Standardized Documentation Research Articles

Comparison of Dispute Resolution Provisions between the Joint Contract Tribunal and the Iraqi Standard Bidding Document

Due to a party's violation of his obligations or responsibilities indicated in the contract, many engineering projects confront extensive contractual disputes, which in turn need arbitration or other forms of dispute resolution, which negatively impact the project's outcome. Each contract has its terms for dispute resolution. Therefore, this paper aims to study the provisions for dispute resolution according to Iraqi (SBDW) and the JCT (SBC/Q2016) and also to show the extent of the difference between the two contracts in the application of these provisions. The methodology includes a detailed study of the dispute settlement provisions for both contracts with a comparative analysis to identify the differences in the application of these provisions between the two contracts. The research results revealed several differences, the most important of which is that the engineer has a dual role in Iraqi (SBDW). On the one hand, he is appointed by the employer to carry out specific duties under the contract. On the other hand, the engineer also has powers related to the settlement of claims and this first level of conflict avoidance between the two parties, Unlike the SBC/Q2016 contract, which appoints a neutral third party to mediate the problem. In addition, resolving disputes between the two parties, according to the ‎Iraqi (SBDW), needs a long time compared with JCT-SBC/Q2016.‎

Health professionals’ routine practice documentation and its associated factors in a resource-limited setting: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesDocumenting routine practice is significant for better diagnosis, treatment, continuity of care and medicolegal issues. However, health professionals’ routine practice documentation is poorly practised. Therefore, this study aimed to assess...

Inpatient pharmacy‐driven antithrombosis stewardship efforts on warfarin to direct oral anticoagulant conversions

Background Over 6 million people in the United States require anticoagulation. Current guidelines recommend direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) over warfarin for select indications due to increased safety and similar efficacy. However, data suggest warfarin to DOAC conversion occurs in less than 5% of patients. Objectives To assess rates of conversion from warfarin to DOACs and the rate of inpatient pharmacist assessment for warfarin to DOAC conversions using an evidence-based DOAC checklist. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, all patients ≥18 years old admitted on warfarin from January 1, 2018 to February 28, 2020 were identified via query of the electronic health record (EHR). Patients were excluded if discharged to hospice or if anticoagulation was permanently discontinued. In January 2019, an evidence-based checklist was developed by the inpatient antithrombosis stewardship team and embedded into an EHR-based standardized clinical documentation form prompting pharmacist assessment for DOAC therapy. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were utilized to compare pre- and post-implementation rates of pharmacist-driven evaluation for warfarin to DOAC switch along with actual conversion rates. Additional outcomes were documented reasons for not switching and proportion of newly-switched patients referred to our antithrombosis clinic. Results Ultimately, 538 inpatient encounters were included (237 pre-implementation of the DOAC eligibility checklist; 301 post-implementation). Warfarin to DOAC conversions increased from a mean of 1.08 patients/month pre-implementation of the DOAC eligibility checklist to 3.62 patients/month post-implementation (p < 0.0001). Likewise, pharmacist evaluation for switch increased significantly from a mean of 2.00 patients/month pre-implementation of the DOAC eligibility checklist to 17.69 patients/month post-implementation (p < 0.0001). In addition, referrals to the anticoagulation clinic significantly increased from a mean of 1.08–4.08 patients/month (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Use of an evidence-based checklist embedded into the inpatient EHR increased warfarin to DOAC conversions and supported overall antithrombosis stewardship efforts. Conversion rates remained fairly low. Further opportunity exists to optimize patient safety and health systems savings with ongoing stewardship efforts.

Characteristics of Hospitalized Pediatric Patients with a Malnutrition Diagnosis at Riley Hospital for Children

