Standardized Root Mean Square Residual Research Articles

Bulgarian version of the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL-19)

ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the UK English Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life version 19 (ADDQOL-19) into Bulgarian and explore the psychometric properties of the ADDQoL-19 BUL. The formalized linguistic procedure was used to develop the Bulgarian version of the ADDQoL-19 BUL. The ADDQoL was assessed for the following: internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha); test--retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)); factor structure and known-groups validity (insulin requiring vs. non-insulin requiring, with vs. without diabetes-related complications, overweight/obese vs. not overweight/obese). A total of 423 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) participated in the study. The mean age was 59.92 years (standard deviation (SD) 11.60, range 28–88 years), and 52.6% were male. Internal consistency (α = 0.922) and the 3-week test–retest stability (intraclass correlation = 0.99) were high. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the one-factor structure of the ADDQoL-19 fits moderately (χ2 = 230.63, df = 136, p < 0.001, SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) of 0.05, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) of 0.06, CFI (Comparative Fit Index) of 0.95). Standardized coefficients showed that all domains loaded 0.4, except for one item. The total score was negatively associated with HbA1c (r = −0.10; p < 0.05), indicating that lower scores were related to poorer glycaemic control. In conclusion, the Bulgarian version of the ADDQoL-19 has good psychometric properties and provides clinicians and researchers with a useful tool for comprehensive assessment of the quality of life in adults with diabetes mellitus.

Assessing the Size of Model Misfit in Structural Equation Models.

When a statistically significant mean difference is found, the magnitude of the difference is judged qualitatively using an effect size such as Cohen's d. In contrast, in a structural equation model (SEM), the result of the statistical test of model fit is often disregarded if significant, and inferences are drawn using "close" models retained based on point estimates of sample statistics (goodness-of-fit indices). However, when a SEM cannot be retained using a test of exact fit, all substantive inferences drawn from it are suspect. It is therefore important to determine the size of the model misfit. Standardized residual covariances and residual correlations provide standardized effect sizes of the misfit of SEM models. They can be summarized using the Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual (SRMSR) and the Correlation Root Mean Squared Residual (CRMSR) which can be used as overall effect sizes of the misfit. Statistical theory is provided that allows the construction of confidence intervals and tests of close fit based on the SRMSR and CRMSR. It is hoped that the use of standardized effect sizes of misfit will help reconcile current practices in SEM and elsewhere in statistics.

Psychometric evaluation of the Finnish version of the impact on participation and autonomy questionnaire in persons with multiple sclerosis

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the impact on participation and autonomy (IPA) questionnaire. The Finnish version of IPA (IPAFin) was translated into Finnish using the protocol for linguistic validation for patient-reported outcomes instruments.Methods: A total of 194 persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) (mean age 50 years SD 9, 72% female) with moderate to severe disability participated in this study. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the four factor structure of the IPAFin. The work and educational opportunities domain was excluded from analysis, because it was only applicable to 51 persons. Internal consistency was investigated by calculating Cronbach’s alpha.Results: CFA confirmed the construct validity of the IPA (standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.06, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.93, Tucker–Lewis index =0.93, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06), indicating a good fit to the model. There was no difference in the models for females and males. Cronbach’s alpha for the domains ranged between 0.80 and 0.91, indicating good homogeneity.Conclusions: The construct validity and reliability of the IPAFin is acceptable. IPAFin is a suitable measure of participation in persons with MS.

Exploration of Health Status, Illness Perceptions, Coping Strategies, Psychological Morbidity, and Quality of Life in Individuals With Fecal Ostomies.

In a previous paper focusing on the common sense model (CSM) for ostomies in people with inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and diverticular disease, we reported that (1) illness perceptions were directly related to illness status, and both illness perceptions and coping strategies (maladaptive coping) directly influenced anxiety and depression; (2) self-efficacy and emotion-focused coping style ameliorated depression but not anxiety; and (3) time since surgery was associated with improved health status, a reduction in negative illness perceptions, and increased emotional-focused coping. The purpose of this article was to perform a secondary analysis with the addition of a stoma quality-of-life measure. One hundred fifty adults with ostomies (54 males, and 96 females; mean age = 44 years) completed an online survey. Descriptive, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. Participants completed the Health Perceptions Questionnaire, Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire, Carver Brief Coping Questionnaire, Stoma Self-efficacy Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Stoma Quality-of-Life Scale. Using structural equation modeling, the final model provided an excellent fit to the data (χ27 = 19.20, P = .37, χ/N = 1.08, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) <0.03, Steiger-Lind Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) <0.03, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) >0.98). Extending upon our previous paper, self-efficacy, anxiety, and depression were found to have a significant direct influence on stoma-specific quality of life (β= .47, P < .001, β=-.25, P < .001, and β=-.35, P < .001, respectively). The findings of this secondary analysis extends our previous report by identifying that, consistent with the CSM, illness status, illness perceptions, and coping influence health-related quality of life via self-efficacy, anxiety, and depression. The results suggest that to improve an individual's quality of life, psychological interventions should target the psychological processes underpinning mental illness and also help develop and maintain an individual's self-efficacy in relation to ostomy care.

