Standard Wire Research Articles

The magnetic field, temperature, strain and angular dependence of the critical current density for Nb-Ti

A scaling law for J c in commercial Nb-Ti wire is proposed that describes its magnetic field, temperature and strain dependence. The scaling law is used to fit extensive measurements of the total strand critical current density, J c,TS(B, T, ε), with the applied field orthogonal to the axis of the wire. We present critical current density, heat capacity and resistivity measurements to obtain , which shows clear angular anisotropy. At 4.2 K, the resistivity data show . We also discuss whether the fusion community should consider re-optimising standard commercial Nb-Ti wires that were developed for MRI applications at ~ 5 T, to produce higher J c at say 10T, and higher upper critical fields, perhaps using quaternary Nb-Ti alloys with artificial pinning centres.

Characterizing Quantum Devices at Scale with Custom Cryo-CMOS

We make use of a custom-designed cryo-CMOS multiplexer to enable multiple quantum devices to be characterized in a single cooldown of a dilution refrigerator. Combined with a packaging approach that integrates cryo-CMOS chips and a hot-swappable parallel-device test platform, we describe how this setup takes the standard wiring configuration of a dilution refrigerator as input and expands the capability for batch characterization of quantum devices at milli-Kelvin temperatures and high magnetic fields. The architecture of the cryo-CMOS multiplexer is discussed, and its performance is benchmarked using few-electron quantum dots and Hall mobility mapping measurements.

Does Elective Sternal Plating in Morbidly Obese Patients Reduce Sternal Complication Rates?

Although the literature shows rigid plate fixation has superior outcomes over wire cerclage techniques, a patient population clearly benefitting frominitial sternal plating over standard closure hasnotbeen identified. Data on plating as primary sternal closure in the morbidly obese patient remains sparse. A single-center retrospective study was performed on 564 consecutive patients undergoing complete median sternotomy from July 2014 to July 2017. Postoperative outcomes of patients with a body mass index of 35 kg/m2 or more were compared between sternotomies with standard wire cerclage closure and those with sternal plate reinforcement. The primary endpoint was postoperative sternal complication defined as deep sternal wound infection, acute sternal dehiscence, chronic sternal disunion, or noninfectious sternal wound complication requiring operative intervention. In all, 32.6% of sternotomies (184 of 564) were performed on patients with a body mass index of 35 kg/m2 or greater. Of this group, 31.5% (58 of 184) underwent sternal closure with titanium plate reinforcement and 68.5% (126 of 184) underwent traditional chest closure. The overall sternal complication rate was 4.9% (9 of 184), consisting of 6 of 126 nonplated patients and 3 of 58 plated patients (4.8% vs 5.2%, P= .80). Sternal plate reinforcement for sternotomy closure of patients with a body mass index 35 kg/m2 or greater produced no difference in postoperative sternal complication rates.

Measurement of thermal conductivity of millimeter-sized wires using the fin effect

Measurement of thermal conductivity of thin wires is critical for multiple engineering applications that involve heat transfer in thin wires. While well-established experimental methods are available for thermal conductivity measurements on large as well as microscale samples, these methods do not work well for thin wires of around a few mm diameter. This paper presents a comparative method for measuring thermal conductivity of a thin wire. The method is based on infrared thermography of the wire of interest suspended from a high temperature base. Through comparison of thermal response of the wire with that of a standard wire of known properties, thermal conductivity is measured for a number of wires in a broad range of thermal conductivity. Measurements are reported for both low thermal conductivity polymer wires and high thermal conductivity metal wires. Results are found to be in good agreement with expected values of thermal conductivity. The effect of wire diameter and base temperature on the accuracy of measurements is investigated. The method is used for measurement of thermal conductivity of solder wires. Results presented in this work contribute towards addressing an important thermal metrology need, and may help improve thermal design of a broad range of engineering applications that utilize thin wires.

