were more likely to score lower in different categories on the Stanford-Binet scale test, which measures intelligence. The exposure in the first, second, or third trimester was associated with lower composite or subcategory scores such as verbal reasoning or short-term memory. Despite these results, the studies evaluated had limitations. They could not establish a clear relationship between cannabis use and fetal outcomes, but the literature showed a similar pattern of health, social and economic inequities among the populations who self-reported cannabis and substance use and non-users. Current organization guidelines advise against the use of cannabis use during pregnancy due to mixed and limited literature. However, they emphasize the importance of the clinician in the public health efforts of education and resource-distribution in addressing these inequities.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MENTALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN ON THE STANFORD-BINET SCALE OF INTELLIGENCE THE FIFTH IMAGE IN RURAL AND URBAN

The study aimed to verify the effect of the environment on the performance of disabled children on the Stanford-Binet Scale of Intelligence, the fifth picture in rural and urban areas, and the researchers used the theory of Jean Biaget's theory and mental disability The Stroke Theory to explain mental disability The study sample consisted of (60) single children (Center for Child Care, College of Studies High School for Childhood, Ain Shams University - Giza suburbs) divided (30) individuals from the children of Nasr City and they represent the urban eye, (30) individuals from the suburbs of Giza representing the countryside. The type of study is a descriptive study. Stanford Intermediate Intelligence Scale, fifth image (Prepared by: Mahmoud Abu El-Nile et al., The socio-cultural level scale2011, (prepared by: Muhammad Al-Buhairy 2002), the data collection form (prepared by: the researchers), and the researchers used to address the study hypotheses of arithmetic averages, standard deviations and the value of (t) in addition to using the method of analysis of variance, and the results of the study reached the most important of them: 1) There are no statistically significant differences at a significant level (0.05) between the performance of mentally handicapped children, male and female, on the Stanford-Binet Scale of Intelligence, the fifth image. 2) There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between male and female mentally handicapped children in the environmental level. The study also recommends the following: 1- Training the families of children with mental disabilities through workshops and training courses, and involving them in planning and implementing the educational program in the countryside 2- Conducting studies concerned with the impact of the environment on various disabilities. 3- Employing the results of applying the scale, Stanford-Binet, the fifth image, in building programs that aim to overcome the learning difficulties of people with mental disabilities.

The Effect of Perceptual-Motor Exercises on the Neuropsychological Skills of Children with Visual Impairment: A Single-Subject Study

Introduction : The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of perceptual-motor training on neuropsychological skills in children with visual impairment. Materials and Methods : A single-case experimental study was conducted on three children (2 boys and 1 girl, aged between 4 and 7 years old) with visual impairment (20/70 and 20/200) who referred to Department of Social Welfare of Isfahan, Iran. The participants were selected through convenience purposive sampling method for the perceptual-motor training. The Language Development Scale, Guzel perceptual-motor Scale, Stanford-Binet scale, and Conner’s Neuropsychological questionnaire were used to collect the data. The multiple baseline design (MBA) was used in the present study, followed by the perceptual-motor intervention. The baseline position for the first, second, and third participants lasted three, five, and seven weeks, respectively, and the intervention duration for each participant was eight weeks as three sessions per week with each session lasting for one hour. Exit of the participants according to their entry into the training program was made in the step by step manner. The data were plotted and then the stability envelope and the trend of all three participants in the baseline and intervention positions were plotted and compared. Results : The perceptual-motor training was effective on neuropsychological skills [percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) = 87.5%] in three participants. Conclusion : The perceptual-motor exercise may be an appropriate training method to improve neuropsychological skills in children with visual impairment.

The Impact of Home Motor Affordances on Motor, Cognitive and Social Development of Young Children.

The present study evaluated the influence of home motor affordances on motor, cognitive, and social development of young children. The sample consisted of 49 Iranian children, aged 24-42 months. This study was conducted in Qouchan, Khorasan, Iran in 2015. They was randomly selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from a single community. Participant's homes were assessed using the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development (AHEMD). The motor behavior of young child was measured with the Denver Developmental Screening Test, aspects of cognitive development (Total cognitive, Verbal IQ, and non-verbal IQ) were assessed using the Stanford-Binet scale, and finally, social development measured by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Although no statistically significant correlations were found between Total AHEMD scores and motor development, there were significant and positive correlations (P=0.04) for Total AHEMD with total cognitive development (r=0.29), verbal IQ (r=0.29), social development (r=0.33) and (P=0.019), SES (r=0.51) with (P=0.000). There was a significant relationship between the Play Materials subscale of the AHEMD with total cognitive development (r=0.32) with (P=0.024), verbal IQ (r=0.31) and (P=0.029), and social development (r=0.35) with (P=0.012). In addition, there were significant differences between total AHEMD score with parents who had an academic education. Motor affordances in the home can have a significant positive influence on a young child's cognitive and social development.