Association between meteorological factors and bacillary dysentery incidence in Chaoyang city, China: an ecological study

ObjectivesTo quantify the relationship between meteorological factors and bacillary dysentery incidence.DesignEcological study.SettingWe collected bacillary dysentery incidences and meteorological data of Chaoyang city from the year 1981 to 2010. The climate...

The self-rating scale of self-directed learning tool: findings from a confirmatory factor analysis

Introduction : Healthcare students and professionals possess self-directed learning abilities at different levels of development. For educators, measuring these abilities allow to tailor teaching and mentoring interventions. The aim of this study was to validate the structure of the Self-Rating Scale of Self-Directed Learning, Italian version (SRSSDL-Ita). Methods : A cross-sectional study design was adopted involving a convenience sample of 593 healthcare students and professionals. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed to confirm the validity of the measurement model of the original structure of the SRSSDL-Ita. Results : The Maximum Likelihood Meand-and-Variance (MLMV) to confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the underlying latent variable structure of the SRSSDL-Ita, which was composed of 40 items. All standardized factor loadings were > 0.42. Latent dimensions were all positively correlated, ranging in magnitude between 0.28 and 0.78. The Chi-square value for the overall model was χ 2 (712) = 1,104.273 with p < .001, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (90% confidence interval (CI)) = 0.031 (lower bound 0.027; upper bound 0.054) with p = 1.00, and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.055. The overall interpretation of the fit indices suggests a more than acceptable fit between the hypothesized model and the data. The emerged structure confirms the original structure of the instrument composed of eight factors: “Awareness”, “Attitudes”, “Motivation”, “Learning Strategies”, “Learning Methods”, “Learning Activities”, “Interpersonal Skills” and “Constructing Knowledge”. Conclusions : The SRSSDL-Ita structure was confirmed. Therefore, SRSSDL-Ita is a valid and practical tool that may contribute to determining learning needs among students and healthcare professionals; helping educators in identifying and implementing strategies to enhance SDL abilities in both groups.

Family-centered care in children with epilepsy: Evaluating the Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC-20).

The objective was to test whether the five-domain structure of the Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC-20) was observed in a sample of children with epilepsy and, if not, to propose adaptations to improve its utility in this population. Data came from the Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Epilepsy Study (HERQULES)-a multicenter prospective cohort study (n = 374) following children 4-12 years of age for 2 years after diagnosis. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tested the applicability of the five domains/factors in a sample of children with epilepsy approximately 6 months following diagnosis (n = 311). Goodness-of-fit statistics were used to examine sources of ill model fit, and modification indices guided the model modification process where there was strong theoretical rationale for changes. The five-factor model described by the originators of the MPOC-20 was found to be inadmissible in children with epilepsy, with four of the five factors demonstrating high correlations (r > 0.85). Upon merging the intercorrelated factors, a two-factor solution with a mediocre fit emerged (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.080, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.902, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.060). Modification indices identified four items as the source of poor model fit. Removing these four items and reperforming the CFA resulted in an adequate model fit and a revised 16-item MPOC (RMSEA = 0.057, CFI = 0.958, SRMR = 0.036). The two factors are "Family/Care Provider Interaction" and "Providing Information." Results suggest that the MPOC-16 better reflects family-centered care (FCC) in children with epilepsy than the original MPOC-20. The benefit of having fewer factors is that scoring is simpler and the interpretation of the results is easier. This was the first investigation of the factor structure of the MPOC-20 on a sample entirely composed of children with epilepsy. These results add to evidence that the factor structure (and how family-centered care is delivered and perceived) differs across treatment environments and treatment populations.

