Sanitary Standards Research Articles

Assessment of the possibility of air pollution by asbestos fibres during the operation of road surfaces containing stabilizing asbestos-containing additives

Introduction. Using materials containing mineral fibres in road construction requires consideration of the risk of air pollution by fibrous particles. The purpose of the study was to assess the possibility of air pollution by asbestos fibres during the operation of road surfaces containing chrysotile asbestos. Materials and Methods. Nine air samples, three dust samples and one asphalt pavement sample were taken on the federal highway. Results. The concentration of asbestos fibres in the air was below the detection limit of ≤ 0.0001 f/ml. When all nine air samples were examined, no asbestos fibres were found. Two agglomerates and one bundle of chrysotile asbestos fibres were found in all three dust samples, which were most likely a part of the road surface. Most fibres were bound with other particles in a single agglomerate in the asphalt sample. The content of asbestos fibres in all three dust samples was less than 0.1%, and the size of the conglomerates did not fit the definition of “respirable fibres”. Limitations. 1) the assessment of air pollution by asbestos fibres was carried out only at one stage (operation) of the pavement life cycle (from production to disposal); 2) a complete assessment of air pollution on highways by all types of particulate particles was not carried out (only asbestos fibres and other fibrous particles were taken into account). Conclusion. At the time of the study, no atmospheric air pollution by free chrysotile asbestos fibres was detected near the highway; the average concentration for the entire time of sampling, as well as the concentrations in each of the samples, was below the detection limit of the method and amounted to ≤0.0001 f/ml, thereby not exceeding the regulatory indicators provided for both in Russia (Sanitary rules and standards 1.2.3685-21 from 28.01.21) and in Germany (TRGS 519). This study is a single-stage screening study. More research is needed to assess the possibility of air pollution by asbestos fibres throughout the entire life cycle of road surfaces constructed using asbestos-containing stabilizing additives (from production to disposal).

ANTI OXIDANT, MICROBIAL AND PHYTO CHEMICAL STUDIES OF CARICA PAPAYA MILK: A NATURAL HAND SANITIZER

In this study, the effect of Carica papayaagainst various microorganisms is evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay for antioxidant activity. The focus is on employing the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of papaya milk as a natural antimicrobial by preparing hand sanitizer.Papaya (Carica papaya Linn), a nutraceutical fruit well known for its nutritional values and potent medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-helminthic, anti-fungal, anti-hypertensive and anti-fertility, free radical scavenging activity [1-10]. The study includesextraction of C.papaya milk from C. papaya fruit and identification of phytochemical constituents by performing chemical tests. Preparation of sanitizer with 5ml and 7ml of C. Papaya Milk for 10 ml sanitizer.Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of prepared sanitizer on cultures from hand using spread plate method.Determination of sanitizing ability was done by calculating percent reduction in colony forming units (CFU) before and after sanitization. Evaluation of antioxidant activity by in vitro DPPH Scavenging method.The standard sanitizer had shown 75% effectiveness, isopropyl alcohol shows90% effectiveness, and finally sanitizer which is prepared from papaya milk was found to be 58% effective against micro-organisms.

Method of adjustment of three circuit system of active shielding of magnetic field in multi-storey buildings from overhead power lines with wires triangular arrangement

Aim. For the first time the method of adjustment of three circuit system of the active shielding of the magnetic field based on experimentally determined space-time characteristics to increase the shielding factor in a multi-storey building located near a single-circuit overhead transmission lines with a wires triangular arrangement was developed. Methodology. When synthesizing the laboratory model of system of active shielding the coordinates of spatial arrangement and of three shielding coils, the currents in shielding coils and resulting magnetic flux density value in the shielding space were calculated. The synthesis is based on the multi-criteria game decision, in which the payoff vector is calculated on the basis on quasi-stationary approximation solutions of the Maxwell equations. The game decision is calculated based on the stochastic particles multi swarm optimization algorithms. Results. Computer simulation and experimental research of the space-time characteristics of laboratory model of three circuit system of active shielding of magnetic field, generated by overhead power lines with phase conductors triangle arrangements in multi-storey building are given. The possibility of initial magnetic flux density level reducing to the sanitary standards level is shown. Originality. For the first time the synthesis and adjustment of laboratory model of three circuit system of active shielding of magnetic field based on experimentally determined space-time characteristics to increase the shielding factor in a multi-storey building located near a single-circuit overhead transmission lines with a wires triangular arrangement carried out. Practical value. Practical recommendations from the point of view of the implementation of developed method of adjustment of the three circuit system of the active shielding of the magnetic field based on experimentally determined space-time characteristics in a multi-storey building located near a single-circuit overhead transmission lines with a triangular arrangement of wires are given.

