Use Of Standards Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of Microtik Routers According to Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing Standards

This study presents a detailed analysis of the performance of the MikroTik router, model RB912UAG-2HPnD, according to European and international electromagnetic compatibility test standards. Tests included measurements of conducted and radiated emissions, harmonic current emissions, flicker and voltage fluctuations, as well as evaluation of equipment immunity to radiated electromagnetic fields, conductive induced radio disturbances, electrostatic discharges and rapid voltage pulse trains in accordance with the product standard SM EN 301 489-1, the emission requirements standard SM EN 55032, and the standard series for immunity tests SM EN IEC 61000. The test results showed that the router complies with all necessary requirements, with significant passing margins above the established limits. For example, the conducted emissions from the power and network ports had minimum pass margins of -14.33 dB to 23.128 MHz and -9.29 dB to 23.128 MHz, respectively. Radiated emissions below 1 GHz and above 1 GHz demonstrated compliance without exceeding the established pass margins. Electrostatic discharge tests and exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields confirmed that the router meets the specified performance criteria, ensuring proper operation under electromagnetic interference conditions. Measurements of harmonic current and voltage and flicker fluctuations indicated the router's compliance with applicable standards, demonstrating a power consumption below 75 W and a level of voltage fluctuations that does not affect equipment performance. During and after the immunity tests, the router performed as intended with no loss of functionality or critical stored data. These results emphasize the reliability and stability of the MikroTik router, highlighting the importance of compliance with strict electromagnetic compatibility standards for use in critical environments. The evaluation provides a solid basis for adapting the router to applications that require strict electromagnetic standards, ensuring robust and reliable performance.

Quantum potential energy: Adaptive facades in architecture

This paper addressed the topic of creating quantum architecture through human awareness to transform the formal and spatial elements of architecture according to its environmental sustainability compatible with nature. The research emphasizes the creation of a built environment that uses natural resources to enhance the psychological and physical comfort of humans, relying on the quantum energy inherent in the interaction of particles, which is called “kinetic energy” in quantum mechanics, and it can be considered energy due to motion. The research aims to determine the recommended standards for use in designing the building facade according to the magnetic field lines. It focuses on the classification of smart interfaces in particular. The complexity of evaluating adaptive or dynamic facades is related to evaluating the performance of the facade elements and systems, the overall performance of the building, as well as the behavior and satisfaction of the occupants. The research seeks to present a conceptual and cognitive framework by linking the concept of potential kinetic energy and quantum theory with architecture and then presents a group of literary studies that will enrich and build the theoretical framework and then apply it to the groups of projects selected for practical study and then reach the final conclusions.

A comprehensive assessment of gold leaching wastewater through pollution and water quality indices. Case study: Small scale extraction facilities in the department of Caldas—Colombia

This study introduced a comprehensive methodology (the Six-Indices method for Water Pollution Assessment) to evaluate the quality of gold leaching effluents. Sampling was conducted for 14 months in small-scale gold mining facilities in the department of Caldas, Colombia. 23 physicochemical parameters were selected based on environmental regulations, standards of use for agricultural purposes and WHO recommendations. They covered general characteristics of effluents and critical inputs of the leaching process. 15 (pH, COD, TSS, CN−, Cl−, SO42−, S2−, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Ag, and Pb) of them exceeded permissible limits. Multivariate statistical analysis (Person's correlation and hierarchical clustering analysis) and six Wastewater Quality Indices (WWQIs: Arithmetic Weighted Water Quality Index, WAWQI, Synthetic Pollution Index, SPI, Index of Water Pollution, WPI, Comprehensive Pollution Index, CPI, Heavy Metal Pollution Index, HPI, and Degree of Pollution, Cd) were used to comprehensively assess the effluent contamination. Key pollutant interactions (hydrocarbons & fats and oils, Zn & CN−, Cu & Cl−, as well as CN− & COD & SO42−) were revealed guiding targeted mitigation strategies. CN− and heavy metals were the main pollutants, posing serious environmental risks due to their high levels. The calculated HPI value was above the critical level of 100, indicating that the artisanal gold leaching operations in the studied area could be hazardous to human health. This study provides a starting point for developing effective and sustainable strategies to manage wastewater in mining regions in Colombia and other areas with similar mining practices.