A path analysis re-examining the intercollegiate naming right sponsorship effectiveness model

Intercollegiate naming right sponsorship has a great potential in its market value, but it is usually accompanied with a potential risk of generating negative outcomes. With such a dilemma, a structural model that can help in assessing the effectiveness of the sponsorship become extremely important. The current study was designed to reexamine the theoretical framework of a model that was developed for evaluating the effectiveness of naming right sponsorships. Through a comprehensive literature review, the current study identified specific relationships among eight proposed factors, proposed and tested a new structural model through a path analysis. The proposed model fit the data well (χ 2 (1, N = 548) = 42.03, p = .000), where root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .072 with the 90% confidence interval from .050 to .095, comparative fit index (CFI) = .974, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = .025. Most of the hypothesized paths in the model were confirmed, in which attitudes toward commercialization (ATS) are fully mediating the relationship between beliefs about naming rights sponsorship (BFN) and two outcome variables (purchase intention of sponsor’s product (PIP) and willingness to attend sporting events (WAS)). The moderating effects of the two proposed moderators were also confirmed. Key words: Collegiate Athletics, Facility, Perception, Attitude, Behavioral Intentions

Psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Care Process Self-Evaluation Tool

ABSTRACTThe Care Process Self-Evaluation Tool (CPSET) assesses key characteristics of well-organised care processes in hospitals from an interprofessional team perspective. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the CPSET in terms of factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and reliability in Norwegian language and context. After a pilot test, the Norwegian version of the questionnaire was administered as a web form to 501 health professionals in public general hospitals and mental health specialist services; 301 completed forms (response rate 60%) were returned, and 268 (54%) forms representing 27 care processes (19 from somatic care and 8 from mental healthcare) were included in the valid sample. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the original five-factor structure. All model fit indices, including the standardised root mean square residual (SRMR), which is independent of the χ2-test, met the criteria for an acceptable model fit. Internal consistencies within sub-scales as measured by Cronbach’s alpha were high (range 0.83–0.94). As expected, some redundancy between factors existed (in particular among the PO (Patient-focused organisation), COR (Coordination of the care process), COM (Communication with patient and family), and PO (Follow-up of the care process) factors). In conclusion, the Norwegian CPSET scale showed acceptable psychometric properties in terms of convergent validity and reliability, and fit indices from the CFA confirmed the original factor structure. Based on these findings, we recommend the Norwegian version of the CPSET for use in the assessment of interprofessional teamwork in care processes in specialist healthcare.

Predictors of FIFA 11+ Implementation Intention in Female Adolescent Soccer: An Application of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model.

The Fédération Internationale de Football (FIFA) 11+ warm-up program is efficacious at preventing lower limb injury in youth soccer; however, there has been poor adoption of the program in the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) behavior change model in predicting intention to use the FIFA 11+ in a sample of 12 youth soccer teams (coaches n = 10; 12–16 year old female players n = 200). A bespoke cross-sectional questionnaire measured pre-season risk perceptions, outcome expectancies, task self-efficacy, facilitators, barriers, and FIFA 11+ implementation intention. Most coaches (90.0%) and players (80.0%) expected the program to reduce injury risk but reported limited intention to use it. Player data demonstrated an acceptable fit to the hypothesized model (standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.08; root mean square of error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06 (0.047–0.080); comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.93; Tucker Lewis index (TLI) = 0.91) Task self-efficacy (β = 0.53, p ≤ 0.01) and outcome expectancies (β = 0.13 p ≤ 0.05) were positively associated with intention, but risk perceptions were not (β = −0.02). The findings suggest that the HAPA model is appropriate for use in this context, and highlight the need to target task self-efficacy and outcome expectancies in FIFA 11+ implementation strategies.

Assessing the Construct Validity of Healthful Eating Belief Scales Among Southeastern United States Office Workers