Background: A diagnosis of malnutrition in hospitalized patients has been shown to negatively affect clinical outcomes by impairing immune responses (a subsequently increasing infection and complication rates), increasing the average length of stay in the hospital, and increasing mortality. In the past, there have been efforts to study the characteristics and prevalence of pediatric populations diagnosed with malnutrition in a hospital setting, but until 2014, no universal standards were used for malnutrition diagnosis and documentation. In 2014, The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) introduced a recommendation for standardization of identification and documentation of pediatric malnutrition. These recommendations guided a series of malnutrition awareness initiatives at Riley Hospital for Children (Riley) with a focus on increasing malnutrition documentation efficiency and integrity. Subsequently, the number of malnutrition diagnoses at Riley has increased from 2016 when the initiative started through 2021.&#x0D; Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify characteristics of patient populations diagnosed with malnutrition that may benefit from early intervention.&#x0D; Methods: Individuals with a diagnosis of malnutrition at Riley Hospital for Children (excluding Obstetric patients) from the years 2019-2021 were included in this study. Patient level data was used to study average length of stay (LOS), 30-day readmission percentage, admitting service, primary diagnosis, and demographics of this population.&#x0D; Results: Preliminary data analysis suggests there is a decreasing trend in readmission within 30 days for patients diagnosed with malnutrition. A similar trend is seen in the entire population of patients treated at Riley Hospital for Children in the same period. Of note, the entire patient population of Riley has seen a decreasing average length of stay while the patient population with a malnutrition diagnosis have seen an increasing average LOS. These observations have not been evaluated for significance at this time.

Evaluation of an electronic health record documentation tool use to improve pharmacist intervention tracking in the intensive care unit

AbstractPurposePharmacists are integral members of the healthcare team, but interventions are not always captured due to documentation limitations. This study evaluated the impact of implementing a tracking tool to address gaps in capturing pharmacist interventions.MethodsA prospective, observational study was conducted to assess pharmacist interventions between July and November 2020. Twelve critical care pharmacists captured interventions on 10 weekdays using a tracking tool (iVent—Epic®) embedded in the electronic medical record (EMR) to capture high frequency interventions not standardly captured via existing standard note documentation (e.g., renal/hepatic dose adjustment, parenteral nutrition management). Value added of the interventions is proposed. Patients' baseline demographics, interventions, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) were collected. The primary outcome was to determine the added benefit of using a tracking tool within the EMR to capture pharmacist interventions compared to progress note documentation.ResultsTwo thousand seven hundred and eighty‐three interventions were documented on 514 unique patients over 120 pharmacist shifts. Of these, 2363 (84.9%) interventions were captured through iVent tracking. The median SOFA score on day of intervention was 4 [interquartile range (IQR) 2–7] and ICU LOS was 3.5 days [IQR 1.5–9]. The median number of interventions per patient per day was 2 [IQR 1–3]. A significant difference was observed among days of the week and the number of iVents documented (χ2 = 13.172, p = 0.01, df = 4). The post hoc pairwise comparison revealed more documented iVents on Tuesday than Friday.ConclusionThis study reveals that an iVent tracking tool increased total capture of pharmacist interventions by 563%. These interventions can be associated with value‐based programs and further work is needed in highlighting the pharmacist's role in these new payment models. This study confirms that the current standard practice at this institution of solely entering pharmacist progress notes into the patient chart misses a majority of pharmacist interventions.

Structured discharge documentation reduces sex-based disparities in statin prescription in vascular surgery patients

ObjectivePerioperative statin use has been shown to improve survival in vascular surgery patients. In 2018, the Northern California Vascular Study Group implemented a quality initiative focused on the use of a SmartText in the discharge summary. We hypothesized that structured discharge documentation would decrease sex-based disparities in evidence-based medical therapy. MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted using Vascular Quality Initiative eligible cases at a single institution. Open or endovascular procedures in the abdominal aorta or lower extremity arteries from 2016 to 2021 were included. Bivariate analysis identified factors associated with statin use and sex. Multivariate logistic regression was performed with the end point of statin prescription at discharge and aspirin prescription at discharge. An interaction term assessed the differential impact of the initiative on both sexes. Analysis was then stratified by prior aspirin or statin prescription. An interrupted time series analysis was used to evaluate the trend in statin prescription over time. ResultsOverall, 866 patients were included, including 292 (34%) female and 574 (66%) male patients. Before implementation, statins were prescribed in 77% of male and 62% of female patients (P < .01). After implementation, there was no statistically significant difference in statin prescription (91% in male vs 92% in female patients, P = .68). Female patients saw a larger improvement in the adjusted odds of statin prescription compared with male patients (odds ratio: 3.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.1-8.6, P = .04). For patients not prescribed a statin preoperatively, female patients again saw an even larger improvement in the odds of being prescribed a statin at discharge (odds ratio: 6.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.8-22.7, P < .01). Interrupted time series analysis demonstrated a sustained improvement in the frequency of prescription for both sexes over time. The unadjusted frequency of aspirin prescription also improved by 3.5% in male patients vs 5.5% in female patients. For patients not prescribed an aspirin preoperatively, we found that the frequency of aspirin prescription significantly improved for both male (19% increase, P = .006) and female (31% increase, P = .001) patients. There was no significant difference in the perioperative outcomes between male and female patients before and after standardized discharge documentation. ConclusionsA simple, low-cost regional quality improvement initiative eliminated sex-based disparities in statin prescription at a single institution. These findings highlight the meaningful impact of regional quality improvement projects. Future studies should examine the potential for structured discharge documentation to improve patient outcomes and reduce disparities.

About the First Edition of ‘Handbook of Lithuanian Information and Documentation Standards’

The rapidly increasing diversity of digital content formats and the possibility to preserve such content heightens the necessity of the interoperability of its identification, ascertaining its location and ensuring its access. All this can be realized only by applying standards, i.e., a specific type of documents, which create added value within the intellectual knowledge economy. The Lithuanian library community is not merely a passive consumer of standardization products and services but has a possibility set by law to be their active developer. In 2022, the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania published ‘Handbook of Lithuanian Information and Documentation Standards’ prepared by Dalia Jaskonienė, an aid for better understanding of the standardization of information science and documentation fields important for libraries. This publication must be seen as another important professional information source prepared by the Library’s standardization expert.

Diagnostic of Parent-Child-Interaction andTheir Relationship: Results from a Multiprofessional and Task Specific Survey

The assessment of parent-child interactions and relationships (PCIR) plays an important role for many diagnostic purposes in child and adolescent psychology and psychological health care. While child and adolescent psychology has been intensively researched, the field still faces a lack of knowledge about health care practice. To offer knowledge about practical routine needs and derived needs in these domains, we aimed to obtain information from professionals who routinely assess PCIR.We aimed to gain a basic description of task-specific diagnostic fields, professional staff and their education, their clients, key diagnostic questions, observational settings, guidelines used in assessing PCIR and professionals' personal understanding of PCIR. To gain information on how professionals assess PCIR, we used an online survey containing multiple choice questions and rating scales.We describe differences between task-specific diagnostic fields of inpatient and outpatient settings, consulting and officially appointed surveyors for court decision. Only responses from professionals performing PCIR are analyzed (N = 166). PCIR is regularly used for more than a half of children between 0-12 years of age and for more than a third of adolescents for answering a broad spectrum of diagnostical questions. We describe differences for nearly all facets of PCIR except for the content related domain. Based on these differences between task-specific fields, we give suggestions for standardized documentation of PCIR and how findings from this study can be used for scientific development.

Documentation of the different approaches of Varman by Varman practitioners in Tamilnadu for Azhalkeel Vaayu (Knee Joint pain)

Varmam is a unique therapeutic technique discovered by Siddhars. Immediate pain relief is possible by manipulating Varmam points. Various schools of thought exist among Siddha practitioners. This treatment methodology is taught by the Guru Disciple method (Gurukulamkalvi). Each guru had some uniqueness in their treatment methodology. There is no standard compilation and documentation available about these treatment methodologies. Many cases were treated with the complaint of knee joint pain in Varmam OPD, GSMC, Chennai. This study aims to find the differences and similarities between the treatment methodologies practiced by Varmam practitioners and to document the uniqueness of Varmam points for Knee joint pain. Methodology: The study was conducted in three zones of Tamil Nadu. The response rate for this study is 66.67%. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 20 questions which took 20 minutes for the practitioner to fill and the written consent form was obtained from the Varmam practitioners. Result: This study indicates that each Varmam practitioner who trained under different guru-disciple methods had different approaches to treating knee joint pain. Overall 45 different Varmam names were collected from the practitioners. Some of these points share the same anatomical location. Some Varmam point names are more common among many practitioners but their anatomical location varies. Many controversies arise among the Varmam practitioners on locating the Varmam points. Compiling and documenting these points used by Varmam practitioners of different guru-disciple methods will pave way for future studies on standardizing the location of Varmam points.

Blockchain in the shipping industry: A proposal for the use of blockchain for SMEs in the maritime industry

The main objective of this study is to address one of the significant challenges maritime SMEs, as well as the whole industry, are facing concerning the general necessity to digitize the global supply chain: the lack of transparent information flows between participants and the non-existing documentation standards. This objective includes a proposal of using blockchain technology for data sharing as a solution to counter this challenge.To understand how a blockchain-based data-sharing platform would succeed and tackle this challenge, TradeLens was selected as a case study. The literature review has addressed the shipping industry as a whole, blockchain technology, and its features and current initiatives that facilitate this technology.The case study analysis and discussion focused on the architecture, data sharing model, and standards for documentation as well as challenges associated with the solution TradeLens is offering for maritime enterprises. From this analysis, implications for SMEs have been elaborated. Concluding these implications have been validated through interviews with industry experts and strategic decision-makers in maritime SMEs.

Improving Primary Healthcare Access for Asylum Seekers and Refugees: A Qualitative Study From a Swiss Family Physician Perspective.

Since 2015 the need for evidence-based guidance in primary health care management of refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants has dramatically increased. The aims of this study were to identify the challenges met by primary care physicians in Switzerland, by performing semi-structured interviews and to identify possible approaches and interventions. Between January 2019 and January 2020, 20 GPs in 3 Swiss cantons were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed, coded with MAXQDA 18, and analyzed using the framework methodology. Following relevant findings were highlighted; (i) problems relating to health insurance companies among (health-insured) asylum seekers and refugees were negligible; (ii) there is a high acceptance for vaccination by refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants; (iii) limitations in time for consultations and adequate reimbursement for practitioners pose a serious challenge; (iv) the majority of consultations are complaint-oriented, preventive consultations are rare; and (v) the language barrier is a major challenge for psychosocial consultations, whereas this appears less relevant for somatic complaints. The following issues were identified as high priority needs by the study participants; (i) increased networking between GPs, that is, establishing bridging services with asylum centers, (ii) improved training opportunities for GPs in Migration Medicine with regular updates of current guidelines, and (iii) a standardisation of health documentation facilitating exchange of medical data, that is, digital/paper-based "health booklet" or "health pass."

Синдицированное кредитование для малого и среднего бизнеса

Being one of the main instruments of corporate financing, a syndicated loan is provided to the borrower by two or more lenders, subject to the use of standard legal documentation. The subject of the study is the syndicated lending market as a source of attracting financing for small and medium—sized businesses. The objectives of the work are to establish the advantages and disadvantages of syndicated loans from the point of view of borrowers in the segment of small and medium—sized businesses; description of syndicated lending market instruments – revolving credit lines, term loans, investment financing transactions that can be used by borrowers to attract credit resources; comparative analysis of "classic" syndicated loans and syndicated transactions for small and medium-sized businesses on such parameters as applicable tools, loan volume, loan term, transaction participants, legal documentation, information package, transaction implementation schedule. The article concludes that a syndicated loan can become an important tool for attracting financing for small and medium-sized businesses. Such transactions will be carried out by banks, which are the main financial partners of borrowers, using standard forms of legal documentation and using specialized financial technologies to optimize the transaction process. The combination of these factors will allow a new segment of the Russian syndicated lending market to appear in the future – a segment of transactions for borrowers of small and medium-sized businesses.

Perceptions of Facilitators and Barriers to Smoking Cessation Among Patients and Providers in a Cancer Center: A Single Institution Qualitative Exploratory Study.

Cancer patients who remain tobacco users have poorer outcomes, including increased mortality and decreased treatment tolerance; however, cessation post-diagnosis is challenging. Our formative research explored cessation-related perspectives among patients and staff at one National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center, to inform improving cessation services within oncology care. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, a purposive sample of current cancer patients (n = 13) and cancer center physicians and cessation program staff (n = 9) were recruited to complete one-on-one audio-recorded in-depth qualitative interviews, to explore experiences providing or receiving cessation support, and perspectives on patients' readiness and needs regarding cessation. Thematic coding utilized Green's predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing framework to identify factors having positive, negative, or mixed impact on delivery of best-practices cessation services (ie, 5As) and patient cessation success. Patients identified cancer diagnosis as a wake-up call, existing health problems, persistent healthcare providers, cost of cigarettes, and societal disapproval of smoking as factors facilitating quitting. Futility of quitting after a cancer diagnosis, cost and logistics of program participation, clinician time constraints, and lifetime addiction made quitting harder. Family, friends, stigma and motivation, and pharmacotherapies played mixed roles. Patients felt survivor-focused cessation programs, including stress management, could better enable quitting. Provider-anticipated problems with implementing cessation counseling included so-called "therapeutic nihilism" (ie, pessimism regarding cessation post-diagnosis), lack of training and standardized approaches, and time and documentation burden. Clinicians saw both policies and peer clinician "champions" as potentially increasing prioritization of cessation within oncology. Findings highlight unmet needs for patients and providers regarding provision of effective cessation care. Despite survival benefit, cessation is still not standard within cancer care. Our results show that many patients would benefit from standardized programs where they are routinely asked about cessation. Providers would benefit from both structural enhancements and professional education to ensure that evidence-based cessation services tailored to cancer patients, are offered throughout treatment and survivorship.

THE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF BAHASA INGGRIS TEXTBOOK USED IN THE FIRST CLASS OF SENIOR HIGHT SCHOOL 1 NAN SABARIS

This research was based on varieties textbook circulating in learning. The method used in this research is descriptive research method, by analyzing the book "English" Semester 1 published by the Ministry of Education and Culture, English Language Book Revised 2017. The instrument used by the researcher was the Assessment rubric from the National Education Standards Agency Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (BSNP) and Documentation. The data were analyzed by using the conformity tabulation of the BSNP rubric and the range category in percentage form. The results of this study indicate that the total percentage obtained is 93.75% and is included in the Good category. This total percentage is obtained from the score on Material Completeness in 5 chapters getting a score of 4 or reaching 95% of the completeness of the material and 1 chapter getting a score of 1 or less than 95% of the completeness of the material. The in-depth score obtained in 5 chapters gets a score of 4 or 95% of the specified in-depth and 1 chapter gets a score of 1 or less than the specified 95% in-depth. The percentage assessment on the Social Function from Chapters 1-6 gets a score of 6 or reaches 95% of the social function provisions of the BSNP. The percentage value of Generic Structure here is 5 chapters getting a score of 4 or meeting 95% of the Generic Structure standards available in the BSNP rubric and 1 chapter getting a score of 1 or the achievement of Generic Structure is less than 95%, the percentage results from Linguistic Features in all the subjects studied are from the chapter 1-6 get a score of 4 or the percentage of achievement from Linguistic Features reaches 95%. The percentage achievement for Supporting Materials has 3 assessment points, namely Relevance, Development of Life Skills and Development of Diversity Insight. Here in chapters 1-6 each gets a score of 4 or reaches 95% of each category. So based on the results that have been examined in this study, the percentage category of achievement of this book is included in the Good category.

Implementing a localized version of the CEFR-based curriculum in Israel.

This research addresses the implementation of the new Israeli English curriculum based on the CEFR and its introduction to lead-teachers, teacher-mentors and teacher-educators defined as ‘expert’ according to Israel’s Professional Standards Document (Ministry of Education 2019). To create reciprocal study and interaction with the curriculum document while disseminating it to EFL teachers throughout the country, these experts were led to conduct a multilevel interactive discourse, characterized by the ripple effect metaphor within Professional Learning Communities (henceforth PLCs). Examination of this interactive discourse within the PLC framework reflects the incorporation of a unique application design that draws on EFL curriculum implementation as a national policy and concurrently provides insight into the delivery of the curriculum designed to elicit critical meditative conversations. While applying a PLC setting, we demonstrate collaborative dialogues and knowledge construction by participant ‘experts’ as they learn the curriculum through social interaction, activating conceptual curriculum language as a mediational tool and verbalizing or ‘languaging’ the meaning making process (Swain 2006; Watanabe and Swain 2007). Thus, we ascertain that the expert-teachers’ knowledge of the curriculum is constructed within the PLC structure as they explore methods to mediate the curriculum. To capture the scope of the interaction and delineate this knowledge construction, we collected, transcribed and analyzed asynchronous logs written by each participant, and four collaboratively written (socially constructed) group logs which together form the source of the current qualitative study.

Study of Different Estimation Techniques for a Micro-Phasor Measurement Unit Implementation

Distribution power networks are very complex, due to the great number nodes, short distances, and small amplitude and phase angle differences between nodes, faster dynamics and lack of standard documentation. Thus, these complexities have raised the need to develop new Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) called Micro-Phasor Measurement Unit (μPMU) with high accuracy and high precision. In this work, several estimation techniques have been investigated so far for improving effectiveness and accuracy of this micro-PMU.