Ecological and agrochemical assessment of the state of agricultural landscapes in Ivano-Frankivsk region

In the Western region of Ukraine, one of the main factors influencing the ecological safety of agricultural landscapes is anthropogenic pressure. Based on monitoring studies, ecological and agrochemical assessment of the state of agrolandscapes of IvanoFrankivsk region is conducted, in particular in residential areas. The state of soils, natural waters and crop production was studied by the method of route monitoring. Chemical and analytical studies were carried out using methods of chemical, physical and chemical analysis using modern methods of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flame photometry, in accordance with the requirements of the quality management system, according to methods that meet the regulatory framework of Ukraine. It was determined that some of the studied soil samples had very low acidity and high content of biogenic elements (especially phosphorus and potassium) and pollutants. The quality of natural waters in some cases did not meet the regulatory requirements. This is due to both natural factors — features of the hydrological regime, and anthropogenic — violation of sanitary rules for the development of the territory, the introduction of high doses of mineral and organic fertilizers, noncompliance with manure storage technologies, the maintenance of domestic animals and poultry, and the disposal of livestock and household waste. Some samples of crop products did not meet sanitary and hygienic standards for the content of lead, cadmium, nickel, copper and iron. Studies indicate a significant impact of the anthropogenic factor on the change in the quality of soil, natural waters and crop production. Conducting an ecological and agrochemical assessment of the state of agricultural landscapes in the Western region, including residential areas and establishing the features of migration and accumulation of biogenic elements and ecotoxicants, is a promising area of research to develop measures to prevent pollution of soil, groundwater, open reservoirs and plant products.

The influence of fuel and energy systems on atmospheric air pollution by enterprises of the metallurgical and machine-building complex

Currently, billions of tons of industrial waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises have accumulated in Russia. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most environmentally dirty industries. The history of the environmental problem of the city of Nizhny Tagil, goes back to the beginning of the creation of the mining industry of the Urals. The development of mining, chemical, metallurgical production, mechanical engineering is formed by the increasing pressure of anthropogenic factors on the environment. Emissions of industrial enterprises, energy systems and transport into the air, at the present stage of the development of science and technology, have reached such a size that in some areas, especially in large industrial centers, pollution levels are several times higher than permissible sanitary standards.

How the sanitation dimensions impacts consumer perceptions and emotions in five-star hotels due to COVID-19 pandemic?

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the consumer perceptions related to sanitation in the five-star hotels due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also identified the most significant sanitation dimensions and their influence on the pertinent emotions experienced by the hotel consumers. Design/methodology/approach It identified seven sanitation dimensions (i.e. exterior of the hotel, guestrooms, washrooms/restrooms, in-house restaurant dining, hotel employees, public areas and handling of food) which were assessed through 10 positive and negative consumer sanitation emotions. A structured online survey was conducted to collect data from the 763 five-star hotel consumers. Exploratory factor analysis was applied on the 35 parameters of the seven identified sanitation dimensions, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the most significant dimensions among the hotel consumers. Findings Results revealed that among the seven sanitation dimensions, “exterior of the hotel” and “public area” dimensions were found to be statistically less significant compared to the other sanitation dimensions. Findings related to consumer emotions showed that a significantly high percentage of consumers revealed strong negative emotions, i.e. disgust and discontent toward the poor standards of sanitation in the hotels. Practical implications The study results may be helpful for the hotel administrators and managers to adequately plan the training sessions for their employees based on the consumer perception and emotions toward the identified sanitation dimensions. Further, it may also help in the implementation of the COVID-19 awareness program based on the consumer inputs and perceptions. Originality/value Although a few studies have been performed to explore the sanitation dimensions in the hospitality sector before, but this will be a first attempt to identify and measure the sanitation dimensions and corresponding consumer emotions due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Sanitary Conditions of Bakeries and Food Safety Practices Assessment of Bakers in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