ObjectiveThe theory-based measurement of healthful eating beliefs can inform interventions targeting dietary behavior. Blue and Marrero (2006) developed the Healthful Eating Belief Scales to measure Theory of Planned Behavior constructs of behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs among adults at risk for diabetes. We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess the construct validity of Healthful Eating Belief Scales in a diverse sample of office workers in southeastern United States.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsParticipants enrolled in a worksite nutrition study were invited to complete an online questionnaire including the Healthful Eating Belief Scales at baseline.Outcome Measures and AnalysisWe used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the model fit of a hypothesized first-order three-factor structure of behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs. We judged fit by comparing model fit indices to commonly accepted cutoff criteria for good fit: chi-square (>0.05), Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (<0.05), comparative fit index (CFI) (>0.95), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) (>0.95), and Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual (SRMR) (<0.05).ResultsData were received from 193 participants. The original hypothesized model was not supported. An alternative model achieved acceptable fit through removal of items with high standardized residuals and low factor loadings (chi-square = 80.573, p = 0.057; RMSEA = 0.040; CFI = 0.979; TLI = 0.974; SRMR = 0.045).Conclusions and ImplicationsIn this population, the healthful eating belief scales require adaptation to measure behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs. Researchers and practitioners should cautiously apply existing psychometric instruments when measuring eating-related beliefs of diverse populations.FundingNIH ObjectiveThe theory-based measurement of healthful eating beliefs can inform interventions targeting dietary behavior. Blue and Marrero (2006) developed the Healthful Eating Belief Scales to measure Theory of Planned Behavior constructs of behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs among adults at risk for diabetes. We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess the construct validity of Healthful Eating Belief Scales in a diverse sample of office workers in southeastern United States. The theory-based measurement of healthful eating beliefs can inform interventions targeting dietary behavior. Blue and Marrero (2006) developed the Healthful Eating Belief Scales to measure Theory of Planned Behavior constructs of behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs among adults at risk for diabetes. We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess the construct validity of Healthful Eating Belief Scales in a diverse sample of office workers in southeastern United States. Design, Setting, and ParticipantsParticipants enrolled in a worksite nutrition study were invited to complete an online questionnaire including the Healthful Eating Belief Scales at baseline. Participants enrolled in a worksite nutrition study were invited to complete an online questionnaire including the Healthful Eating Belief Scales at baseline. Outcome Measures and AnalysisWe used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the model fit of a hypothesized first-order three-factor structure of behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs. We judged fit by comparing model fit indices to commonly accepted cutoff criteria for good fit: chi-square (>0.05), Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (<0.05), comparative fit index (CFI) (>0.95), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) (>0.95), and Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual (SRMR) (<0.05). We used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the model fit of a hypothesized first-order three-factor structure of behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs. We judged fit by comparing model fit indices to commonly accepted cutoff criteria for good fit: chi-square (>0.05), Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (<0.05), comparative fit index (CFI) (>0.95), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) (>0.95), and Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual (SRMR) (<0.05). ResultsData were received from 193 participants. The original hypothesized model was not supported. An alternative model achieved acceptable fit through removal of items with high standardized residuals and low factor loadings (chi-square = 80.573, p = 0.057; RMSEA = 0.040; CFI = 0.979; TLI = 0.974; SRMR = 0.045). Data were received from 193 participants. The original hypothesized model was not supported. An alternative model achieved acceptable fit through removal of items with high standardized residuals and low factor loadings (chi-square = 80.573, p = 0.057; RMSEA = 0.040; CFI = 0.979; TLI = 0.974; SRMR = 0.045). Conclusions and ImplicationsIn this population, the healthful eating belief scales require adaptation to measure behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs. Researchers and practitioners should cautiously apply existing psychometric instruments when measuring eating-related beliefs of diverse populations. In this population, the healthful eating belief scales require adaptation to measure behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs. Researchers and practitioners should cautiously apply existing psychometric instruments when measuring eating-related beliefs of diverse populations.

Psychometric Validation of the Family Nurse Caring Belief Scale in a Neonatal Nurse Population

Abstract Purpose To psychometrically validate and strengthen the construct validity of the Family Nurse Caring Belief Scale (FNCBS) with a sample of neonatal nurses. Design and Methods Confirmatory factor analysis of the 25-item FNCBS, using the factor structure based on the original exploratory principal components analysis, was performed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the FNCBS with the neonatal nurse population. Results Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined the factor structure of the FNCBS using the sample of neonatal nurses. The chi-square test determined overall model fit. Comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) were both 0.06 and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) of the sample data is >0.08 and, therefore, the data did not demonstrate good fit. In addition, the factor correlations between the four latent variables were small. This suggests there is no parsimony and the sample data with neonatal nurses did not fit the model. Conclusion The findings suggest the FNCBS was not psychometrically validated with the population of neonatal nurses and this study was unable to strengthen the construct validity of the FNCBS beyond the pediatric nurse sample in the original study. Implications for Practice This study highlighted the opportunity for continued research in the area of measuring nurses' beliefs regarding the provision of family-sensitive care to families in crisis and will generate a revision of the FNCBS to incorporate concepts which are important to care for a family unit.

Physical Activity Self-Efficacy and Fitness: Family Environment Relationship Correlates and Self-Esteem as a Mediator among Adolescents Who Are Overweight or Obese.

Little is known regarding how dimensions of the family social environment relate to fitness levels and physical activity self-efficacy (PASE) among adolescents who are overweight or obese and whether these relationships are mediated by self-esteem. Potential associations were evaluated between relationship subdomains (cohesion, conflict, expressivity) of the Family Environment Scale (FES), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, RSES), and PASE and fitness, using recovery heart rate [RHR, beats per minute (bpm)] from a 3-minute submaximal step test at baseline. Participants were 108 adolescents who were overweight or obese and were seeking weight-loss treatment as part of the Healthy Kids, Healthy Weight 12-week multidisciplinary pediatric weight management program. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to simultaneously evaluate paths between these variables and test for mediation. In multivariable models, higher FES cohesion (β = -2.18, s.e. = 0.98; p = 0.02), expressivity (β = -1.97, s.e. = 0.99; p < 0.05), and PASE (β = -0.64, s.e. = 0.33; p < 0.05) scores were associated with lower RHR, which represents higher fitness. Furthermore, higher FES conflict scores were associated with lower RSES scores (β = -0.83, s.e. = 0.29; p < 0.01), and FES conflict (β = -0.63, s.e. = 0.22; p < 0.01) and RSES (β = 0.33, s.e. = 0.07; p < 0.01) were associated with PASE scores. In a good-fitting multivariate SEM [Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 1.00; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.02; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 1.22; Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) <0.01], RSES mediated the relationship between FES conflict and PASE (sum of indirect paths: β = -0.30, s.e. = 0.11; p < 0.01) scores. Our results highlight the importance of the relationship domain of the family environment on self-esteem, PASE, and physical fitness in adolescents who are overweight or obese.

Antecedents and consequences of burnout in athletes: Perceived stress and depression

Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among perceived stress, burnout and depression in a sample of athletes. It was hypothesized that stress is an antecedent of burnout and depression a possible consequence of both stress and burnout. Method: A sample of 453 athletes participated in the study. Stress and depression were measured with Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and athlete burnout with Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Data analysis was conducted under the approach of structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: The direct effects of stress on burnout and depression were .66 and .24, respectively, and the direct effect of burnout on depression .53, all of them significant (p<.001). Stress accounted for 43% of the variance of burnout, and jointly stress and burnout for 50% of the variance of depression. Indexes of overall model fit were: χ2 (224)= 520.881 (p<.001), χ2/df=2.32, Goodness of fit index (GFI)=.91, Comparative fit index (CFI)=.89, Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=.054 (90% confidence interval, .048-.060), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR)=.063. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the relationship among stress, burnout and depression in an only model.

Psychometric properties of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth: A psychological measure of psychological inflexibility in youth

BackgroundConsistent with the theory underlying Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a construct termed psychological inflexibility has been suggested. There are few validated measures of psychological inflexibility for children and adolescents. One such validated instrument is the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y). The results from a single study have not so far been replicated for youth. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to test psychometric characteristics for Swedish versions of the AFQ-Y17 and AFQ-Y8. The participants were recruited from an on-going study within institutional care for young people (12–20 years) with psychosocial problems. FindingsIn this study of a sample of 159 Swedish adolescents (15–20 years of age) with psychosocial problems, the full 17-item scale was used, and analyses of the 8 items that constitute the short version (AFQ-Y8) were conducted later. The short version showed better psychometric properties than the full 17-item scale. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine factor solutions. The better fit for AFQ-Y8 was indicated by three of the most common measures of model fit: the comparative fit index (CFI) value exceeded .95 (the recommended cut-off value), the root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) was below .08 (the recommended cut-off value), and the value of the standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) was below the recommended .05 for the AFQ-Y8 scale, which the AFQ-Y17 scale failed to attain. ConclusionsThis study supports the reliability, convergent validity and generalizability of both AFQ-Y17 and the shorter version AFQ-Y8. With regards to validity, both versions related in a theoretically consistent way with other psychological constructs. AFQ-Y8 was well represented by a single factor structure, while AFQ-Y17 showed a less good fit to a single factor structure. Overall, the AFQ-Y17 and AFQ-Y8 may be valuable clinical tools in reflecting changes in psychological inflexibility among adolescents. However, since the shorter version, AFQ-Y8, had psychometric properties that were at least as robust as the full 17-item scale, the shorter version is recommended for use among adolescents.