Thermal conductivity enhancement in MoO3–H2O nano-sheets based nano-fluids

This contribution reports on the thermal conductivity enhancement of MoO3–H2O nano-sheets based nano-fluid. The MoO3–H2O based nano-fluid consists of a set of 2D type nano-sheets with a basal size, approximately ranging from 108 × 200 nm2 to 415 × 631 nm2. A Higher Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) observation indicated that the nano-sheets consist of a collection of nano-crystallites (Ø∼7 nm) with various crystallographic orientations with 15 nm in average diameter. The Molybdenum is mainly in 6+ electronic valence. Their thermal conductivity measured via standard Pt wire exhibited an enhancement of about 36%.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 316H weld metal during aging

ABSTRACTA standard 316H welding wire was used to obtain 6% δ-ferrite in the weld metal by the automatic tungsten inert gas welding. The effect of aging time at 750°C on microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld metal were analysed. The results showed that as the aging time increased, the δ-ferrite fraction decreased, and finally, δ-ferrite was no longer seen, the M23C6 fraction first increased and then decreased, and the σ phase fraction increased. Finally, the fractions of M23C6 and σ phase kept stable, but the size increased. Accordingly, as the aging time increased, the yield and tensile strengths first decreased significantly, then increased obviously and finally decreased slightly again, while the elongation and impact energy decreased all the time.

Influence of MTP on Surface Roughness and Geometric Accuracy of Machined Surface at WEDM

Electrical discharge machining technology is one of the most precise machining methods. Therefore, even the smallest deviation of micro and macro geometry generally has a significant impact on the overall quality of products produced by this progressive technology. The quality of the machined surface after Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is influenced by a large number of factors, most of which are influenced by the Main Technological Parameters (MTP). The aim of the paper was to describe the results of experimental research aimed at assessing the impact of MTP for WEDM on the quality of machined surface in terms of geometric accuracy and roughness parameters Ra and Rz. The samples were made of high alloyed ledeburitic chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steel designated EN X155CrVMo12-1 on a Sodick AQ535 electroerosion machine. The tool used was a standard compact brass wire  0.25 mm with the designation Elecut Brass CuZn37.

Influence of MTP on Surface Roughness and Geometric Accuracy of Machined Surface at WEDM

Electrical discharge machining technology is one of the most precise machining methods. Therefore, even the smallest deviation of micro and macro geometry generally has a significant impact on the overall quality of products produced by this progressive technology. The quality of the machined surface after Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is influenced by a large number of factors, most of which are influenced by the Main Technological Parameters (MTP). The aim of the paper was to describe the results of experimental research aimed at assessing the impact of MTP for WEDM on the quality of machined surface in terms of geometric accuracy and roughness parameters Ra and Rz. The samples were made of high alloyed ledeburitic chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steel designated EN X155CrVMo12-1 on a Sodick AQ535 electroerosion machine. The tool used was a standard compact brass wire  0.25 mm with the designation Elecut Brass CuZn37.

Benchmarking Protocols for Evaluating Small Parts Robotic Assembly Systems

This paper presents a set of performance metrics, test methods, and associated artifacts to help progress the development and deployment of robotic assembly systems. The designs for three task board artifacts that replicate small part insertion and fastening operations such as threading, snap fitting, and meshing with standard screws, nuts, washers, gears, electrical connectors, belt drives, and wiring are presented. To support the evaluation of robotic assembly and disassembly operations, benchmarking protocols and performance metrics are presented that leverage these task boards. Finally, robot competitions are discussed as use cases for these task boards.

An experimental study on lap joining of multiple sheets of aluminium alloy (AA 5754) using friction stir spot welding

