Standardized Herbal Medicine Research Articles

Development of Indonesian Original Medicines Study of Standardized Herbal Medicine Products "Tolak Angin" as Traditional Medicine

The use of traditional medicine continues to grow rapidly in Indonesia, reflecting the country's abundant natural and cultural wealth. One of the leading herbal medicine products is Tolak Angin, which is produced by PT. Sidomuncul Herbal and Pharmaceutical Industry, Tbk. Tolak Angin is a Standardized Herbal Medicine (OHT) that has been scientifically tested for its safety, quality, and benefits. This article presents an overview of the ingredients, production process, and clinical trials of Tolak Angin, as well as its impact in the context of Indonesian public health. By involving literature studies and secondary data analysis, this article highlights the importance of standardization in the development of effective and safe traditional medicine products. In conclusion, Tolak Angin not only represents local cultural heritage and knowledge, but also plays a vital role in providing affordable and reliable treatment alternatives for the community.

Development of Indonesian Original Medicines Study of Standardized Herbal Medicine Products "Antangin JRG" as Traditional Medicine

This study aims to examine the potential for the development of indigenous Indonesian medicines based on traditional medicinal plants. Herbal medicine has been used for generations in Indonesia and has great potential to be developed into more standardized and modern products. This study covers various aspects ranging from product name, content, class, composition, efficacy claims, empirical data, standardization of raw materials, preclinical tests, toxicity tests, to clinical trials. The results of the study show that with proper processing and standardization, Indonesian traditional medicine can compete with modern pharmaceutical products.

Consumer Behavior Analysis as a Form of Pre-market Survey for the Black Pule (Alstonia spectabilis) Antimalarial Tablet Prototype

Background: Malaria a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium with a high incidence of spread that is still found in remote tropical places, especially areas around gardens, swamps, forests, and mines such as eastern Indonesia. The commonly used antimalarial drug chloroquine has experienced resistance, encouraging researchers to look for effective alternative treatments. Formulation development of Standardized Herbal Medicine (OHT) from black pule was carried out as a potential new alternative treatment as an antimalarial. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of liking and quality assessment or characteristics of the prototype of antimalarial OHT tablets. Methods: The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative which aims to describe the panelists' perspective on the product and to analyze product marketing. In this research method includes hedonic test and hedonic quality test which is a series of organoleptic tests and consumer acceptance tests by tasting and observing the product followed by filling out a form according to what is felt and observed. Results: The results obtained from this research, namely the preference test of the overall characteristics of the prototype of antimalarial black pule tablets (Alstonia spectabilis) showed a good sensory impression and characteristics. The positive results obtained from all aspects have illustrated that the panelists have considerable interest in the prototype sample and assess that the prototype tablets are suitable for dissemination to the public. Conclusions: Based on the research, it can be concluded that the prototype of black pule (Alstonia spectabilis) tablets tested through hedonic and hedonic quality tests produced overall good results, characterized by the tendency of panelists to choose "Like" in the hedonic test of sensory impressions and positive values in the hedonic quality test.

Profil kadar metabolit sekunder: Steroid, alkaloid, dan tanin ekstrak daun bintangur (Calophyllum soulattri)

Bintangur leaf is one of the potential plants to be developed into a standardized herbal medicine which has many benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. The aim of this study is to determine the steroid, tannin, and alkaloids of bintangur leaf extract. Preparation of bintangur leaves was conducted by soxhletation extraction technique with 96% ethanol as solvent. Determination of tannin tannic acid equivalent, and alkaloid quinine equivalent was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. While the analysis of steroid content β-sitosterol equivalent using a TLC Scanner. The results of the analysis showed that steroid content was 11061,49 µgBSE/g, alkaloid was 307,16 µgQE/g, and tannin was 6,586 %w/w TAE.