There is a lack of research on the safety of bread in Ghana, although it is one of the foods consumed by most Ghanaians daily. The study, therefore, assessed the sanitary conditions of bakeries in the Tamale Metropolis and further evaluated the food safety practices of bakers in these bakeries. The study employed the use of a questionnaire to collect data in 24 carefully selected bakeries and then the food safety practices of bakers in these bakeries. Results showed that 91.7% of the bakeries had bakers wearing protective gears while working. All (100%) the bakeries were free of domestic animals and a visible presence of insects, rodents or vectors. However, 6(25%) bakeries placed their solid waste containers in the bakery premises. Also, 89.5% of the bakers indicated that they always wash their hands with soap and water before working or handling baking ingredients and materials. All (100%) bakers indicated that they check the expiry dates of their bakery ingredients before using them. 29.8% of the bakers, however, did not make it a practice of refrigerating bakery ingredients that require to be stored in the fridge when not in use. In conclusion, most bakeries had good sanitary conditions and were managed in a manner that ensure food safety. Bakers also exhibited a good level of food safety adherence. Managers should continue to ensure that good sanitary standards are followed and food risk analysis concepts like HACCP are implemented in the bakery to check new and complex food safety threats.

Bacterial community identification in poultry carcasses using high-throughput next generation sequencing

Poultry products are susceptible to contamination by pathogenic and spoilage bacteria during the slaughtering process. Molecular techniques have been used to assist in the identification of microorganisms in various microbiomes. The aim of this study was to identify bacterial components of the microbiome in poultry carcasses during the slaughter process, using high-throughput next generation sequencing (HT-NGS). Samples were collected from three slaughterhouses (A, B, and C) located in southern Brazil and included those taken from three points (initial, middle, and end) in the chiller tanks and two carcass pools (at the entrance to the clean area and after the final carcass packaging) at each establishment. A total of 104 carcasses were collected from each slaughterhouse. For this study, HT-NGS allows for a precise, quantitative and culture-independent microbiome assessment in poultry products. Three phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria) were found in all establishments, and one phylum (Verrucomicrobia) was found only in Establishment A. Common set of genera (Anaerotruncus, Bacteroides, Campylobacter, Erysipelatoclostridium, Faecalibacterium, Lachnoclostridium, and Subdoligranulum) was identified in processing establishments along with the groups unique to a particular site. Pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, as well as other microorganisms that were not expected in poultry products, were detected by HT-NGS technique. The Shannon diversity index was the highest in Establishment B (2.40), followed by establishments C (1.98) and A (1.43). As we progressed through sample analysis, from the entrance of the clean area to the final carcass packaging area, we found significant reductions (p < 0.05) in the quantities of sequences of all phyla in establishments A and B. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in the quantities of sequences of all phyla were found between different stages in the slaughtering process. More stringent control procedures in establishments A and B were associated with reduced contamination even though all establishments followed the official sanitary standards. Our findings provide new insight into the chicken meat microbiome, and can be used in future studies to help ensure food safety in slaughterhouses.

Identification of Environmental-Based Health Problems in the Coastal Area of Banyuasih Village, Pandeglang Regency, Indonesia

Sanitation is still a problem for most Indonesians who have below average welfare status, especially in coastal areas where the fishing profession is dominant. The purpose of this study is to identify environmental-based health problems in the coastal area of Banyuasih Village, Pandeglang Regency, Indonesia. The method used is cross-sectional, with the unit of analysis being the household. A sample of 157 respondents was the head of the family which was taken by simple random sampling. The results of the study indicate that environmental health factors have not met good sanitation standards. These factors are garbage disposal sites, clean water sources, family latrines, and houses to live in. The conclusion of this study is that the majority of people in this coastal area still have poor sanitation knowledge and behavior.

The impact of a demand-side sanitation and hygiene promotion intervention on sustained behavior change and health in Amhara, Ethiopia: A cluster-randomized trial.

Behaviors related to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are key drivers of infectious disease transmission, and experiences of WASH are potential influencers of mental well-being. Important knowledge gaps exist related to the content and delivery of effective WASH programs and their associated health impacts, particularly within the contexts of government programs implemented at scale. We developed and tested a demand-side intervention called Andilaye, which aimed to change behaviors related to sanitation, personal hygiene, and household environmental sanitation. This theory-informed intervention was delivered through the existing Ethiopian Health Extension Programme (HEP). It was a multilevel intervention with a catalyzing event at the community level and behavior change activities at group and household levels. We randomly selected and assigned 50 kebeles (sub-districts) from three woredas (districts), half to receive the Andilaye intervention, and half the standard of care sanitation and hygiene programming (i.e., community-led total sanitation and hygiene [CLTSH]). We collected data on WASH access, behavioral outcomes, and mental well-being. A total of 1,589 households were enrolled into the study at baseline; 1,472 households (94%) participated in an endline assessment two years after baseline, and approximately 14 months after the initiation of a multi-level intervention. The intervention did not improve construction of latrines (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.21) or handwashing stations with water (PR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.26), or the removal of animal feces from the compound (PR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.28). Nor did it impact anxiety (PR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.11), depression (PR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.07), emotional distress (PR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.09) or well-being (PR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.10) scores. We report limited impact of the intervention, as delivered, on changes in behavior and mental well-being. The effectiveness of the intervention was limited by poor intervention fidelity. While sanitation and hygiene improvements have been documented in Ethiopia, behavioral slippage, or regression to unimproved practices, in communities previously declared open defecation free is widespread. Evidence from this trial may help address knowledge gaps related to challenges associated with scalable alternatives to CLTSH and inform sanitation and hygiene programming and policy in Ethiopia and beyond. Trial registration: This trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03075436) on March 9, 2017.

Can International Nonsewered Sanitation Standards Help Solve the Global Sanitation Crisis?

To address one of the most severe global challenges affecting human health and the environment, two new voluntary product standards (ISO 30500 and ISO 31800) for nonsewered sanitation systems (NSSS) and fecal sludge treatment units (FSTUs) have been developed and published. While providing stringent voluntary product requirements for the containment and the treatment of human excreta with safe outputs (air, liquids, and solids), ISO 30500 and ISO 31800 make the inextricable connections between environmental emission thresholds, technical innovations, and sustainability aspects of NSSS and FSTUs. The purpose of this feature is to discuss these connections.

Bacteriological Quality of Raw Meat, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolation and Associated Risk Factors among Butcher Houses of Adama Town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021

Background: Foodborne diseases continue to be an important public health problem globally and most of the food safety hazards are caused by foods of animal sources. It is also reported that contaminated raw meat has been identified as one of the main sources of foodborne illnesses. In Ethiopia, the widespread habit of raw meat consumption, lack of compliance with standard quality and sanitation protocols is a potential cause for foodborne illnesses. The purpose of this study was to assess bacteriological quality, antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolation of raw meat and associated factors among butcher houses of Adama town, Ethiopia, 2019. Results: Three-fourth (¾th) of collected raw meat was unacceptable bacterial load of Total Aerobic Plate count based on Gulf Standard. The average contamination was (5.89±0.86) log Colony Forming Unit per gram for total aerobic plate count. Raw meat collected from meat handlers who trained on meat hygiene (AOR=5.8, 95%CI:(1.99-17.34), collecting money (AOR= 0.14,95%CI (0.04-0.43) were associated with bacteriological quality of raw meat. Whereas, proportion of meat samples that were positive for Salmonella and shigella were (9.8% and 2.67%) respectively. The resistance of Salmonella was most frequently observed to Ampicillin (100%), Amoxicillin/ Clavunilic (54.5%), Tetracycline (36.3%) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (18.2%). Shigella expressed resistance to Ampicillin (50%) and 100% sensitive to the rest antibiotics used. Conclusion: Bacterial logarithmic mean values were beyond the acceptable standard indication of poor hygiene, making it a potential source of food-borne infection. Therefore, stringent inspection, regular supervision, training and hygienic practices should be introduced to enhance hygienic quality meat for consumers.

