Standards For Others Research Articles

The associations between grandiose narcissism and perfectionism: New insights into an old debate

A long tradition of research has focused on the association between narcissism and perfectionism. The current research investigates this association by differentiating between assertive and antagonistic aspects of grandiose narcissism, as described in the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept. Participants (n = 402) completed the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire as well as two widely used measures of perfectionism. Results showed that the pattern of correlations that Admiration and Rivalry exhibited with several aspects and dimensions of perfectionism can be efficiently summarized by embracing the distinction between the overarching factors of Perfectionistic Strivings and Concerns. Admiration correlated primarily with Perfectionistic Strivings, an individual's tendency to set high standards of performance that may encompass adaptive features. Rivalry, by contrast, was mostly related to Perfectionistic Concerns, which predominantly reflects maladaptive aspects (e.g., concern over others' expectations, self-doubts, and negative reactions to perceived failure). This pattern holds even after controlling for outwardly directed forms of perfectionism, such as the tendency to set unrealistically high standards for others and harshly devaluate their imperfections. Findings from this study provide novel insight into how different manifestations of grandiose narcissism (i.e., aggrandizing oneself and devaluating others) are related to distinct aspects of perfectionism.

Target analysis and retrospective screening of contaminants in ready-to-eat cooked ham samples through UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

The use of veterinary drugs (VDs) is widely administered to animals for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. However, their improper use may involve their occurrence in the final products intended for human consumption. In this scientific work, a method for the investigation of target (n = 30) VDs residues and retrospective suspect screening followed by confirmation using analytical standards of others 38 contaminants in ready-to-eat cooked ham by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was developed. The extraction was performed based on the QuEChERS approach and validated in accordance with the European Regulation 2021/808. The application of the in-house validated method to ready-to-eat cooked ham showed the occurrence of fourteen VDs residues. Despite the important incidence, the concentration levels found were below the maximum residue limits set for VDs in porcine muscle, except for colchicine. Constant monitoring of animals derived food is strongly recommended to ensure the food safety of consumers.

In Case You Haven't Heard…

Are you a perfectionist? If so, you have a lot in common with many professionals, including doctors, and you have a propensity for alcohol use disorder (AUD) because that's engraved in your personality, a new study has found. According to the study, some kinds of perfectionism play a role in the development of severe AUD. The study, conducted by researchers in Belgium, linked self‐oriented perfectionism (exaggerated performance standards placed on oneself), socially‐prescribed perfectionism (a perception of high expectations coming from other people), and other‐orientated perfectionism (setting unrealistically high standards for others), to vulnerability for severe AUD. The study was published in Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. For more, see https://www.newswise.com/articles/perfectionism‐may‐be‐a‐risk‐factor‐for‐severe‐alcohol‐use‐disorder‐novel‐study‐shows

КОНЦЕПТ «ПЕРФЕКЦІОНІЗМ» У СВІДОМОСТІ НАУКОВО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО ПЕРСОНАЛУ ВИЩОЇ ШКОЛИ

The investigation of teacher’s perfectionism is quite relevant due to the Ukrainian integration of higher education into the European educational space and the conversion to a new modernized model of higher education. These factors determine the desire to be better and promotes perfectionism. In the literature there is any generally accepted conceptual basis of perfectionism and therefore there is any distinct, universal term. Using the authors’ questionnaire, which included ending incomplete sentences and content analysis of the obtained results, the authors divide the respondents' answers into several groups: «Striving for ideal and perfection», «Belief that an ideal can and should be achieved», «The desire to perform every action perfectly», «The belief that the imperfect result of work cannot be acceptable», «Harmful desire for perfection», «The need of self-improvement», «A person’s tendency to set high standards for others and for itself», «Order and discipline».