The effectiveness of semi-wild Sumatran mango (Mangifera spp.) leaves as a phytotherapy agent for breast cancer

Background Breast cancer ranks first in the world, standing at a mortality rate of 24.5% per year and is the leading cause of cancer death in Indonesia. The current management of breast cancer therapy is considered less effective because of its careful use due to side effects that are detrimental to the patient. The semi-wild species from Sumatra are neglected and underutilized species but have the potential as a therapeutic agent. Previous research has revealed that this species of mango is high in antioxidant compounds. Objective This study was carried out to discover the anticancer activities of the semi-wild mango species via inhibitory activities and morphological changes in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells. Materials and methods The IC50 value of Mangifera sumatrana, Mangifera foetida, and Mangifera laurina leaves in n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, and methanol extracts was determined using the reagent 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance using IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Results and conclusion M. laurina n-hexane extracts exhibited anticancer activity (IC50 13.25 ppm). Nonpolar solutions were chosen as the most effective extraction solvent in anticancer tests because lipids in nonpolar solvents can hit the lipid bilayer. A hexane fraction was created by separating the majority of nonpolar fatty acid esters, and this fraction had a considerable impact on cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on MCF-7 cells. Therefore, all treatments can transform MCF-7 cells’ morphology into blackened dead cells that are degraded into small parts, such as apoptotic bodies in cells undergoing apoptotic processes. MTT assays against MCF-7 on three species of semi-wild Sumatran mango in different extraction solvents showed that n-hexane extracts of M. laurina had stronger anticancer activity than other samples. This study provides new information to support the development of standardized herbal medicines and phytopharmaca in the future.

Meningkatkan Perekonomian Indonesia Melalui Ekspor Obat Herbal Tradisional

Traditional medicine is an ingredient or ingredient in the form of plant material, animal material, mineral material, which has been used for generations for treatment. Herbal medicine is a form of traditional medicine. With the fact that there are many efficacious medicinal plants in Indonesia, tens of thousands of types of medicinal plants can be encouraged to be processed into standardized herbal or herbal medicine (phytopharmaca). This country will be able to become the main exporter of herbal medicinal products for health in the world. This will have a very positive impact on economic growth. Not only in the economic sector, but of course it will further enhance cooperative relations between Indonesia and other countries in the economic sector.

Increasing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in using Traditional Medicines through Pharmacist’s Education and Mentoring in Mojokerto

Background: The use of traditional medicines globally continues to increase and must be balanced with increased knowledge, attitudes, and practice in using traditional medicines through pharmacist education and mentoring.Objectives: This research aims to determine the description of the use of traditional medicine, the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practice of the community in using it, and the influence of pharmacist education and mentoring on it.Methods: This research design was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test control group with 406 community research subjects. It involved 14 pharmacists in providing education and mentoring through WhatsApp group media by providing material according to the modules prepared. The instrument used a questionnaire developed from previous research and tested for validity and reliability. Data collection was carried out prospectively by the participant-self, and analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test.Results: This study's total number of respondents was 406, divided into 203 as the intervention group and 203 as the control group. The description of the respondent's KAP level before the intervention is in the medium category and after the intervention is in the high category based on the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test results at a 95% confidence level (α=0.05) in the intervention group.Conclusion: The use of traditional medicines in the phytopharmaca class is 3%, standardized herbal medicines are 35%, and jamu is 62%. The level of knowledge, attitudes, and practice of the community in using traditional medicine in Mojokerto Regency is, on average, in the medium category. This research also shows the influence of pharmacist education and mentoring on increasing knowledge, attitudes, and practice scores from medium to high.

EVALUATION OF HERBAL MEDICINES AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION

Over time, the use of herbal medicines has increased rapidly. This is influenced by several main factors, including the relatively cheap price and avoiding concerns about the side effects of chemical drugs. In practice, screening tests need to be carried out on a drug product that will be marketed, one of which is through a toxicity test. The use of animal models as experimental materials provides invaluable information in many aspects of pathophysiology, treatment, and diagnosis of human disease. Without exception, research on traditional ingredients also relies heavily on animals in in vivo, in situ, and in vitro experiments. This study uses a literature review with a descriptive approach based on secondary literature derived from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. Research conducted on animals regarding herbal medicine can provide valuable insights into a herbal remedy. Selecting the appropriate animal for a study is crucial to obtain scientifically convincing results. Animals used for pharmacological studies should be standard species. Rodents, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, and dogs are often used in traditional herbal medicine research. Moreover, herbal materials used for pharmacological research should be standardized to control quality and ensure the reproducibility of experimental outcomes. The standardization of herbal medicine should encompass species identification (name, origin, description, and purity), extraction procedures, chemical analysis of major and bioactive compounds, heavy metals, pesticides, and storage stability.