Микробиологическая безопасность красной рыбы и икры Дальневосточного региона

The article is devoted to the definition of microbiological safety of red fish and caviar of the Far Eastern region. With the help of the microbiological method, studies were carried out on the quality and safety of products of the Far Eastern region. The result of the study were microbiological indicators of fish, such as the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, bacteria of the Escherichia coli group, Staphylococcus aureus, sulfite-reducing clostridia, salmonella, mold, yeast. In the course of the study, we compared the results obtained with the norm of a certain microbiological indicator according to the EAEU TR 040/2016 «On the safety of fish and fish products ». Based on the data obtained, it was revealed that there were no violations of sanitary and hygienic standards during production. Packing and transportation were carried out taking into account the optimal temperature and sanitary standards, respectively, manufacturers of the Far Eastern region are conscientious about the production of products. Red fish and caviar produced for sale is safe in veterinary and sanitary terms. A good-quality product gets on the table to the consumer.

ЕКОНОМІКО-МАТЕМАТИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ГІДНОЇ ПРАЦІ В КОНТЕКСТІ РЕГІОНАЛЬНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ

The article discusses the peculiarities of calculating the regional human development index in Ukraine in different time periods. The index is calculated using indicators combined into six blocks (population reproduction; social status; comfortable life; welfare; decent work; education). The indicators of the block “Decent Work” (employment level of the population; unemployment rate; the share of workers whose salary is less than 1,5 of the subsistence minimums; the share of workers who work in conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards; the ratio of average and minimum salaries; the level of social insurance) are considered and that block is used to evaluate working conditions. The results of analysis of the block “Decent Work” indicators for Odesa, Zakarpattia and Dnipropetrovsk regions are presented. That regions are chosen for the analysis because they were leaders during the analyzed period. The analysis was carried out by graphic method – graphic construction of multangular of competitiveness. According to the analysis it can be concluded that the conditions for work at sufficiently high level have not been created in the leader regions according to the indicators of the block “Decent Work”. The result of analysis shows that Odesa region had pretty good meanings of all indicators and the best value of “unemployment rate” indicator. Dnipropetrovsk region had the worst values of the indicator “the share of workers who work in conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards”. So, it is necessary to pay attention to the improvement of sanitary and hygienic conditions, it will allow the region to take leading position among other regions. Zakarpattia region had the lowest values of all indicators, except the indicator “the share of workers who work in conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards”. Generalizing indicators confirmed the leading positions of the studied regions in the region rating of Ukraine, however, that happened due to compensation of indicators values: there were high values of some indicators and significantly worse values of other indicators.

Analysis of the equipment of school medical offices in the context of the studied regions in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Background. The European Region's school attendance rate is almost 100%, providing a unique opportunity to reach the entire population of school-age children and adolescents, regardless of their socioeconomic status. By providing equal access to opportunities in health promotion, preventive care, and health surveillance, growth, and development, school health services significantly contribute to social equity by optimizing health care and improving education, improving the academic achievement of all children and teenagers.According to the World Bank, global enrollment rates in primary education are 89%. Educational institutions are a unique platform for implementing long-term and large-scale programs to protect the health of children and adolescents. Thus, the school health system can be an institutional way of covering the health needs of most school-age children and adolescents daily.The aim. The analysis aims to assess the equipment of medical rooms in schools in Kazakhstan to provide the required assistance to students.Methods. We analyzed the medical offices of 10 schools in Astana, Akmola, Kyzylorda, East Kazakhstan, and the Atyrau regions.Results. The share of medical offices that meet the sanitary and epidemiological requirements in the country is 85.5%. In Astana, the share of medical offices that meet the requirements of sanitary and epidemiological standards is 99.1%. The indicators of compliance with the sanitary and epidemiological requirements of medical offices in the East Kazakhstan (84.6%) and Atyrau (80.4%) regions were lower than the republican value (14).Conclusion. The health care system has sanitary and hygienic standards for educational institutions regarding lighting, ventilation, heating, size, and location. These rules are observed throughout most of the country.Key words: Health Services, School, School Health Promotion, School-Based Health Services, School-Based Services, Services, School Health.