A cross sectional study to evaluate the oral health status of children with intellectual disabilities in the National Capital Region of India (Delhi‐NCR)

Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) have usually been reported to have poorer levels of oral hygiene and higher prevalence of dental caries than their compeers. The present study was conducted to assess the status of dental caries and oral hygiene in different categories of institutionalised children with ID (syndromic and non-syndromic) registered in various special schools of Delhi (National Capital Region, India). The present cross sectional study was conducted on 269 children [52 with cerebral palsy (CP), 35 with Down syndrome (DS), 30 with autism and 152 with non-syndromic intellectual disability] attending nine special schools who were examined for dental caries [Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index for permanent teeth (DMFT); decayed, missing/indicated for extraction, filled index for primary teeth (dmft) and prevalence of caries] and oral hygiene status [Oral Hygiene Index-simplified (OHI-S)]. The levels of disability were classified according to Stanford Binet scale as severe (IQ≤35), moderate (IQ = 36-51) and mild (IQ=52-67). Statistical analysis was performed using one way analysis of variance and post hoc test to compare the levels between groups at a significance level of P<0.05. Mean DMFT, dmft and OHI-S indices scores for all the children irrespective of the category and the level of ID were 2.12±1.95, 0.97±1.60 and 2.05±1.07, respectively. As the level of ID increased among these children, the mean DMFT index and OHI-S index increased with no significant effect on dmft. However, children with severe ID had higher OHI-S and DMFT scores than children with mild or moderate ID. The dental caries prevalence was 86.53%, 68.57%, 76% and 86.18% in children with CP, DS, autism and non-syndromic intellectual disability, respectively. The level of caries in permanent teeth and oral hygiene deteriorated with the increasing severity of ID as indicated by DMFT and OHI-S scores (severe>mild, moderate). However, the level of caries (dmft) was not affected by the level of ID in primary dentition. The prevalence of dental caries was highest among children with CP and least among children with DS.

A Pilot Study of Correlation between Intelligence Quotient, Social Quotient, and Ayurveda Parameters in Children.

Background:Intelligence quotient (IQ) and social quotient (SQ) are comparable in predicting intelligence status. The latter is assessed whenever IQ testing is not possible. According to Ayurveda, Buddhi (intelligence) is affected by Prakriti (body constitution) which depends on the predominance of Tridosha and Triguna. There is a paucity of studies to examine their association. The study was designed to examine correlation among IQ, SQ, performance quotient (PQ) and maladaptive behaviour; and to find out their relationship with primary (Anubandhya) and secondary (Anubandha) doshas with intelligence in children with mild to moderate intellectual disability.Methodology:Children (n = 120) were recruited from outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital as part of a clinical trial of a novel Ayurveda formulation. Stanford Binet Scale, Vineland Social Maturity Scale, Seguin Form Board Test, and Maladaptive Behavior Schedule-II were administered. Ayurvedic parameters were assessed clinically by Ayurveda practitioner. Separate regression analyses were carried out to look for associations.Results:IQ and SQ were positively correlated (P = 0.01). Maladaptive behavior and SQ were negatively correlated (0.05). SQ was associated with secondary dosha (P = 0.002) and stage of disease (Roga Kriyakala) (P = 0.015). IQ was also associated with secondary dosha (P = 0.008).Conclusion:SQ and IQ are positively correlated. The correlation of Anubandha (secondary) dosha was high on IQ and SQ.

Gateways to the West, Part II: Education and the Making of Race, Place, and Culture in the West

In his 1916 book,The Measurement of Intelligence, Lewis Terman presented the first version of the Stanford-Binet scale and his testing results for groups of California children. Singling out a few children whose scores fell in the range he categorized as “feeble-minded,” Terman commented:[They] represent the level of intelligence that is very, very common among Spanish-Indian and Mexican families of the Southwest and also among negroes. Their dullness seems to be racial or at least inherent in the family stocks from which they came. The fact that one meets this type with such extraordinary frequency among Indians, Mexicans, and negroes suggests quite forcibly that the whole question of racial differences in mental traits will have to be taken up anew and by experimental methods.1

The Efficiency of a Selective Training Program on the Development of Some Social Skills of Saudi Students with Autism