КОНЦЕПТ «ПЕРФЕКЦІОНІЗМ» У СВІДОМОСТІ НАУКОВО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО ПЕРСОНАЛУ ВИЩОЇ ШКОЛИ

The investigation of teacher’s perfectionism is quite relevant due to the Ukrainian integration of higher education into the European educational space and the conversion to a new modernized model of higher education. These factors determine the desire to be better and promotes perfectionism. In the literature there is any generally accepted conceptual basis of perfectionism and therefore there is any distinct, universal term. Using the authors’ questionnaire, which included ending incomplete sentences and content analysis of the obtained results, the authors divide the respondents' answers into several groups: «Striving for ideal and perfection», «Belief that an ideal can and should be achieved», «The desire to perform every action perfectly», «The belief that the imperfect result of work cannot be acceptable», «Harmful desire for perfection», «The need of self-improvement», «A person’s tendency to set high standards for others and for itself», «Order and discipline».

Social networks formed by follower–followee relationships on academic social networking sites: an examination of corporation users

As academic social networking sites become important platforms for researchers to carry out research activities, more and more corporation researchers begin to use them. This paper explores the academic interactive behaviors of corporation users on academic social networking sites based on their social networks formed by follower–followee relationships. We take ResearchGate (RG), one of the largest popular academic social networking sites, as the research object, and obtain users’ follower–followee data from top 100 research corporations to reveal their interactive characteristics from perspectives of regional distribution, institutional type and research area using social network analysis. Results demonstrate that corporation users tend to connect with institutional users in regions with high research impact, and that they interact most significantly with universities among types of institutions. Very few interdisciplinary interactions are observed in academic social networks of corporation users, with technology being the only field where such interactions are likely to happen. We discuss users’ social networks on academic social networking sites from the perspective of corporations. Our findings target top research corporations for setting standards for others to utilize academic social networking sites, guide corporation users to conduct scientific communication across regions and research areas, and encourage corporations to carry out industry–university–research cooperations on academic social networking sites.

Relacije asertivnosti i perfekcionizma

The aim of this paper was to examine whether there is a connection between assertiveness and perfectionism and whether there are gender differences in expressing assertiveness and perfectionism. The study was conducted on 201 respondents aged 20 to 50. The Assertiveness Assessment Scale (Tovilović, Okanović, and Krstić, 2009) consists of 27 items, which measure the degrees of assertiveness, ranging from Extremely low assertiveness, Low assertiveness, Average assertiveness, High assertiveness, to Extremely high assertiveness. The Perfectionism Inventory (PI, Hill, Huelsman, Furr, Kibler, Vicente & Kennedy, 2004) consists of 59 items divided into eight dimensions for measuring perfectionism: Concern over Mistakes, High Standards for Others, Need for Approval, Organization, Perceived Parental Pressure, Planfulness, Rumination, Striving for excellence. The research results have shown that there is a significant negative correlation between assertiveness and the overall score on the perfectionism scale (r=-.28, p<.01). Furthermore, there is a significant negative correlation between assertiveness with the following dimensions of perfectionism: concern over mistakes (r=-.49, p<.01), need for approval (r=-.53, p<.01), negative attitude and thinking (r=-.42, p<.01), on the other hand, assertiveness positively correlates with the organization dimension (r=.29, p< .01). When it comes to gender differences, making mistakes present the greatest concern for men (t=2.47, p<.05), while organization presents the greatest concern for women (t=3.44, p<.01).

Personality and perfectionism as predictors of life satisfaction: The unique contribution of having high standards for others

Life satisfaction is directly related to positive mental and physical health outcomes. As such, the promotion of life satisfaction is desirable. To facilitate this process, it is beneficial to identify significant predictors of life satisfaction. Although previous research has established that personality is a reliable predictor of life satisfaction, personality is not easily modifiable. In contrast, perfectionism can be effectively adapted with appropriate therapy, leading to decreases in mental illness symptomology. The present study sought to determine if different aspects of perfectionism predicted life satisfaction beyond the influence of personality. A total of 448 online participants (75% female) completed questionnaires assessing life satisfaction, perfectionism, and personality. Results of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that lower scores on neuroticism (being emotionally stable; p &lt; 0.001) and higher scores on extraversion ( p &lt; 0.001) and conscientiousness ( p = 0.003) significantly predicted life satisfaction. In addition, one aspect of perfectionism, high standards for others ( p = 0.001), positively predicted life satisfaction beyond the influence of personality. We suggest that encouraging individuals to hold others to high standards is an effective strategy that may foster shared goals and achievements, which in turn may improve overall life satisfaction.

PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF PERFECTIONISM

The aim of this study was to explore the role of personality traits as predictors of perfectionism and to determine the existence of gender differences in the ways perfectionism is manifested. The study was conducted on 302 respondents aged 18 to 57. The Perfectionism Inventory scale (PI) used to measure perfectionism assesses lower-order perfectionism facets: Concern Over Mistakes, High Standards for Others, Need for Approval, Organization, Perceived Parental Pressure, Planfulness, Rumination, and Striving for Excellence; and three higher-order facets: Conscientious Perfectionism, Self-Evaluative Perfectionism and Perfectionism Inventory Composite. The Big Five Inventory (BFI), based on the Big Five model of personality, was used for the evaluation of personality traits: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Openness to experience. In determining gender differences, the t-test was used. Men scored higher than women on Organization, Planfulness, and Conscientious Perfectionism, whereas women scored higher than men on Perceived Parental Pressure. Three multiple regression analyses were conducted, one for each of the tested criterion variables, to test the significance of predictors of perfectionism. Predictor variables were the five dimensions of personality traits, and the criterion variables were the dimensions of higher-order perfectionism. All three tested models have statistical significance, and the sum of the predictors, made up of basic personality traits, accounts for one-fifth to one-third of the variance in the criterion measures of perfectionism. Almost all personality traits are shown to be significant predictors of perfectionism, with the exception of Conscientiousness, which is not a predictor of Self-Evaluative Perfectionism. Based on the results, it can be concluded that perfectionists generally keep to themselves, are less tolerant towards others, often worry, are sensitive to their own actions as well as those of others, but also open to new experiences. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the social adaptation and functioning of young adults, including young athletes.

Generosity and guilt: The role of beliefs and moral standards of others

Why are people generous? One reason may be to avoid feeling guilt – in terms of failing to meet others’ expectations or in terms of failing to meet others’ moral standards. The present article reports an experiment using the ‘dictator game’ while manipulating the dictators’ beliefs about the receivers’ expectations and moral standards. The results indicate that generosity is indeed driven by guilt-aversion: Dictators are more generous when the receiver expects more, and also when the receiver considers that dictators should, morally speaking, give more. If dictators were motivated by pure altruism or equity concerns, the receiver’s expectations or moral beliefs should not matter.

Sexual Self-Esteem and Perfectionism in Women With and Without Overweight

The purpose of this study was to examine sexual self-esteem and perfectionism among Iranian women with and without overweight based on the role of age and education; and to investigate the relationships of sexual self-esteem, perfectionism, and body mass index in a sample of adult women. Participants were 200 women with and without overweight who were selected following a purposive sampling method from Shiraz City, Iran. A demographic questionnaire, Sexual Self-Esteem Inventory for Women (SSEI-W), and Perfectionism Inventory (PI) were used. Resulting data showed that women without overweight had higher total scores of sexual self-esteem and on the WWEI-W subscale of attractiveness compared with women who are overweight. Also, women who are overweight had higher total scores of perfectionism, as well as higher scores on subscales of interpersonal sensitivity and high standards for others compared to women without overweight. There was no significant effect for age and educational level on sexual self-esteem and perfectionism. The results demonstrated significantly negative relationships between overall sexual self-esteem, attractiveness subscale of sexual self-esteem, and body mass index. Also, the overall perfectionism and interpersonal sensitivity, striving for excellence, organization, and standards for others subscales of perfectionism had a significant positive relationship to the body mass index.

한국판 PI(Perfectionism Inventory)의 타당화 연구: 영재학생을 대상으로

This study is aimed at validation of the Korean Version of the Perfectionism Inventory which was developed by Hill et al.(2004). To do so, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with 167 science high school and 161 middle school gifted students were conducted. It appeared 6 factor structure consisting of 'Self-Evaluative Perfection Strivings', 'Parental Pressure', 'Planfulness', 'Striving for Excellence', 'High Standards for Others', and 'Organization', which does not support 8 factor of the original scale. As a result, Cronbach's ranged from .78 to .92 for subscale of PI and .93 for the total scale. The fit of measurement model was found to be (df=792, p=.00), TLI=.903, CFI=.911, RMSEA=.047, indicating most of fit indexes were acceptable. Also, the validity of the scale was examined by the correlations between the PI and MPS. PI Korean version is significant to confirm the factor structure and validity of perfectionism which was influenced by characteristics of gifted students and Korean culture. These results show that the PI is quite reliable and valid tool for measuring perfectionism for gifted students.

An Investigation of Psychometric Properties of Perfectionism Inventory in Iranian Sample

This study was an attempt to investigate the psychometric properties of the Perfectionism Inventory (Hill, Huelsman, Furr, Kibler, Vicente, & Kennedy, 2004) in a sample of 512 Iranian state university students. Results show internal consistency of scores on total scale (.926) and all of subscales (.751 to .913). Exploratory Factor Analysis using a varimax rotation suggested only 6 underlying subscales instead of 8 subscales, reported by hill & et al. (2004), including: Interpersonal Sensitivity (IS), Striving for Excellence (SE), Organization (O), Perceived Parental Pressure (PPP), Planfulness (P), and High Standards for Others (HSO). Furthermore, test-retest reliability for PI over a month interval was acceptable (r=.736, n=50, p<.001); moreover, the PI scales revealed adequate convergent validity with Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (1990) (r=.741, n=59, p<.0005).

The Effects of Other‐Oriented Perfectionism and Conscientiousness on Helping at Work

Workers high in other‐oriented perfectionism have unreasonable standards for others and place considerable importance on others meeting these standards. Although other‐oriented perfectionism is thought to be maladaptive, we investigated whether other‐oriented perfectionists might help others achieve the high standards that they set for them by engaging in task‐focused interpersonal citizenship behaviors (ICB). We suggest that the relationship between an individual's other‐oriented perfectionism tendencies and his or her task‐focused ICB is non‐linear. Furthermore and in line with trait interactionist theory, we argue that an individual's conscientiousness moderates the other‐oriented perfectionism–task focused ICB relationship. As hypothesised, data from 154 employees of a public sector organisation, using self‐reports of personality and supervisor reports of task‐focused ICB, revealed that increases in other‐oriented perfectionism for workers high in conscientiousness generally led to those employees engaging in greater levels of task‐focused ICB. However, there were diminishing returns at high levels of other‐oriented perfectionism. The opposite was found amongst workers low in conscientiousness. Thus, we conclude that conscientiousness brings out a bright side of other‐oriented perfectionism.

Bertram Scharf and his critical contributions to the field

Jerry Tobias introduced me to Bert Scharf via his book Foundations of Modern Auditory Theory. Our research in the 1970s was on the prediction of speech intelligibility from acoustic measurements; the similarity between Fletcher's 20 frequency bands of equal contributions to intelligibility and psychoacoustic measurements of critical bands was of great interest. Bert's chapter on critical bands provided an insightful, comprehensive, concise, and critical review of the state of the art in critical-band research. Our mutual research interests brought us together when he asked me to review a draft of a paper he was preparing. My review was highly critical and after submitting it to him I felt I had been too unforgiving in my review (reviewers can be wrong). I called him to explain that I had been overly critical of a fine paper. His response was the opposite of what I expected. He said it was the best review he had received and that he was extremely grateful for my input. I realized then that he—not only set high standards for others—but for himself as well. By adhering consistently to his high standards, his many contributions to the field have been long-lasting and critical.

Parental involvement and gender differences in the psychological profile of freshmen collegiate athletes

BackgroundThe parent-to-child influences can be adaptive and contribute to the optimal psychological well-being and positive perception of the athlete. Contrary to the healthy parental involvement, a family can also have negative effects on an athlete development. The purpose of this study was to determine gender, father involvement, and mother involvement differences in the psychological profiles of collegiate freshmen athletes as measured by perfectionism, physical self-concept, and psychological well-being. MethodsEighty-two male and 73 female collegiate freshmen responded to self-reported measures of family involvement, perfectionism, physical self-concept, and psychological well-being. Three separate 2 × 2 × 2 (gender × mother involvement × father involvement) factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVAs) were carried out on the respective subscales from the reported measures. ResultsThere were significant differences for gender as well as father involvement in perfectionism (p < 0.01). Freshmen females had lower concern over mistakes, and greater levels of organization as well as planfulness than males. Furthermore, freshmen athletes with high involved fathers showed greater levels of high standards for others as well as organization. ConclusionFather involvement and mother involvement impact extends through the freshmen year in college as shown in the athletes' perfectionism, physical self-concept, and psychological well-being. Future research should develop better measures and utilize a family systems perspective.