Unification of document flow in the USSR: historical and legal aspect

The subject. The growth of document flow is associated with a complex of reasons, among which there are objective factors. However, there is often an unjustified increase in the number of documents created and processed in institutions. This is due to the presence of unnecessary, unused forms, duplication of electronic documents with traditional and others. Measures to improve and rationalize the organization of document flow contribute to solving these problems. Identifying the main trends and problems in this area will help determine ways to improve the current system of document management standardization in Russia. In Russian science, no attempts have been made so far to identify the main stages in the history of the development of standardization of document management. In this connection, the problem of periodization of the development of standardization of document flow in Russia for the purpose of systematization and scientific generalization of this field of knowledge comes to the fore.The purpose of the article is to identify the prerequisites for the origin of document unification, as well as to characterize the periods of development and main directions of document flow standardization in the USSR.The methodology includes historical-legal method, formal-legal method, systematic approach, chronological method, analysis, synthesis.The main results of research. This study identifies and characterizes the main periods of development and the main directions of standardization of document flow in the USSR, and also defines the characteristic features of standardization of document flow in the designated period. A chronological approach can serve to achieve this goal, which allows us to trace the evolutionary development of document management standardization in the Soviet period.Conclusions. The study of the legal regulation of standardization of documentation in the USSR allows us to conclude that the Soviet stage was associated with the direct emergence of standardization as a sphere of state policy in general and document management in particular. In this regard, it is proposed to distinguish three periods in the historiography of the problem: 1917 – early 1960s and 1960s – 1970s.

Architectural Inventories. Evolution of Graphic Documentation of Heritage

One of the main problems of the inventory of architectural heritage is managing and storing large amounts of information in different formats, in addition to the need to organize and manage the information generated by collaborative work between the different technicians who participate in the documentation process. The solution involves the development of a model capable of incorporating information on a layered support and allowing analysis and management, as well as interoperability between tools and other systems throughout the entire life cycle of the building. To carry out this work, two methodologies have been selected to verify their effectiveness in the field of architectural heritage inventory, covering the specific needs of generating a complete graphic database of the building. The Arches platform, a free open source software developed to carry out inventories, has been chosen for its interoperability, specificity and all the characteristics and functions described above. In turn, a WebGIS has been developed using free software standards and technology, to examine the possibilities it offers in relation to specific inventory programs. As a result, the creation of an Information System of the Mudejar Architectural Heritage of Aragón has been proposed, with the purpose of integrating under a common support, all the documentation and graphic information available on the heritage asset. The research limitations are the creation of a geo-referenced database, with geometric information on each building, which addresses the cataloguing of more than 200 assets, due to the uniqueness of this architectural style. The information is stored complying with the documentation standards to ensure interoperability and accessibility to the data.

Review of the notions of distributed ledger technologies and digital assets for harmonization of their joint use

Objective:to analyze the transforming socio-economic relations of the new “digital normality”, to which end the task is solved of bringing into line the terminology used in business turnover between various participants in the digital assets market, in the practical financial activities of economic entities arising in a specific territory, in a certain legal field, and contained in the recommendatory technical documentation (standards).Methods:the article uses systematic and analytical approaches, logical and comparative methods.Results:despite the active use of distributed ledger technologies, theory and practice are currently characterized by a large number of legal and business definitions describing the organization of business processes in this area. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the meaning of various terms of the digital economy was studied. In the course of studying technical terminology, such concepts as a distributed ledger, network nodes, blockchain, etc. were defined. The analysis of financial and economic terms is based on fintech definitions, such as digital asset, cryptocurrency, digital currency, digital financial asset, token, etc. The terms of the digital economy are considered from the perspective of so-called tokenomics, including such as token ecosystem, DLT user, DLT platform, decentralized application, etc.Scientific novelty: the terminology obtained was structured as a theoretical basis with a specification for the digital asset market and use in financial market reform.Practical significance: this review has been prepared: 1) to systematically familiarize the professional community with existing trends; 2) to harmonize socio-economic relations by developing common local recommendations (standards); 3) to develop the market for digital assets produced using distributed ledger technologies through understanding basic concepts.

Developing awareness of the national heritage and some values of citizenship among the kindergarten Child In light of the National Standards Document for Kindergarten

Developing awareness of the national heritage and some values of citizenship among the kindergarten Child In light of the National Standards Document for Kindergarten