Two Accreditation Options for Biorepositories.

Biomedical research relies on available biomaterials and associated data, and the quality of this starting material can have a significant impact on the quality of the experimental results. In the 2000s, best-practice documents and guidelines for biorepositories were published, followed in the 2010s by standards documents used to support accreditation. The College of American Pathologists Biorepository Accreditation Program and the International Standards Organization's standard 20387 were launched in 2012 and 2018, respectively. To identify quantitative and qualitative differences between the two aforementioned biorepository accreditation standards for use by the larger biomedical research community; the results will empower biorepositories to select an accreditation program that best fits their goals. Individual requirements of both accreditation standards were identified and a bidirectional crosswalk was performed to identify gaps. Requirements were assigned to one of several standardized categories to enable comparison of the relative emphasis of different categories between the standards. Quantitatively, the College of American Pathologists program is comprehensive and stands alone, with 523 requirements, whereas the International Standards Organization program contains 167 requirements and is comprehensive through its incorporation and reference to numerous related standards documents. Qualitatively, both programs rely heavily on the implementation of an overarching quality management system and both programs can accommodate different types of biobanks (eg, human and animal). The standards differ in number of requirements, distribution of requirements across categories, and amount of reliance on separate standard documents. This information may aid in selection of an appropriate accreditation standard.

Harmonics Measurement Errors in Grids with High Presence of Power Electronics Converters

The article presents field results and discusses the harmonic measurement errors of power quality analyzers (PQA) due to sampling aliasing of currents and voltages in grids with the presence of power electronics converters (PEC). The PQA may imply non-existing harmonic components incorrectly depending on the sampling rate of the PQA and the switching frequency of the PEC. Such phenomenon is prone to become more common and unpredictable due to the amplification of high-frequency components in voltages and currents due to interactions between PEC, loads, and grid elements. The conclusion is that PQAs, as required by standards in use currently, are not prepared to identify and quantify, when necessary and correctly, the high-frequency components that are present in modern electric networks with multiple PECs.

Techniques for increasing tomato yield in Astrakhan region

Relevance. The use of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of tomato in the first place should ensure the best conditions for the nutrition of plants during the entire growing season in accordance with their need.The research methodology was based on generally accepted methods for vegetable growing. The main goal of this study was to improve the zonal technology for cultivating tomato in open ground using leaf dressing with KCL and KNO3 preparations, aimed at increasing the level of yield during irrigation in the north of the Astrakhan region. Field experiments were carried out at the experimental irrigated land use area of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences" in the period from 2021 to 2023. The scientific novelty of the study was the theoretical and practical justification for the use of leaf dressing with KCL and KNO3 in the cultivation of vegetables, aimed at the formation of highly productive commercial products.Results. During the research work, a comparative analysis of various standards of use of drugs was carried out, highlighting the most promising option. Three-year studies found that the use of potassium fertilizer KCl with a concentration of 0.5%), 30... 40 days. after planting (flowering), 50 days. after planting and 60 days. after planting gave a significant increase in yield relative to the control option. Conclusions. Based on the results of the analysis, an average of five charges, the KCl treatment variant Background + 3 (concentration 0.5%) was identified, which had the highest yield of 130.56 t/ha. This option was significantly different from both control and other options under study. The increase relative to the control was + 4.08 t/ha or + 3.2%.

Comparison of SGA and Severe SGA rates using six size standards – Is there a difference?

BackgroundSmall for gestational age (SGA) neonates are known to be at an elevated risk for neonatal morbidity. Despite this, there is a growing array of proposed size standards for identifying SGA fetuses. Given the inherent differences in design, acquisition methods, and the characteristics of the populations they represent, the generalizability of these standards to diverse populations remains uncertain. IntroductionThis study aimed to assess variations in rates of SGA and severe SGA using six distinct size standards: Hadlock, Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF), World Health Organization (WHO), Intergrowth-21 (IG-21), and two locally derived population-based size standards. The objective was to examine the differences in SGA and severe SGA rates among these size standards. MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted, encompassing all singleton deliveries in two tertiary referral hospital campuses with an annual birth count exceeding 10,000, from January 2019 to July 2022. SGA and severe SGA were defined as birthweights below the 10th or 3rd percentile, respectively, based on each growth standard. The study design included details on the setting, subjects (singleton deliveries), and the chosen size standards. Comparative analyses were performed to assess variations in SGA and severe SGA rates among these size standards. ResultsOur study analyzed 32,912 singleton deliveries. We found that the choice of growth standard significantly impacted the rates of both SGA and severe SGA infants. Notably, the WHO criteria identified 5,548 (16.9 %) fetuses as SGA, compared to only 1,716 (5.2 %) using the INTERGROWTH-21 standard (p < 0.001). Similarly, for severe SGA, the FMF charts classified 2098 (6.37 %) infants, significantly higher than the 320 (1 %) identified by Dolberg’s local population-based charts (p < 0.001). ConclusionOur study demonstrates a significant variety of SGA and severe SGA rates using different size standards. Therefore, the decision on the size standards in use is critical given the significant influence on clinical management. SynopsisThere are significant variations in SGA and Severe SGA rates depending on the chosen size standard.

Determinant factors for optimal anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial sardine residues

ABSTRACT In this study, nutritious and abundant waste generated by sardine canneries was used as the main substrate to assess the effect of fundamental parameters in anaerobic digestion. The temperature range studied, between 37°C and 45°C, allowed for a comparison between the performance of the thermophilic and mesophilic processes. The free water content in the substrate also enabled us to compare fermentation in solid-state fermentation (SSF) with its counterpart, liquid-state fermentation (LSF). The study parameters also included the integration of Aspergillus niger (AN) and molasses. The results revealed significant effects of the AN inoculum and thermophilic conditions in improving biogas production. Optimal biotransformation generated a safe digestate that complies with French standards for use as a biofertilizer. Germination tests demonstrated that it has no inhibitory effect on tomato seeds and has the potential to enhance crop yields better than chemical fertilisers.

Hydration, phase assemblage and microstructure of cementitious blends with low-grade limestone

Limestone of the purity mandated by the standards for use in cement manufacture (as raw material or as performance improver) is only a fraction of the mined material. Sometimes, limestone contains impurities like silica, clay, dolomite etc. beyond the levels specified for use as an additive or for cement production. This limestone, commonly known as low-grade limestone, also may have a potential to be used as a supplementary cementitious material. This paper reports a study conducted to understand the hydration behaviour of ordinary Portland cement in combination with low-grade limestone. Low-grade limestone samples with dolomite, silica and clay impurities were collected from various limestone mines in India and used in cementitious blends at various replacement levels after suitable processing. Reaction kinetics was studied using calorimetry and phase assemblage using techniques like X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry. Mercury intrusion porosimetry was employed to study the microstructure of cementitious blends. Dilution effect of low-grade limestone was studied by measuring compressive strength of cement mortar cubes for various replacement levels. Shortening of induction period, increased peak heat rate and reduced time to peak were observed in the blends of ordinary Portland cement with low-grade limestone. Carboaluminate formation, ettringite stabilisation and higher bound water content were also seen. The studies showed that low-grade limestone also can be used as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement without compromising the strength up to 15% replacement. Higher replacement levels, although showing a reduction in strength due to dilution effect, could still be considered for non-structural applications.