&lt;p class="apa"&gt;The objective of the present study is to find out the efficiency of a selective training program on the development of some social skills of Saudi students with Autism. The study sample comprised of (6) male students with Autism who aged (9-12) years, with an average age of (10.58) years, and a standard deviation of (1.16) years. Their IQ ranged on the Stanford-Binet Scale between (67-78) degrees, with an average of (72.17) degrees, and a standard deviation of (4.16) degrees. Their grades on Childhood Autism Rating Scale were between (30-36.5), with an average of (33.67) and a standard deviation of (2.48). The study sample is divided into two groups, one of them is an experimental group that comprised (3) students and the other is a control group that comprised (3) students. The sample also comprised of three teachers of these students. The researcher prepared Social Skills Scale for students with Autism, Childhood Autism Rating Scale translated and revised by Al-Shammri and Al-Sertawi (2003), and a selective training program prepared by the researcher. The results showed that the selective training program which is used in this study was effective on improving the social skills of the Saudi students with Autism.&lt;/p&gt;

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children in relation to placental abruption.

Placental abruption has a profound impact on perinatal mortality, but implications for neurodevelopment during childhood remain unknown. We examined the association between abruption and neurodevelopment at 8 months and 4 and 7 years and evaluated the extent to which these associations were mediated through preterm delivery. Secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort study. Multicenter US National Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959-76). Women that delivered singleton live births. Analyses of IQ scores were based on marginal structural models (MSM) to account for losses to follow-up. We also carried out a causal mediation analysis to evaluate if the association between abruption and cognitive deficits was mediated through preterm delivery, and performed a sensitivity analysis for unobserved confounding. We evaluated cognitive development based on the Bayley scale at 8 months (Mental and Motor Scores), and intelligent quotient (IQ) based on the Stanford-Binet scale at 4 years and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at 7 years. The confounder and selection-bias adjusted risk ratio (RR) of abnormal 8-month Motor and Mental assessments were 2.35 (95%CI 1.39, 3.98) and 2.03 (95%CI 1.13, 3.64), respectively, in relation to abruption. The associations at 4 years were attenuated and resolved at 7 years. The proportion of children with abruption-associated neurological deficits mediated through preterm delivery ranged from 27 to 75%. Following adjustment for unobserved confounding the proportion mediated through preterm delivery was attenuated. The effect of abruption on neurodevelopmental outcomes appears restricted to an effect that is largely mediated through preterm delivery. Increased risk of cognitive deficits in relation to abruption appears to be mediated through preterm delivery.

The subclinical epileptiform discharges among nonepileptic cerebral palsy patients

Background Subclinical epileptiform discharges (SEDs) are assumed to play a role in the development of cognitive dysfunction in cerebral palsy (CP) patients. Purpose The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of SEDs among nonepileptic CP patients and their cognitive correlates. Patients and methods Fifty-one nonepileptic CP patients were recruited. All patients were subjected to history taking, neurological examination, assessment using Gross Motor Function Classification System for CP, the Stanford–Binet scale (5th edition), encephalography, and MRI of the brain. They were divided into two groups: group 1, which included 19 CP patients without SEDs, and group 2, which included 32 CP patients with SEDs. A comparison between patients’ features studied in groups 1 and 2 was made using independent-samples t-test and the χ2-test. A correlation between SEDs and the studied features was made using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ). Results The prevalence of SEDs among nonepileptic CP patients was 62.7%. The presence of MRI abnormality and moderate mental retardation showed a highly significant positive correlation with SEDs. Meanwhile, central nervous system malformation and severe mental retardation showed a significant positive correlation with SEDs. However, normal intelligence showed a highly significant negative correlation with SEDs. Kernicterus and dyskinetic CP showed a significant negative correlation with SEDs. Conclusion SEDs are a common finding among nonepileptic CP children. They are positively correlated to cognitive dysfunction. This finding supports the assumption that SEDs are therapeutic target in mentally subnormal children. Larger studies are needed to confirm our results and to evaluate the clinical benefit of treating SEDs.