Metabolit Profilling and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of the Unripe Fruit Peel of Kayu Banana (Musa paradisiaca L. Var. Kayu)

According to Basic Health Research data in Indonesia in 2020 shows that the diarrhea morbidity rate in Indonesia is still high. In Indonesia, the unripe fruit of the Kayu banana (Musa paradisiaca L. var. Kayu) is a drug that is often used empirically by the people of Senduro village, Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia, to treat diarrhea. This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of unripe fruit peel, unripe fruit flesh and unripe fruit. A disc diffusion test was selected to assess the sensitivity of each sample to Escherichia coli. The disc dilution was used to determine the value of MIC and MBC in Escherichia coli. Total phenolic content to determine phenolic levels in samples that are suspected of providing antibacterial activity. Analysis of secondary metabolite profiles using the UPLC-Q-TOF/MS instrument. Unripe fruit peel extract shows more optimal antibacterial activity compared to other extracts. The diameter value of the inhibitory zone of the unripe fruit peel extract is 17 mm and the yield of a large ΔOD is –1.3620 at a concentration of 10 % w/v. Based on the calculation results from the regression equation, TPC fruit extract was obtained by 8.6 %, TPC flesh extracts by 6.1 % and TPC from bark extract by 10.8 %. Based on the data from the interpretation of compound content analysis using UPLC-QToFMS, it can be seen that there are 25 mayor compounds. These results suggest that the unripe fruit peel extract of banana Kayu has the potential to be antibacterial against Escherichia coli. The application of this research is as a reference for the development of antidiarrheal standardized herbal medicines and the implication of this research is to support the independence of national medicinal raw materials in Indonesia. HIGHLIGHTS Unripe fruit peel extract of Kayu banana (Musa paradisiaca var. Kayu) has the potential to be antibacterial against Escherichia coli. The results of this study showed that the peel extract of the unripe fruit of banana Kayu has an inhibitory zone diameter of 17 mm and there is a decrease in absorbance with a large ΔOD, which is 1.3620 with a total phenol content of 107.8 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of unripe fruit peel extract GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Standardization of Herbal Medicines and the Guidelines for the Standardization

Abstract: The use of medicinal plants for their therapeutic benefits is immemorial, leading to their global acceptability. The pharmaceutical market is significantly influenced by medicinal plants and herbal preparations as a source for pharmaceutical manufacturing procedures. Over the past few decades, the mass production of herbal preparations at an industrial scale as well as the adulteration of raw material and final products have raised serious concerns over its safety, purity, and efficacy. Standardization of medicinal plants and their preparations as per the current WHO guidelines is of prime importance to overcome quality issues. The guidelines aim at the identification of potentially hazardous contaminants and assessing the quality of the herbal material by various qualitative and quantitative means. Various methodologies, techniques, and procedures are prescribed in the guidelines for maintaining the overall quality of the finished herbal product. However, due to a lack of research data and technical constraints many of the accepted limits in the guidelines are a reference and extrapolation of research done in food science. Standardization is a crucial part of the quality assurance program so as to set proper norms for the manufacture of quality products thus contributing to the benefit of mankind. The current review aims at highlighting various standardization parameters and guidelines for the same.

Antiviral activity and Hepatoprotection of Hylocereuspolyrhizus peel extract

Degenerative diseases of the liver cause cirrhosis and liver cancer morbidity and lead to death. Efforts to prevent a person’s condition with disorders of the liver through antiviral and hepatoprotective agents are necessary to suppress the progression of liver disease through materials that have the potential as anti-degenerative. Dragon fruit extract which is one of the tropical fruits included in the Cactaceae tribe; can increase phagocytosis, the number of cells, and the total number of leukocytes and affect the relative weight of the spleen. Currently, there has been no scientific publication on the antihepatitic activity of red dragon fruit peel (Hylocereuspolyrhizus) and prototype preparation products for standardized herbs. The long-term goal of the research is to determine the anti-degenerative potential of red dragon fruit peel extract through its hepatoprotective and antiviral properties, safety, and standardization of the extract into a standardized herbal medicine. The research method was The Randomize Posttest-only Control Group Design using 25 male rats which were divided into 5 groups. The outcome recognized a good hepatoprotection activity from red dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereuspolyrhizus) as indicated by decreased levels of SGPT and SGOT, and histopathological observation, but rather weak activity on HCV (Hepatitis C Virus). Based on the results of reading the SGPT and SGOT analysis data, it can be concluded that the effective dose to provide a hepatoprotective effect is a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight.