Introduction: Globalization–Poverty Channels and Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa

In 2004 the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) embarked on a large-scale research project on the ‘Impact of Globalization on the World’s Poor’ co-directed by Machiko Nissanke and Erik Thorbecke. The first conference was essentially conceptual in nature, meant to understand better the various mechanisms and channels through which globalization affects the poor either directly or indirectly. The other three conferences focused on each of the major regions of the developing world: Asia, Africa and Latin America. Theobjectivesofthisintroductionarethreefold:first,toreviewbrieflyhow the forces of globalization influence poverty in general; second, to describe and discuss the main transmission channels and mechanisms; and third to analyze the impact of globalization on Africa and present an overview of the six Africa case studies included in this issue. 1. The Impact of Globalization on the World’s Poor Globalization provides a strong potential for a major reduction in poverty in the developing world because it creates an environment conducive to fastereconomicgrowthandtransmissionofknowledge. 1 However,structural factors and policies within the world economy and national economies have impeded the full transmission of the benefits of the various channels of globalization for poverty reduction. In particular sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) hasbeenrelativelylessaffectedbytheforcesofglobalizationthanotherparts of the world. World income distribution continues to be very unequal and many poor countries particularly in Africa are stagnating. Moreover, there is much empirical evidence that openness contributes to more within-country

Cognitive Links Between Fear Of Failure And Perfectionism

This study investigated links between three forms of perfectionism and beliefs associated with fear of failure (FF). College students (N = 372) enrolled in physical activity classes completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory in a single session. After controlling for other forms of perfectionism, only socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) was strongly associated with beliefs that failure led to aversive interpersonal consequences (i.e., important others losing interest, upsetting important others). Other-oriented perfectionism (OOP) exhibited a weak negative relation with beliefs that failure would lead to devaluation of one’s self-estimate; individuals who held the highest standards for others’ behavior had the weakest beliefs that failure would lead to them devaluing their self-estimate. Self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) was not associated with any beliefs that failure led to aversive consequences; however, when SOP and OOP were simultaneously elevated, they contributed positively to fears of experiencing shame and embarrassment (above and beyond main effects of SPP). Collectively these findings indicated that FF was not ubiquitous with all forms of perfectionism because the specific beliefs about the consequences of failure that underlie different forms of perfectionism varied tremendously.

Inventing higher purpose through suffering: The transformation of the transformational leader

The article is an empirical study of how 10 transformational leaders of global social change invented their higher purpose. The inductively developed propositions capture the dynamic interplay of individual consciousness and external phenomena, and reveal processes apparently crucial to the construction of their higher purpose. The development of their higher purpose is elucidated by four propositions that demonstrate how the leaders awakened from entranced consciousness by (a) reframing personal suffering in the light of perceived eternal truths, (b) referencing inspiring standards of others in reflecting upon suffering, (c) reinforcing their identification with others in suffering, (d) reorienting themselves toward serving others in suffering by invoking their perceived eternal truths. The construct of trance, an unreflective consciousness from which individuals emit pat responses to the demands of everyday living, serves as the theoretical foil to interpret the processes involved in inventing higher purpose.

A New Measure of Perfectionism:The Perfectionism Inventory

In this investigation, we produced a new 8-scale measure of perfectionism called the Perfectionism Inventory (PI) that is designed to capture the important constructs provided by 2 existing Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991b) measures, along with new perfectionism scales. In the results from 3 studies, we describe scale development, scale psychometric properties, and criterion-related validity evidence for the 8 PI scales: Concern Over Mistakes, High Standards for Others, Need for Approval, Organization, Parental Pressure, Planfulness, Rumination, and Striving for Excellence. We present relationships between the 8 PI scales, relevant MPS scales, and other criterion measures. Second-order exploratory and confirmatory analyses provide support for the 8-scale PI model as well as support for 2 composite PI factors labeled Conscientious Perfectionism and Self-Evaluative Perfectionism.