The study of convergence insufficiency in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by low levels of attention and concentration and high levels of activity, distractibility, and impulsivity. Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common condition that is characterized by a patient’s inability to maintain proper binocular eye alignment on objects as they approach from distance to near. Several studies have been conducted to discover the relationship between ADHD and CI. Researchers reported that children with CI had a higher frequency of parent-reported ADHD and/or learning problems, but their studies were limited to patients with CI. The purpose of this study was to identify patients with CI in a cohort of patients diagnosed with ADHD. The study included 20 children diagnosed with ADHD. They were diagnosed on the basis of the clinical assessment and fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-IV. Other assessments included mental age assessment using the Stanford-Binet scale and ADHD assessment using Conners’ parents rating scale. Participants underwent complete ophthalmologic examination: visual acuity test using an illiterate E chart; stereopsis using Lang card; cover tests; convergence amplitude; near point of convergence; slit-lamp examination for the anterior segment; cycloplegic refraction; and fundus examination. Written informed consent was taken from the parents of all children included in the study. CI was present in 35% of cases, with a near point of convergence more than 6. CI appeared to be a comorbid disorder in patients with ADHD, and may cause misdiagnosis, or exacerbation of the symptoms of ADHD. Patients diagnosed with ADHD should be evaluated for CI. It is worthy of mention that CI is a disease that can be effectively managed with orthoptic exercises, or surgically.

Peer Acceptance of Highly Gifted Children in Elementary School

The variables associated with peer acceptance and rejection have been the subject of considerable investigation over the past few years. In a recent review of the literature, Lindzey and Borgatta (5) concluded that intelligence is positively related to social acceptance along with such variables as proximity in the classroom, socioeconomic status, and membership in religious and ethnic groups. But do these findings hold for all levels of intellectual ability? Is there possibly a point high on the intellectual scale where the difference between the gifted and the average child becomes too great for peer acceptance or social interaction? Terman's studies of gifted children (9) indicated that as a group they are socially accepted by their peers. Self-ratings as well as teacher-ratings supported this finding. However, the more highly gifted children had more problems of social adjustment than the less highly gifted. Hollingworth (3) supported this conclusion and suggested that gifted children whose intelligence quotients range from 125 to 155 showed the best peer adjustment. She felt that children who score higher have social difficulty because the complexity of their play behavior and the high level of their interests may alienate their peer group. Kerstetter (4) studied twenty-five children whose intelligence quotients on the Stanford-Binet Scale ranged from 160 to 202. These boys and girls, who were in Grades II through VIII, had been placed in classes for gifted children in New York City. In these classes the highly gifted children were, on the whole, socially well adjusted, and there seemed to be no relation between increased intelligence and social adjustment. Mann (6) investigated the social adjustment of 67 gifted children whose intelligence quotient on the Stanford-Binet Scale was 130 or above. These gifted pupils attended a workshop for a half-day and remained in the regular classroom for the other half-day. Mann found that the gifted children in Grades IV, V, and VI chose one another for friends more frequently than they chose from the 214 children of typical intelligence. Similarly, the children of typical intelligence tended to choose among themselves, generally ignoring the gifted children. It should be noted, however, that the children were asked to make their choice of friends while in their separate half-day programs. This may account in part for the few choices between the two groups. Miller (7) compared the social status and the socioempathic differences between 40 mentally superior (intelligence quotient 190-140), 40 retarded children (intelligence quotient 60-80,) and 40 randomly selected students in Grades IV and VI. He found that the gifted children in both grades were significantly the most popular of the three groups. The gifted children were also able to predict the social status of other children more successfully than could the children in the other two groups.

Correlation between Intelligence Quotient and the Level of Improvement of Autistic Children

Background and Aims: Autism in children is known to affect brain systems implicated in cognitive, communication, social functioning and intelligence. Although autism is a neurobiological disorder, behavioral interventions are currently the primary treatments for individuals with autism. The objective of the present study was to identify the correlation between intelligent quotient and the level of improvement of autistic children. Materials and Methods: A descriptive design was carried out in the rehabilitation clinic for children with autism at psychiatric research unit-Mosul Medical College / University of Mosul. Data were collected by using Childhood Autism Rating scale (CARS) and I.Q was measured by Stanford-Binet scale in order to achieve the objectives of the present study. A pre-test was carried out on children with autism who participated in the rehabilitation program. The childhood autism rating scale was used for this purpose. After five months, post-test was administered for autistic children to identify the effects of caregivers' techniques and interventions on the children with autism disorders. The subjects of the studywere consisted of the 30 children who were received interventions at the rehabilitation clinic for autistic children. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results: The study revealed that most autistic children who participated in the study had learning disabilities and low moderate intelligence quotient, they accounted 33.3% and 27.7%, respectively. The study confirmed that the children’s I.Q had highly significant difference regarding improvement. Conclusion: The study concluded that there was significant difference in intelligence quotient between pre and post intervention levels of autism (improvement). Keywords: Autism, Intelligence Quotient, Interventions, Improvement.