Quercetin Bioavailability Evaluation on Standardized Herbal Medicine Containing Guava Leaf Extract with HPLC

Standardized herbal medicines are classified as one of Indonesia's natural medicine ingredients in addition to herbal medicine and phytopharmaceuticals. The safety and efficacy of standardized herbal medicines are scientifically proven through preclinical trials, and raw materials and products have been standardized. One includes standardized herbal medicines is diapet, psidii, lelap, fitolac, and glucogarp. To determine the bioavailability of standardized herbal products containing guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.). which uses single and combined natural materials. The method used is experimental with a crossover design. Blood samples are taken from the marginalis vein of the rabbit ear at 0.5 hours; 1; 2; 4; and 6. The level of quercetin in the blood is determined by the reverse-phase HPLC method. The mobile phase used is methanol:aquabidest (59:41,v/v), stationary phase octadecyl silica (C18), flow rate 1 mL/min, UV-Vis detector 370 nm, and injection volume 20 ?L. The value of bioavailability parameters obtained in the parameters Cpmax, Tmax, and AUC of product A is 1.486454 ?g / ml; 1.4 hours and 10.2615291 ?g/ml/h, product B is 1.29224019 ?g/ml; 1.5 hours and 11.30810501 ?g/ml/hour. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the bioavailability profile of the two products is not much different, so it is expected that the effects caused are the same.

Microscopical Evaluation and TLC Analysis of Pluchea indica (L.) Less: Leaf, Stem, and Root

Pluchea indica (L.) Less is traditionally utilized to treat postpartum women in Indonesia. The plant has many pharmacological properties, so that it can be further developed as herbal medicine. In that development process, plant authentication is needed to ensure the quality of raw materials. A simple microscopical and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis might be a way to authenticate the plant, but it has never been reported. So, this study evaluates the microscopical and TLC analysis for P. indica authentication in standardized herbal medicines production. Plant microscopic observation, fluorescence analysis, and polyphenol screening were conducted. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of plant organs were then analyzed by TLC. Here, we reported that in microscopical analysis the simplicia of P. indica contains trichomes and tannin-containing cells. In addition, chlorogenic acid as a marker was present in TLC analysis by ethyl acetate-water-formic acid-acetic acid (8.5:1.5:1:1, v/v). The results of this evaluation might provide additional information in the identification, authentication, and quality control of P. indica as a raw material for herbal medicine.

Toxicity Test on the Combination of Caesalpinia sappan and Zingiber officinale in Rattus norvegicus Induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant

Highlights:1. This study determined the toxic effects of combining Caesalpinia sappan and Zingiber officinale extracts, aspeople need to be aware of the potential side effects of these common herbal remedies for the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis.2. The combination of Caesalpinia sappan and Zingiber officinale extracts is efficacious and non-toxic as an antiarthritis treatment, hence, the ingredients can be upgraded to standardized herbal medicines andphytopharmaceuticals. Abstract Sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan) and red ginger (Zingiber officinale) are plant species that have been studied for theirefficacy in treating inflammation related to rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to examine the effects of combiningsappanwood and red ginger in order to determine the potential toxicity of the herbal extracts in medicine. The toxicitytesting was carried out in vivo using 32 Wistar strain male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) grouped into eight groups of four.The rats were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant to induce a chronic inflammatory effect. The eight groups consistedof the negative control group, the positive control group, the normal group, and five treatment groups. This study wasconducted by observing the animals for toxic symptoms and death to determine the safety of the extracts and drugs. Theobservation results were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (p<0.05). The analysis results showed that weightgain and relative organ weight among the groups had no significant differences (p>0.05). Microscopic examination of theorgan preparations observed under a light microscope revealed no significant changes or adverse effects in rats treated withthe extracts or drugs. In conclusion, a combination of sappanwood and red ginger ethanol extracts administered orally hasno toxic effect in rats injected with complete Freund's adjuvant.