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) process is widely used in the automotive industry for a range of applications such as battery components, standard wire connectors and terminals. This manuscript addresses two grand challenges in the arena of FSSW, hitherto, unaddressed in the extant literature: (i) lap joining of thin sheets (0.3 mm thickness) of AA 5754 alloy and (ii) lap joining of more than two sheets using FSSW. To accomplish this task, a novel pinless convex-shaped tool was designed to alter the stress state while gradually advancing the tool which led to achieving stress state necessary for obtaining defect-free lap joints. The weld joints were inspected by optical microscopy, SEM imaging and analysed by nanoindentation tests and Vickers microindentation tests for assessment of the quality of the weld interface (WI). Process parameters of FSSW such as torque on the tool and axially applied load were used to analytically obtain the average local measure of peak normal and axial stresses as well as the coefficient of friction in the contact zone. In samples welded at low rotational speeds, the strain-hardening mechanism was seen dominating in contrast to samples welded at higher rotational speeds, which showed thermal softening. As a direct consequence of this, the samples welded at low rotational speeds showed much higher hardness at the weld surface than the samples welded at higher speeds. A strong transition of strain hardening to thermal softening was noticeable beyond an applied strain rate of 400 s−1.

A Concave Electrode Based Capacitive Sensor for Cavitation Monitoring—Experimental Evaluation

Monitoring cavitation in the flow channel of industries like hydro-power plants and industries with large liquid cooling systems, is an important and crucial task. Cavitation is responsible majorly for the metal loss of turbine blades, erosion of the internal walls of pipes/penstock, and when the bubble explodes it creates impulse waves which create disturbance in measurement of flow. Also, the cavitation is the major source of vibration in the pipes while handling a high-speed fluid flow. Measuring cavitation in the pipes can help to schedule the regular maintenance and repairs of the affected system. In present work, the design of a simple non-invasive concave capacitive sensor is presented to measure the cavitation in terms of void fraction. The sensor is designed with the grounded guard electrodes and grounded shield, so it is immune to the stray electrical fields. Electrical models of the capacitive sensor are presented in different cases of void fractions. The proposed sensor is designed and experimentally validated by another concave capacitive sensor and the standard wire mesh sensor. The wire mesh sensor is designed along with its interface circuit. All three sensors are mounted on the same hardware setup, and the experiment is performed multiple times. The capacitance value changes from 16.58pF to 43.43pF for void fraction change of 100% to 0%. The uncertainty analysis is also done and the uncertainty of measurement budget is presented. The standard uncertainty of the proposed capacitive sensor is less than 0.372 pF for the whole range of measurement.

Abstract P4-13-11: A new simplified cost-effective technique for localization of non-palpable breast lesions

Abstract Introduction: Standard wire localization has long been the standard of care to assist surgeons with locating and excising non-palpable breast lesions identified by imaging. Significant challenges include scheduling conflicts, delays in surgery, accuracy in targeting the lesion, wire displacement or migration, and overall inconvenience for patients, clinicians and facilities. In an attempt to address these challenges, a number of complex wireless approaches have emerged. However, they are costly and require the purchase of multiple pieces of capital equipment. Additionally, these wireless approaches lose the benefits of visual and tactile cues for the surgeon during excision. In this multi-centered pilot series, we report on a novel method of percutaneous localization that secures the target lesion, may be placed prior to the day of surgery and provides the surgeon with tactile guidance during dissection without the challenges of standard wire localization. Methods: Following informed consent, 37 patients undergoing partial mastectomy or excisional biopsy were evaluated in a prospective manner. The localization device (PERL™ Hologic, Sunnyvale, CA) consists of a needle cannula with a handle deployment mechanism housing a sharp nitinol Ring. Following infiltration of local anesthetic in the skin and target region, the introducing needle was advanced into the breast under image guidance and the Ring was deployed and securely seated at or around the target. The Ring is attached to a highly flexible, suture-like tail emerging from the skin. When the Ring device was placed the day before surgery, the flexible tail external to the skin was coiled under an adhesive dressing allowing the patient to return to work or home. Confirmation of target localization was imaged by ultrasound, mammography and specimen x-ray. Procedure characteristics were noted at placement and surgical removal. Results: 30 of 39 placements were performed by surgeons and 9 were placed by radiologists. All devices were placed under ultrasound guidance with an average placement time of 6 minutes. All deployments were successfully directed to the intended target without migration including those placed on a different day/time from the surgery. Localization using the Ring enabled 100% successful surgical targeting. There were no technical complications, infection or significant patient discomfort associated with placement or removal of the device. For the 36 lesions with a pre-operative cancer diagnosis, 35 (97%) had clear margins and one (3%) required re-excision for a positive DCIS margin. Conclusions: Percutaneous Ring Localization (PERL™) is a novel approach to lesion localization in the breast that solves issues associated with standard wire localization. This multi-center experience demonstrates that PERL can be utilized to guide the excision of non-palpable lesions, provides visual and tactile cues during surgery, and avoids repeated intraoperative handling of expensive scanning devices. The Ring and flexible tail allow placement at a time and location separate from the surgery with minimal discomfort and without migration. This pilot series illustrates that PERL can provide a cost-effective solution to issues with wire localization using a familiar clinical platform. Further studies are warranted based on these results. Results TableNumber of Lesions Targeted39Number of Patients Treated37Bilateral Lesions2PERL Placed by Surgeons30PERL Placed by Radiologists9Average Time to Place PERL6 minutesNumber of Cancers Localized36Final Cancer Margin Negative35Percent Re-excision (n=1)3% Citation Format: Cary S Kaufman, Michael J Cross, Kelly A Pierce, Ujwala D Rajgopal, Katherine E Rankin, Whitney A Sipe, Gail S Lebovic. A new simplified cost-effective technique for localization of non-palpable breast lesions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-13-11.