Innovative Thinking Approach in Designing Teaching Materials for Ilm Badi Course: A Comprehensive Framework for Enhancing Students' Writing Skills

Students face several challenges in learning Ilm Badi, including difficulty understanding learning objectives, a lack of comprehension regarding the classification in Ilm Badi materials, insufficient visual stimuli in teaching materials, and challenges in generating new sentences. These issues indicate a mismatch between theoretical understanding and practical language skills. Therefore, this study aims to design teaching materials for Ilm Badi with an innovative thinking approach to stimulate students' writing creativity. The research method employed is Research and Development (R&amp;D), integrating the instructional material design procedure by Sa'ud with the ADDIE model. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and questionnaires. The results indicate that the innovative thinking approach is relevant in strengthening creative thinking processes in general and supports the teaching of Ilm Badi with a more progressive and contextual approach. The teaching materials produced through detailed design stages involve composing content in Arabic and Indonesian, utilizing additional visualizations, and designing exercises to encourage students' innovative thinking abilities. The teaching materials design process includes collaboration with relevant experts. It undergoes expert assessments, resulting in teaching materials that meet standards for use in Ilm Badi learning, emphasizing innovative thinking. Further studies are necessary to test the designed teaching materials' effectiveness empirically.

Meat color by numbers: Evaluation of the myoglobin redox forms by different methods and its relationship to CIE color indices

This study aimed to assess two methodologies (K/S and Krzywicki methods) based on reflectance measurements for estimating the myoglobin (Mb) meat redox forms (deoxymyoglobin, DMb; oxymyoglobin, OMb; and metmyoglobin, MMb), determining their relationship with the CIE color. Different Mb redox reference values were evaluated, and their proportions were estimated in beef longissimus muscle during blooming and display storage. The better reference standards for use in the K/S method were defined as surface reading immediately after meat cutting for 100 % DMb and reading one day after oxidation with potassium ferricyanide for 100 % MMb. Despite being highly correlated (r > 0.92), the K/S and Krzywicki methods produced different pigment proportions. The OMb and MMb obtained by the K/S method were much more consistent with the expected proportion of these pigments during the blooming and oxidation processes. The yellowness (b*) and hue (h) values best described the changes during blooming and were related with OMb formation, while redness (a*) and chroma (C*) were related to the changes in beef discoloration associated with MMb accumulation. This research highlights the importance of analyzing both pigment proportions and colorimetric data in meats, providing unique perspectives on the slight yet crucial changes in meat color.

Akuntansi Keuangan Masjid dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Jama’ah di Masjid Al-Yaqin Kabupaten Sukabumi

Mosque Financial Accounting ideally uses accounting standards for use in statements of financial position at the end of the period, statements of profit and loss and other comprehensive income during the period, reports of changes in equity during the period, statements of cash flows, notes to financial statement. The purpose of this writing is to find out the general description of mosque management at Al-Yaqin Mosque, and to find out the implications of this management for professional mosque financial management. The purpose of this research is to find out the Management of Al-Yaqin Mosque. Based on data techniques processed descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The results of this study reveal that the management of the mosque has been managed quite well with the sources of funds obtained by the Al-Yaqin Sukabumi mosque coming from infaq, alms, charity boxes, rice sales collected by the congregation and donors, so that the welfare of the congregation can be created. The financial management of the Al-Yaqin Mosque is presented very simply and refers to the financial reports of the mosque in general. Al-Yaqin Mosque has not implemented a financial management system according to Statement of Accounting Standards No. 1 (PSAK 1).

AI-Driven Refactoring: A Pipeline for Identifying and Correcting Data Clumps in Git Repositories

Data clumps, groups of variables that repeatedly appear together across different parts of a software system, are indicative of poor code structure and can lead to potential issues such as maintenance challenges, testing complexity, and scalability concerns, among others. Addressing this, our study introduces an innovative AI-driven pipeline specifically designed for the refactoring of data clumps in software repositories. This pipeline leverages the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLM), such as ChatGPT, to automate the detection and resolution of data clumps, thereby enhancing code quality and maintainability. In developing this pipeline, we have taken into consideration the new European Union (EU)-Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act, ensuring that our pipeline complies with the latest regulatory requirements and ethical standards for use of AI in software development by outsourcing decisions to a human in the loop. Preliminary experiments utilizing ChatGPT were conducted to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. These tests demonstrate promising results in identifying and refactoring data clumps, but also the challenges using LLMs.

Diagnostic utility of shear wave elastography in musculoskeletal injuries: A narrative review.

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is an emerging and promising ultrasound modality, and is more recently employed in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal (MSK) pathologies. SWE evaluates tissue stiffness by measuring the speed of propagating acoustic waves through body tissue structures. Knowing the variations in stiffness of MSK soft tissue can provide helpful diagnostic insight for the evaluation of pathology in muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and other soft tissues. The goal of this review is to synthesize recent literature on the utility of SWE for MSK pathology diagnosis. This review reveals that SWE adds important diagnostic data for the evaluation of several pathologies, such as median mononeuropathy at the wrist, Achilles tendinopathy, and plantar fasciitis. The review also reveals a lack of evidence pertaining to appropriate standardization of use and the connection to reliable and valid diagnostic benefit in the clinical setting.

Assessing the viability of 3D-printed poly(lactic acid) petri dishes: A sustainable alternative for laboratory use

There is a strong reliance on fossil fuel-based plastics in the life sciences sector and it has been estimated that global life-sciences (biology, medicine, etc.) alone create plastic waste of approximately 5.5 million tonnes/year with 99% of single-use laboratory plastics made from fossil-fuel sources There is growing interest in the viability of bioplastics as an alternative to fossil fuel-based single-use plastics in laboratory settings. Here, we report the use of polylactic acid (PLA) in the production of a single-use Petri dish. The properties of the PLA Petri dish are tested and compared to the standards for assessing plastics for use in labware, as per the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). We demonstrate, for the first time, that a compostable PLA Petri dish meets all the necessary standards for use in laboratories, thereby taking the first steps towards reducing the negative impacts of plastic waste in laboratories.

News from the BIPM laboratories—2023

In order to fulfil its mission to ensure and promote the global comparability of measurements, the BIPM operates laboratories in the fields of physical metrology, time, ionizing radiation and chemistry. These laboratories act as centres for scientific and technical collaboration between Member States providing capabilities for international measurement comparisons on a shared cost basis. They coordinate international comparisons of national measurement standards agreed to be of the highest priority, and they establish and maintain appropriate reference standards for use as the basis of key international comparisons at the highest level and provide selected calibrations from them. In the following sections, we provide highlights of the work the laboratories have undertaken during 2023.

Aspects of compatibility regarding the pre-1990 blasters with new categories of electric detonators

In Romanian mining operations for the initiation of electric detonators are still used blasters manufactured before 1990. These blasters were designed and built for the initiation of electric detonators using the requirements of obsolete standards. For simultaneous initiation of a large number of electric detonators, sufficient electrical power must be supplied to all detonators within milliseconds. The time required to heat up the bridgewire until the fusehead deflagrates is a function of the voltage and the current. In order to be able to use old generation blasters for the initiation of new generation of electric detonators (that are built according to new national and European standards) a comparative analysis must be made between the requirements of the pre-1990 standards and the new standards in use.

Validation of Method for Nitrite Determination in Foods

In general, nitrite in food is extracted under slightly alkaline conditions, deproteinized, and analyzed by a colorimetric method using color development by diazotization. However, depending on the sample, the sample solution may become cloudy and difficult to filter by the deproteinization treatment of the analytical method. Recently, an improved analytical method that solves these problems has been reported. Therefore, a validation study was performed on the improved analytical method was performed. The concentrations of sodium nitrite added to cod roe, fish sausage, and ham, which were not labeled with sodium nitrite, were set at the upper limits of the standards for use. We set the target values of 70-120% for trueness, less than 15% for intralaboratory reproducibility, and less than intralaboratory reproducibility for repeatability. As a result, the target values were met for the three samples verified: 88-92% for trueness, 2.0-3.0% for repeatability, and 3.2-4.3% for intralaboratory reproducibility. In addition, an interlaboratory study was conducted by eight institutes on the improved analytical method for nitrite. At each institution, sodium nitrite was added to the same three samples as in the validation study, at concentrations equivalent to twice the lower limit of quantification and the upper limit of the standards for use and analyzed in triplicate. The estimated trueness from the obtained analyses ranged from 82 to 95%, the repeatability ranged from 2.3 to 5.8%, and the inter-room reproducibility ranged from 3.5 to 11%. Thus, the improved analytical method could be useful for determining nitrite in foods.

Fetal size vs growth: comparative analysis of 3 models of growth velocity based on third trimester estimated fetal weights for identifying stillbirth risk

Fetal growth velocity is being recognized as an important parameter by which to monitor fetal wellbeing, in addition to assessment of fetal size. However, there are different models and standards in use by which velocity is being assessed. We wanted to investigate 3 clinically applied methods of assessing growth velocity and their ability to identify stillbirth risk, in addition to that associated with small for gestational age. Retrospective analysis of prospectively recorded routine-care data of pregnancies with 2 or more third trimester scans in New Zealand. Results of the last 2 scans were used for the analysis. The models investigated to define slow growth were (1) 50+ centile drop between measurements, (2) 30+ centile drop, and (3) estimated fetal weight below a projected optimal weight range, based on predefined, scan interval specific cut-offs to define normal growth. Each method's ability to identify stillbirth risk was assessed against that associated with small-for-gestational age at last scan. The study cohort consisted of 71,576 pregnancies. The last 2 scans in each pregnancy were performed at an average of 32+1 and 35+6 weeks of gestation. The 3 models defined "slow growth" at the following differing rates: (1) 50-centile drop 0.9%, (2) 30-centile drop 5.1%, and (3) below projected optimal weight range 10.8%. Neither of the centile-based models identified at-risk cases that were not also small for gestational age at last scan. The projected weight range method identified an additional 79% of non-small-for-gestational-age cases as slow growth, and these were associated with a significantly increased stillbirth risk (relative risk, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4). Centile-based methods fail to reflect adequacy of fetal weight gain at the extremes of the distribution. Guidelines endorsing such models might hinder the potential benefits of antenatal assessment of fetal growth velocity. A new, measurement-interval-specific projection model of expected fetal weight gain can identify fetuses that are not small for gestational age, yet at risk of stillbirth because of slow growth. The velocity between scans can be calculated using a freely available growth rate calculator (www.perinatal.org.uk/growthrate).

Quantifying uncertainty in analysis of shockless dynamic compression experiments on platinum. I. Inverse Lagrangian analysis

Absolute measurements of solid-material compressibility by magnetically driven shockless dynamic compression experiments to multi-megabar pressures have the potential to greatly improve the accuracy and precision of pressure calibration standards for use in diamond anvil cell experiments. To this end, we apply characteristics-based inverse Lagrangian analysis (ILA) to 11 sets of ramp-compression data on pure platinum (Pt) metal and then reduce the resulting weighted-mean stress–strain curve to the principal isentrope and room-temperature isotherm using simple models for yield stress and Grüneisen parameter. We introduce several improvements to methods for ILA and quasi-isentrope reduction, the latter including calculation of corrections in wave speed instead of stress and pressure to render results largely independent of initial yield stress while enforcing thermodynamic consistency near zero pressure. More importantly, we quantify in detail the propagation of experimental uncertainty through ILA and model uncertainty through quasi-isentrope reduction, considering all potential sources of error except the electrode and window material models used in ILA. Compared to previous approaches, we find larger uncertainty in longitudinal stress. Monte Carlo analysis demonstrates that uncertainty in the yield-stress model constitutes by far the largest contribution to uncertainty in quasi-isentrope reduction corrections. We present a new room-temperature isotherm for Pt up to 444 GPa, with 1-sigma uncertainty at that pressure of just under ±1.2%; the latter is about a factor of three smaller than uncertainty previously reported for multi-megabar ramp-compression experiments on Pt. The result is well represented by a Vinet-form compression curve with (isothermal) bulk modulus K0=270.3±3.8 GPa, pressure derivative K0′=5.66±0.10, and correlation coefficient RK0,K0′=−0.843.