Groundwater Management in Ukraine: Trends, Directions of Development and Improvements

The article discusses certain aspects of groundwater management, in Ukraine, including. In particular, the theoretical foundations and applied aspects of groundwater management, as well as the main factors affecting the state of groundwater, are analyzed. The world experience of solving these problems is analyzed. Irrational and uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater determines many problems, including water scarcity and depletion of groundwater reserves due to their intensive extraction, environmental pollution, including solid waste (plastic, polyethylene, etc.) and toxic substances and pathogenic organisms. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to reduce the standard for mandatory reporting of water users, as well as to expand the coverage of the main water supply and drainage system to the maximum number of settlements in the shortest possible time, which will improve groundwater management in Ukraine. Keywords groundwater, aquifer, drainage and water supply, well, well, pump, sanitary standards, rent for water.

САНИТАРНАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ УДОБРИТЕЛЬНОГО МЕЛИОРАНТА НА ОСНОВЕ КОЗЬЕГО НАВОЗА

Fertilizing ameliorants based on organic fertilizers, in particular, goat manure with the introduction of sewage sludge from the municipal economy of the Ryazan region, chopped straw and a complex of effective microorganisms should have a benefi cial effect on the soil and plants and not pollute the environment. For this, it is necessary to compare the actual values with sanitary standards. One of the polluting factors are microorganisms entering the environment from the ameliorant being introduced. The safety of soil, natural and ground waters, and crop production is an important problem when carrying out restoration measures on degraded drained peat soil. Based on the above, the research topic is relevant. The research included laboratory methods based on analysis, logic, comparison. The experimental scheme concerned different doses of the ameliorant applied to the soil when regulating the water regime through irrigation. The research will ultimately help to develop practical recommendations for agricultural holding Novoselki, which uses the agricultural landscape as fodder land. In the process of research, a direct dependence of the degree of environmental pollution on the dose of the ameliorant was revealed. At the same time, an active process of self-purifi cation of all environments (soil, natural and lysimetric waters) was clearly traced, that confirmed the total content of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms that have grown at 37°C and the total number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms that grew at 22°C. The content of Escherichia coli and the total microbial number on the 21st day after the introduction of UM decreased in media by 1.5-2 times. In all environments, pathogenic microfl ora and eggs of helminths were not detected in all years of the research. The introduction of a fertilizer ameliorant into the soil at the rate of 15 t/ha is the most optimal one from the agronomic point of view. The dependence of the degree of environmental pollution on the dose of the ameliorant application, considering the intensive self-cleaning process, was not revealed in all environments of pathogenic microfl ora and helminth eggs in all the years of the research. Herbal products are safe. It is permissible to use grown products for haylage.

Microbiological Quality and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Slipper Oyster (Crassostrea iredalei) Cultured in Major Growing Areas in Capiz Province, Western Visayas, Philippines: Compliance with International Shellfish Safety and Sanitation Standards

The increasing demand for slipper oyster (Crassostrea iredalei) has propelled farmers to expand oyster cultivation areas in the Philippines, chiefly for local consumption and feasibly for export overseas. As filter feeders, oysters can accumulate pathogens from the surrounding waters, and these pathogens can cause foodborne diseases in consumers. Therefore, oyster farming areas must be monitored for microbiological quality and heavy metal concentrations. In the present study, the microbiological quality of oysters and their growing waters in the major oyster farming areas of the Cogon and Palina Rivers and Cabugao Bay (in Roxas City and the Municipality of Ivisan, respectively, Capiz Province, Western Visayas, Philippines) were examined monthly during the wet (May to October) and dry (November to April) seasons over 12 months. Regardless of the sampling period, high levels of fecal coliforms in the water and Escherichia coli in oysters were found, clearly illustrating that these oyster growing areas would meet only the class B standard under the European Union classification system and would be considered "prohibited" for growing oysters under the U.S. classification system. Although Salmonella was occasionally detected in oysters, Vibrio cholerae was not detected and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was within acceptable limits. The heavy metal concentrations in oyster meat were also determined during the wet (July) and dry (March) seasons. Zinc and copper were the most abundant metals detected, and concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, and chromium were below the regulatory limits set by the European Union and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. These oyster culture areas should be rehabilitated immediately to improve the microbiological quality of the oysters. Oysters harvested from these sites must be depurated or relayed to ensure quality and safety.

Prerequisites for taking into account the influence of air exchange in the design of residential districts in the regulatory documentation

Many cities face environmental problems, which are currently receiving a lot of attention. The layout of the city' micro-district corresponding to the regulations can provide the most favorable environmental conditions due to air exchange. The building of the city has been developing for centuries, microdistricts have a layout that was regulated by the law, valid at the times of their construction. The object of research is the processes of air exchange in city districts – on the example of Krasnoyarsk. The method of analysis of scientific sources and standards was used for the study, which allowed determining the chronology of changes in factors affecting air exchange and building blocks. The study includes the solution of the following tasks: analysis of the building regulations affecting air exchange in the neighborhood; to determine the principles of planning a residential neighborhood and establish their compliance with the standards on the example of the city of Krasnoyarsk; to consider the prerequisites for the implementation of an environmental aspect in building codes. For the sake of clarity of the data obtained on the problems of air exchange and the principles of development of microdistricts, the history of the planning structure of the development of Krasnoyarsk is investigated. As a result of the study, a general characteristic of the development of regulatory requirements for the development of microdistricts has been identified and presented. The relevance of the topic is determined by the presence of a problem with the accumulation of harmful substances in residential neighborhoods in Krasnoyarsk. In the current planning methods of development in some residential areas of Krasnoyarsk, this problem cannot be solved due to the increase in height and density of buildings while maintaining the same values of distances between buildings, since the regulatory requirements of insolation do not ensure effective ventilation of the district. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that not all previous standards included effective regulations to ensure the necessary air exchange, or they are completely absent. In these standards, factors affecting effective air exchange (height of buildings, distances between buildings and the angle of the buildings) were determined by other requirements, such as sanitary and fire safety standards, insolation requirements.

RECLINICAL STUDIES OF THE DISINFECTIONS PREPARATION "IODOPOVIDONE" FOR THE NEEDS OF THE POULTRY FARMING OF UKRAINE

The results of preclinical tests of a polymeric complex of iodine enriched with citrates of microelements Zn, Fe, Cu, Co are reflected. "Iodopovedone" belongs to the category of drugs with negative microorganisms, viruses and pathogenic fungi. The experiment was carried out on outbred laboratory white rats and rabbits of the White Pannon breed, which were kept in the vivarium of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National University of Bioresources and Nature Management of Ukraine. The drug was developed for poultry farms of various forms of ownership as a disinfectant, including in the presence of poultry. To study the effect of the drug on biological objects and determine the class of toxicity, acute toxicity (DL50), the maximum tolerated dose, and local irritant effect were studied. According to the results of a scientific experiment, it was impossible to determine DL100 and DL50, so the maximum tolerated dose administered to animals during the experiment was determined at 60,226 mg/kg of body weight. However, all the animals survived. The use of locally irritating action on the mucous membrane of the eyes of rabbits led to the appearance of hyperemia of the conjunctiva and cornea, slight swelling of the eyelids, and minimal exudate in the corner of the eye in some animals on the 5th-6th day of observation. Each of these features was rated at 1 point according to the specified criteria. The symptom complex of reactions that arose after the administration of the drug disappeared within two days of observation of the animals after the cessation of the drug administration. It was found that the study drug, according to the current sanitary and hygienic standards, belongs to the 4th class of toxicity, is promising for use in poultry farming and requires further research.