Stability assessment of a new high strength, high temperature Type R and Type S thermocouple

Platinum–rhodium Type R and S thermocouples fail in service because of two main reasons: excessive grain growth in the platinum limb at high temperatures (causing wire breakage) and temperature drift, i.e. deviation of electromotive force (emf) generated over time because of deposition of rhodium oxide on the platinum limb, out of accepted industry tolerances. Finding a solution to the problem is challenging because of the contradictory requirements of strength and narrow permissible emf range: emf is extremely sensitive to any dopants or alloying elements that can be used to improve strength at high temperatures. Johnson Matthey has developed a new thermocouple wire (platinum limb) called ‘HTX™’ by doping platinum with a small quantity of zirconium which is oxidised during processing to electrically neutral zirconium oxide. Zirconium oxide improves the high temperature strength of platinum wire by restricting the grain growth but does not significantly affect the emf. The result is a wire which has the potential to last many times longer at high temperatures (>1200 °C) than standard platinum wire, whilst still achieving Class 1 tolerance (i.e. ±1 °C at 1000 °C). It also improves the thermoelectric drift characteristics of the thermocouple by counteracting any reduction in emf due to rhodium contamination by an increase in emf as any remaining zirconium is converted to zirconium oxide. We describe an impartial long-term assessment (up to 1500 h) of the thermoelectric stability of the HTX™ wire by exposure to high temperature with periodic in situ calibration using a Co–C (1324 °C) high temperature fixed point. This yields stability measurements with very high precision.

Corrosion properties of metal deposited by chromium flux-cored wire with boride-nitride-intrmetallic alloyng

The corrosion properties of the metal deposited with chromium flux-cored wire with boride-nitride-intermetallic alloying are investigated. It was established that the metal deposited with wire PP-Kh15+0.5%BN+1.25%TiB2+0.5%ZrB2 at the initial stage of corrosion behavior, estimated by the time until the first signs of corrosion appear, exceeds the metal welded with standard wire Sv-20Kh13 in 3.6 times, and long-term corrosion resistance 2.22 times. In this case, only a slight degree of etching of the matrix is observed in such a deposited metal, there is practically no dissolution of the boundaries of the boride eutectic, and the hardening phases do not undergo any changes, which determines the lower corrosion rate of such a coating. The powder wire PPKh15+0.5% BN+1.25% TiB2+0.5% ZrB2 can be recommended for surfacing wear-resistant coatings on parts of petrochemical equipment operating in an aggressive environment under abrasive wear.

In situ alloying of aluminium-based alloys by (multi-)wire-arc additive manufacturing

Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has received considerable attention in the past years due to advantages in terms of deposition rate, design freedom, buy-to-fly ratio and economic factors. This process can generally be conducted using conventional or near-conventional welding equipment to fabricate intricate but relatively large-scale structures. The present contribution explores options to utilize this novel process not only for manufacturing of particular aluminium structures, but to create the actual alloy composition during processing. Thereby, the possibilities of dual-wire techniques based on cold metal transfer (CMT) to create alloys in the welding process in situ is investigated. For this purpose, a modified CMT twin welding system is used with standard wires differing significantly in their alloying content. The characterization of the chemical compositions at different specimen positions suggests good chemical homogeneity after initial process optimization steps. The microstructural homogeneity is analysed by means of optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Quantified phase fractions underpin non-equilibrium solidification conditions, when compared to theoretical equilibrium predictions. The assessment of the performed analyses suggests that dual-wire processes are powerful in terms of enhancing achievable depositions rates as well as enabling in situ alloying. This approach might be expandable to multi-wire-based techniques.

Study of Micro-groove Generation on Titanium Alloy (Ti6Al4V) using Novel WEDM and WECM Sequential Electro Micro Machining (SEMM) Technique

Abstract The micro-part manufacturing can be accomplished by the execution of different micro-machining techniques. The sequential machining is one of the most promising techniques which dictate the structured approach towards the fabrication of highly precise micro-features in sophisticated components. The newly coined Sequential Electro Micro Machining (SEMM) technique has been implemented for the improvement of overall machining efficiency and enhancement in surface characteristics of the part during machining. In the chain of sequential machining, the present research paper has introduced a novel sequential combination of micro Wire Electro Discharge Machining (µWEDM) and micro Wire Electro-Chemical Machining (µWECM) processes. The µWEDM process was carried out on the standard wire cut EDM machine, whereas µWECM was performed on indigenously designed and developed system setup. The micro-grooves on difficult to cut material such as titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) was initially generated by applying µWEDM process. The µWEDM is a thermal process, where the shaping of micro-groove was accomplished rapidly due to the existence of high-intensity spark discharges. The spark produced also generates recast layer comprising of cracks, micro-pores and numerous micro-craters in the heat affected zone of the machined region. During experimentation, the micro-groove using µWEDM process was cut at different machining voltages. In order to make out the best sequential machining combination, the machining voltage at which the least surface defects occurred on micro-groove was selected for sequencing with the subsequent process. In present experimentation, the least width overcut of the groove was obtained at 10V. The µWECM process was then applied to ameliorate the surface defects and other irregularities imparted to micro-groove during the µWEDM process. The effects of machining process parameters in µWECM, such as applied voltage, machining time and duty ratio on µWEDMed part was investigated. The sequential machining experiments were then conducted by choosing the best input process parameters in both the processes. The experimental results thus obtained after the application of diversified sequential micro-machining processes revealed an improved machining efficiency and high surface quality of micro-groove. Thus the µWEDM process for shaping the groove and µWECM process for finishing the groove was conducted successfully

A German Study Comparing Standard Wire Localization With Magnetic Seed Localization of Non-palpable Breast Lesions.

Exact localization of non-palpable breast lesions is necessary to ensure that the correct lesion is removed. Conventional methods come with several disadvantages. We compared 28 patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery for a non-palpable lesion. By surgeon choice, 14 patients were assigned to undergo magnetic seed localization and 14 underwent standard wire localization. The primary outcome was the operative time, and secondary outcome was the patient pain level. The mean age was 52±10 (SD) years in the seed arm, and 55±13 years in the wire arm. The median time from skin incision to tumor extraction was not significantly different between the two groups. Patients in the wire localized group significantly more often reported pain during coughing/breathing, movement, and sleep. Using seed localization at Charité Breast Center did not lead to a significant decrease in operative time but might allow time savings once established, while increasing patient comfort and reducing organizational burden.

Delaying Premolar Extraction for Conservation of Anchorage: A Prospective Case Control Study

Introduction: Anchor loss (AL) is the most common side effect of orthodontic treatment. Anchorage planning is the vital step of every orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of anchor loss of maxillary first permanent molar in early v/s delayed premolar extraction cases treated using fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy.
 Materials & Method: Sixty orthodontic patients, having either Class I or Class II Division 1 malocclusion with no or minimal crowding were divided equally into early extraction and the delayed extraction group (30 each). The patients were treated using MBT prescription 022” slot brackets with standard wire sequencing until 0.019”x 0.025” stainless-steel wire. Pre and post levelling study models were used for assessing the amount of space loss using palatal rugae as a stable point from the points marked on the 1st molar (point A on mesiobuccal cusp and point B on the distobuccal cusp). The obtained data was tabulated and was subjected to statistical t test (p<0.05).
 Result: The distance of point A to the 3rd rugae reduced after treatment by 0.39mm (3.4%) and by 0.48 mm (3.24%) in delayed and early extraction groups respectively. Similarly, the distance from point B was reduced by 0.48 mm (3.24%) and by 1.77mm (6.28%) in delayed and early extraction group respectively. The change in point A and point B in Early extraction cast group was 76% and 71% more respectively than the delayed Extraction cast group. All the findings were statistically significant (p<0.05).
 Conclusion: Anchor loss is an inevitable after effect following premolar extraction. Greater chances of anchor loss in early extraction group is noted. And delaying premolar extraction in cases with mild crowding (<4mm) can effectively help in anchorage preservation.

413P - The state of molecular biological markers in osteosarcoma

BackgroundTo study of immunohistochemical markers of proliferation and apoptosis are important prognostic indicators for predicting the clinical course of tumours and the development of therapeutic tactics. MethodsThe p53 suppressor gene, the bcl-2 oncogene and the Ki-67 antigen are responsible for DNA repair, cell division and apoptosis. In all patients, tumour material was obtained using biopsies and operations. In tumour tissue samples fixed by neutral formalin with standard wiring and embedded in paraffin, tumour markers of apoptosis and proliferation were determined - p53, bcl-2, Ki – 67. A positive result was the presence of specific brown staining of the nuclei in the detection of the Ki-67 antigen and the p53 gene suppressor and the cytoplasm in the detection of the expression of bCl-2. ResultsCases where the nucleus or cytoplasm was not stained by reaction with antibodies to p53, Ki-67 and bcl-2 or the number of positive cells was less than 10%, the reaction was considered negative (0). Weak (1+) reaction was considered when staining 10-30% of cells; medium reaction (2+) - when staining 30-50% of cells; strong reaction (3+) - intense staining from 70 or more cells. We carried out a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of treatment of patients depending on the type of therapy and the phenotype of tumour cells. Among patients who received systemic chemotherapy, the full effect was observed in 13% of patients. With negative and weakly positive reactions to the mutant p53 gene and Ki 67 among them was 70.6%, and with moderate and strong expression of bcl-2 (80%). Patients with a phenotype of tumour cells with a negative or weakly positive IHC response to the mutant p53 gene (58.5% of patients), weakly positive expression of Ki 67 (70.6% of patients), and high expression of bcl-2 (46.4 % of patients). In 37.4% of patients from this group, the effect of therapy was negative, most of them had tumour cells with high expression of the mutant p53 and Ki 67 gene, and no expression of bcl-2. ConclusionsIt was established that with positive expression of p53 + Ki-67 + and negative bcl-2 parameters, patients had an unfavourable prognosis. Legal entity responsible for the studyRonc. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

A setup for Seebeck coefficient measurement through controlled heat pulses.

A setup is designed for measuring the Seebeck coefficient (S) of materials in the form of thin films, bars, and wires. The main feature of this setup is its control in heating and cooling cycles. In this setup, a heat pulse is used to generate the temperature gradient. To demonstrate the capabilities of this setup, S versus T of standard wire samples such as Au-Fe (0.07%), chromel, Pt, and thin films of Pt and F doped SnO2 are presented. The standard uncertainty of the repeatability in the S measurement is found to be ∼±0.056 μV/K while the temperature stability is ∼±10 mK (at 320 K), estimated for a chromel wire sample. We have tested the setup in the temperature range 100 K-320 K, while it does not have any intrinsic limitations in going down to liquid He temperatures. For temperatures above 320 K, the limitation is due to gluing materials such as varnish.