THE EFFECT OF NANOPARTICLE STANDARDIZED EXTRACTS OF BAY LEAVES (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.) IN LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS OF WHITE RATS (Rattus norvegicus)

Several studies revealed that Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp, known as bay leaves, has the potential to be used as herbal medicine due to its active compounds including flavonoids. Herbal medicines are chosen to replace synthetic drugs which have side effects on health. However, some active substances of herbal medicines including bay leaves are less soluble in water and have low bioavailability to be absorbed by the intestine is low. A formulation into nanoparticles will provide more effective results. This study aimed to develop a standardized herbal medicine from the bay leaves extract in nanoparticle form with fine quality and efficacious in lowering blood glucose levels. The nanoparticle formulation was conducted using the ionic gelation method with chitosan- tripolyphosphate base and was designed into pre- and post-test-controlled group designs. Wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used as the experimental animal and grouped into a negative control group, normal control group, positive control (Glibenclamide) groups, and test dosages-induced control group. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured using an enzymatic glucometer and the AUC was analyzed based on the trapezoidal formula statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that the bay leaves contained secondary metabolite including flavonoid with concentrations at 96%, 70%, 50%, respectively. The nanoparticles sizes were 1.48%; 1.62%; 1.50%; and 0.03%, respectively. The average particle size was 549.2 nm, and the zeta potential was -40.2 mV. Nanoparticle administration at a dose of 426.80 mg/kg BW; 213.40 mg/kg BW; and 106.70 mg/kg BW showed decreasing blood glucose levels when compared to the positive control group but not significant (P>0.005). The smallest dose of nanoparticle extract that lowered blood glucose levels was at a dose of 106.70 mg/kg BW. It can be concluded the nanoparticles form of bay leaves extract can lower blood glucose levels and meets the quality requirements.

Role of Herbal Medication in Tobacco Cessation Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Literature reports randomized trials have examined herbal drugs and other smoking cessation therapies such as aromatherapy acupuncture but no comprehensive overview of the overall results has been provided. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to describe the overall effectiveness and safety of herbal medicines. This study was conducted from December 2020 to April 2021 by searching seven databases. Herbal drugs have been shown to help people quit smoking in randomized controlled studies. Two teams of researchers independently extracted the data. A total of 12 trials with 762 smokers were included in this study. The heterogeneity I2 was 43.6% with P=0.03 (Cochrane Q test) and χ2=15.77. The overall odds ratio (OR) at 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.91 (0.68- 1.20) which shows a protective factor of herbal preparations and very low heterogeneity. The herbal treatments such as Vernonia cinerea, St. John's Wort, and lavender essential oil were significantly related to a higher continuous abstinence rate (CAR) compared to the controls with risk ratio (RR): 2.13 (0.57-4.61) at week 8; RR: 2.72 (0.77-5.3) at week 12; and RR: 2.77 (0.37-1.13) at week 24. A 7-day point abstinence rate (PAR) at week 8 was RR: 1.24 (0.81-6.34) with 95% CI; RR: 2.09 (0.93-8.29) at week 12, and RR: 2.11 (0.3-3.08) at week 24. Black pepper and lime were better in craving reduction than the placebo group. This study found no significant difference between the treatment and control groups in adverse effects, despite some minor side effects with herbal drugs. The results of this study showed herbal treatments have the potential to help smokers quit the habit. Further well-designed trials comparing standardized herbal medicines with conventional therapy and placebo are recommended to reinforce this data.

THE POTENCIAL OF GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE R.) AS A STANDARDIZED HERBAL PRODUCT IN NORTH SUMATERA

Indonesia has more than 9,609 plant species which have medicinal properties that is spread across various regions in Indonesia. Ginger is a group of medicinal plants that are therapeutic. Ginger has been cultivated on a large scale with the highest harvested area, total production and demand in Indonesia, including the Province of North Sumatra. The use of ginger as a medicinal plant has been carried out on the scale of the Traditional Medicine Industry (IOT), of which there are 135 IOTs in Indonesia and one of them is in North Sumatra, namely in the city of Medan. This article uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) method by identifying articles from various scientific report source databases, Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Elsevier. The selection of articles is taken from the period between 2019-2022, 38 out of 100 articles and reports have been included in the criteria. From the studies that have been conducted, it can be concluded that the existence of IOT supported by tools and technology as well as policies that can protect the standardized herbal medicine agro-industry which will be the driving force for the ginger agro-industry so that it can meet the demand for domestic medicinal materials, increase export share, as well as be able to compete in the global market.