Bootstrapping Confidence Intervals for Fit Indexes in Structural Equation Modeling

Bootstrapping approximate fit indexes in structural equation modeling (SEM) is of great importance because most fit indexes do not have tractable analytic distributions. Model-based bootstrap, which has been proposed to obtain the distribution of the model chi-square statistic under the null hypothesis (Bollen & Stine, 1992), is not theoretically appropriate for obtaining confidence intervals (CIs) for fit indexes because it assumes the null is exactly true. On the other hand, naive bootstrap is not expected to work well for those fit indexes that are based on the chi-square statistic, such as the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and the comparative fit index (CFI), because sample noncentrality is a biased estimate of the population noncentrality. In this article we argue that a recently proposed bootstrap approach due to Yuan, Hayashi, and Yanagihara (YHY; 2007) is ideal for bootstrapping fit indexes that are based on the chi-square. This method transforms the data so that the “parent” population has the population noncentrality parameter equal to the estimated noncentrality in the original sample. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the YHY bootstrap and the naive bootstrap for 4 indexes: RMSEA, CFI, goodness-of-fit index (GFI), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR). We found that for RMSEA and CFI, the CIs under the YHY bootstrap had relatively good coverage rates for all conditions, whereas the CIs under the naive bootstrap had very low coverage rates when the fitted model had large degrees of freedom. However, for GFI and SRMR, the CIs under both bootstrap methods had poor coverage rates in most conditions.

Development of the Chinese version of the Hospital Autonomy Questionnaire: a cross-sectional study in Guangdong Province

ObjectiveWe aimed to develop a questionnaire for quantitative evaluation of the autonomy of public hospitals in China.MethodAn extensive literature review was conducted to select possible items for inclusion in the...

Are fit indices really fit to estimate the number of factors with categorical variables? Some cautionary findings via Monte Carlo simulation.

An early step in the process of construct validation consists of establishing the fit of an unrestricted "exploratory" factorial model for a prespecified number of common factors. For this initial unrestricted model, researchers have often recommended and used fit indices to estimate the number of factors to retain. Despite the logical appeal of this approach, little is known about the actual accuracy of fit indices in the estimation of data dimensionality. The present study aimed to reduce this gap by systematically evaluating the performance of 4 commonly used fit indices-the comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)-in the estimation of the number of factors with categorical variables, and comparing it with what is arguably the current golden rule, Horn's (1965) parallel analysis. The results indicate that the CFI and TLI provide nearly identical estimations and are the most accurate fit indices, followed at a step below by the RMSEA, and then by the SRMR, which gives notably poor dimensionality estimates. Difficulties in establishing optimal cutoff values for the fit indices and the general superiority of parallel analysis, however, suggest that applied researchers are better served by complementing their theoretical considerations regarding dimensionality with the estimates provided by the latter method.

A validation study of the Brazilian version of the pornography consumption inventory (PCI) in a sample of female university students

Although men constitute the widest consumer group of pornography, the Internet has facilitated both the production of and access to pornographic material by women as well. However, few measures are available to examine pornography-use constructs, which can compromise the reliability of statements regarding the harmful use of pornography. Our study aimed to confirm the factorial validity and internal consistency of the Pornography Consumption Inventory (PCI) in a sample of female university students in Brazil. The PCI is a four-factor, 15-item, five-point Likert-type scale. After translation and back-translation of the PCI, it was administered to 105 female medical students. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the construct validity. The results supported the four-factor model of the PCI. The model showed adequate internal reliability and good fit indices (comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.95, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.94, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.07 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.04–0.09), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.08). Overall, the findings from this study support the use of the PCI in Portuguese-speaking women.

The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation.

The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) is a widely used DSM-correspondent self-report measure of PTSD symptoms. The PCL was recently revised to reflect DSM-5 changes to the PTSD criteria. In this article, the authors describe the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the PCL for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Psychometric properties of the PCL-5 were examined in 2 studies involving trauma-exposed college students. In Study 1 (N = 278), PCL-5 scores exhibited strong internal consistency (α = .94), test-retest reliability (r = .82), and convergent (rs = .74 to .85) and discriminant (rs = .31 to .60) validity. In addition, confirmatory factor analyses indicated adequate fit with the DSM-5 4-factor model, χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = .07, root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) = .08, comparative fit index (CFI) = .86, and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = .84, and superior fit with recently proposed 6-factor, χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .92, and TLI = .90, and 7-factor, χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .93, and TLI = .91, models. In Study 2 (N = 558), PCL-5 scores demonstrated similarly strong reliability and validity. Overall, results indicate that the PCL-5 is a psychometrically sound measure of PTSD symptoms. Implications for use of the PCL-5 in a variety of assessment contexts are discussed.