Dynamics of Capability Upgrading in Indonesian Herbal Medicine Firms

<p>This article examined the dnamics of capability upgrading in Indonesian herbal medicine firms for empirical and future trends analysis. The dynamics of capability upgrading was analysed by using system dynamics modelling. New knowledge was revealed from system dynamics analysis of capability upgrading in Indonesian herbal medicine firms, the core ideas are: capability upgrading in Indonesian herbal medicine firms can be realized by two routes: i. the linier moving up of technological capability ladders from traditional herbal to standardized herbal and phytopharmaceutical medicine, and, ii. the non-linier dynamic of technological capability upgrading by directly producing standardized herbal by using R&D and then move-up to create phytopharmaceutical medicine. The enabler factors of company’s success in capability upgrading were innovation collaboration and management coordination led by top management. The process of capability upgrading can be accelareted by incporporating: advanced knowledge base (such as biotechnology), the entrepreneurial activities of leading firms, and institutional/regulatory support from the government..</p><p> </p>Keywords: capability upgrading, herbal medicine, system dynamics, future trends, enabler factors.

The trend of key results and strategies for improvement of Herbal Medicine Consumption Survey

Objectives: To identify changes in the subjects and methods of Herbal Medicine Consumption Survey, and analyze trend of the key resultsMethods: The population, methods, and items of the basic reports of all Surveys on Consumption of Herbal Medicine(HM) were organized in a time-series manner. The analysis items were trend in the purchase of standardized HM; consumption value share, and price of prepared HM; type of herbal dispensary; and awareness of HM policy in Koran Medicine(KM) institutions.Results: The price of HM preparations showed an upward trend in 2011, 2014, and 2017 surveys, and decreased in the 2020 survey. However, despite this recent decrease, the 2021 survey also saw the highest proportion of HM users reporting that price of herbal decoction is expensive. Furthermore, the demand for expanded coverage of herbal decoction was the greatest for the expansion of health insurance benefits. Efforts such as adjusting the number of covered diseases and the cost of health insurance coverage would be necessary. Regarding decoction dispensaries the proportion of HM hospitals using only extramural herbal dispensaries increased. Finally, the consumption of HM and the size of the HM industry has continued to expand due to the large-scale branding of KM institutions and the expansion of health insurance coverage.Conclusion: Future surveys must standardize and unify the items for the time-series continuity and compare the results with government statistics reports on HM to increase reliability. Moreover, specialized survey items may be developed for KM, to establish a better and efficient distribution system for domestic HMs.

Phytochemical Analysis of the Antioxidant Compounds of Baper Tea and Its Potential as an Immunomodulatory agent and Candidate for Standardized Herbal Medicine

The antioxidant content of Baper tea was determined using phytochemical testing, and the potential of these contents as immunomodulatory agents and candidates for standardized herbal medications was investigated. A randomized design was used in this experimental study. Phytochemical assays are used to determine the antioxidant content of Baper tea, whereas organoleptic studies are performed using hedonic tests. A literature review was used to assess the content's potential as an immunomodulatory agent and candidate for standardized herbal medicine. The study lasted four months at the Biology and National Food and Drug Agency Laboratory in Bali Province. Data analysis is based on descriptive methods. Baper tea is prepared in a 2.1.1 ratio. According to the hedonic test results, 41 panelists (87.23 %) prefer Baper tea products based on their color assessment, flavor, aroma, community reception, and acceptability. The matrix and security test revealed a water content of 4.43 %, an IC50 of 24.27 ppm, α-glucosidase inhibitors of 12.18 ppm, a total phenolic content of 28.00 %, and a total flavonoid content of 15.57 %. Baper tea raw materials contain components that have the potential to act as immunomodulatory agents and candidates for standardized herbal medications based on local wisdom.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 There are very few standardized herbal medicinal products that are efficacious as immunomodulators in the market
 Shallot skin (Allium Cepa), morel berry leaves (Physalis angulata), and small gooseberry leaves (Phyllanthus urinaria) packaged in Baper Tea preparations contain bioactive compounds that have the potential to be used as immunomodulatory agents and candidate for standardized herbal medicine
 Baper tea contains very active antioxidant compounds at a formulation ratio of 2:1:1. With panelists' acceptance of Baper Tea reaching 87.23 %
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT