Standard Terms Research Articles

Incorporation Control of Standard Terms: The Approaches of Chinese Civil Code

With the advantages of governing an enormous range of transactions and improving the efficiency, standard terms are increasingly being applied to commercial transactions nowadays. The standard terms refer to the non-negotiated terms presented to consumers on a take-it-or-leave-it basis and the incorporation control refers to whether the standard terms can become a part of the contract. In this paper, the author adopts the article analysis method, the comparative study method and the case analysis method to interpret the Chinese latest legislation on the incorporation control of standard terms. According to Article 496(2) of the Civil Code of the Peoples Republic of China, the incorporation control includes following five elements: (1) determining rights and obligations in accordance with the principle of fairness, (2) the providers obligation of calling attention, (3) the providers obligation of giving explanations, (4) the commitment of the counterparty, (5) the legal effect of violating the incorporation control.

The Use of Long-term Antibiotics for Suppression of Bacterial Infections.

Suppressive antibiotic therapy is prescribed when a patient has an infection that is presumed to be incurable by a defined course of therapy or source control. The cohort receiving suppressive antibiotic therapy is typically highly comorbid and the infections often involve retained prosthetic material. In part due to a lack of clear guidelines regarding the use of suppressive antibiotics, and in part due to the complex nature of the infections in question, patients are often prescribed suppressive antibiotics for extremely long, if not indefinite, courses. The risks of prolonged antibiotic exposure in this context are not fully characterized, but they include adverse drug effects ranging from mild to severe, the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms, and perturbations of the gastrointestinal microbiome. In this narrative review we present the available evidence for the use of suppressive antibiotic therapy in 4 common indications, examine the gaps in the current literature, and explore the known and potential risks of this therapy. We also make suggestions for improving the quality of evidence in future studies, particularly by highlighting the need for a standardized term to describe the use of long courses of antibiotics to suppress hard-to-treat infections.

Automatic text classification of drug-induced liver injury using document-term matrix and XGBoost.

Regulatory agencies generate a vast amount of textual data in the review process. For example, drug labeling serves as a valuable resource for regulatory agencies, such as U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Europe Medical Agency (EMA), to communicate drug safety and effectiveness information to healthcare professionals and patients. Drug labeling also serves as a resource for pharmacovigilance and drug safety research. Automated text classification would significantly improve the analysis of drug labeling documents and conserve reviewer resources. We utilized artificial intelligence in this study to classify drug-induced liver injury (DILI)-related content from drug labeling documents based on FDA's DILIrank dataset. We employed text mining and XGBoost models and utilized the Preferred Terms of Medical queries for adverse event standards to simplify the elimination of common words and phrases while retaining medical standard terms for FDA and EMA drug label datasets. Then, we constructed a document term matrix using weights computed by Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) for each included word/term/token. The automatic text classification model exhibited robust performance in predicting DILI, achieving cross-validation AUC scores exceeding 0.90 for both drug labels from FDA and EMA and literature abstracts from the Critical Assessment of Massive Data Analysis (CAMDA). Moreover, the text mining and XGBoost functions demonstrated in this study can be applied to other text processing and classification tasks.

Worldwide Regulation of the Medical Emergency Kit and First Aid Kit.

INTRODUCTION: On-board medical emergencies are increasing. Different geographies have different legislation and requirements for medical emergency kits and first aid kits. A comprehensive review to compare the contents of both kits was conducted, including the International Air Transport Association, European Union Aviation Safety Agency, and Federal Aviation Administration, as well as some from other geographical areas of the globe to cover continents and regions with the highest air traffic, such as Brazil, Kenya, Australia, and Taiwan.METHODS: On June 10, 2023, a search was conducted using standardized medical terms (medical subject headings) within the PubMed® database. The relevant terms identified were "Aircraft" and "Medical Emergencies"; articles published within the last 10 yr were filtered. Subsequently, even articles published before 2013 were consulted if cited by the initial ones. The main regulatory entities' documentation was found using the Google search engine and consulted.CONCLUSIONS: It is impossible to be prepared for every emergency on board. Still, as doctors, we have a moral and ethical obligation to try to improve the outcomes of those emergencies. Getting a standardized report of every on-board emergency is crucial. That would make optimizing the items to include in the emergency and first aid kits easier. There are many similarities among the compared entities, but essential differences have been found. There is room for improvement, especially for pediatric travelers.Oliveira ATB. Worldwide regulation of the medical emergency kit and first aid kit. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(6):321-326.

A Novel Model to Minimize Time Series Forecasting Error using Convolutional Attention

The main consideration of this paper is time series forecasting using machine learning methods. While hundreds of studies have been conducted on this topic, we propose a novel, yet intuitive model, using technical indicators in combination with a focus on lagged relationships and the machine learning technique called BEDCA (Belief Encoder-Decoder with Convolutional Attention). BEDCA takes into consideration technical indicators to improve predictive accuracy. To evaluate our model, we used historical Coca-Cola stock data, room temperature data, and daily data including the number of COVID-19 case data. We found that our model trained relatively quickly and had a high accuracy (low loss). Overall, BEDCA outperformed the standard Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) network on all three datasets, achieving MAE reduction of 74.1%, 41.3%, and 69.0%, respectively, although it took 3.05, 3.26, and 3.20 times longer to train on each dataset respectively. Our results highlight that convolutional attention is a promising form of attention and that technical indicators are important considerations for time series data.

Space-time CutFEM on overlapping meshes I: simple continuous mesh motion

We present a cut finite element method for the heat equation on two overlapping meshes: a stationary background mesh and an overlapping mesh that moves around inside/“on top” of it. Here the overlapping mesh is prescribed by a simple continuous motion, meaning that its location as a function of time is continuous and piecewise linear. For the discrete function space, we use continuous Galerkin in space and discontinuous Galerkin in time, with the addition of a discontinuity on the boundary between the two meshes. The finite element formulation is based on Nitsche’s method and also includes an integral term over the space-time boundary between the two meshes that mimics the standard discontinuous Galerkin time-jump term. The simple continuous mesh motion results in a space-time discretization for which standard analysis methodologies either fail or are unsuitable. We therefore employ what seems to be a relatively uncommon energy analysis framework for finite element methods for parabolic problems that is general and robust enough to be applicable to the current setting. The energy analysis consists of a stability estimate that is slightly stronger than the standard basic one and an a priori error estimate that is of optimal order with respect to both time step and mesh size. We also present numerical results for a problem in one spatial dimension that verify the analytic error convergence orders.

Standardizing technical parameters and terms for abdominopelvic photon-counting CT: laying the groundwork for innovation and evidence sharing.

Photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) is a new technology that has multiple diagnostic benefits including increased spatial resolution, iodine signal, and radiation dose efficiency, as well as multi-energy imaging capability, but which also has unique challenges in abdominal imaging. The purpose of this work is to summarize key features, technical parameters, and terms, which are common amongst current abdominopelvic PCD-CT systems and to propose standardized terminology (where none exists). In addition, user-selectable protocol parameters are highlighted to facilitate both scientific evaluation and early clinical adoption. Unique features of PCD-CT systems include photon-counting detectors themselves, energy thresholds and bins, and tube potential considerations for preserved spectral separation. Key parameters for describing different PCD-CT systems are reviewed and explained. While PCD-CT can generate multi-energy images like dual-energy CT, there are new types of images such as threshold images, energy bin images, and special spectral images. The standardized terms and concepts herein build upon prior interdisciplinary consensus and have been endorsed by the newly created Society of Abdominal Radiology Photon-counting CT Emerging Technology Commission.

Key Anatomical Concepts, Landmarks, and Proposed Terminology for Nerve-Sparing Gynecologic Surgery: A Narrative Review

ObjectiveTo synthesize the terminology utilized in nerve-sparing surgical literature and propose standardized and nonconflicting terms to allow for consistent vocabulary. DesignWe performed a literature search on PubMed using the search terms “pelvis” and “nerve-sparing.” Nongynecologic surgery and animal studies were excluded. A narrative review was performed, focusing on nerves, fasciae, ligaments, and retroperitoneal spaces. Terms from included papers were discussed by all authors, who are surgeons versed in nerve-sparing procedures and one anatomist, and recommendations were made regarding the most appropriate terms based on the frequency of occurrence in the literature and the possibility of overlapping names with other structures. Results224 articles were identified, with 81 included in the full-text review. Overall, 48% of articles focused on cervical cancer and 26% on deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Findings were synthesized both narratively and visually. Inconsistencies in pelvic anatomical nomenclature were prevalent across publications. The structure with the most varied terminology was the rectal branch of the inferior hypogastric plexus with 14 names. A standardized terminology for pelvic autonomic nerve structures, fasciae, ligaments, and retroperitoneal spaces was proposed to avoid conflicting terms. ConclusionSurgeons and anatomists should use consistent terminology to facilitate increased uptake of nerve-sparing techniques in gynecologic surgery through a better understanding of surgical technique description. We have proposed a standardized terminology believed to facilitate this goal.

Manajemen Risiko Dalam Pengiriman Barang Pada Jasa JNT Express Cabang Palembang Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

The main problem in this thesis is that in the last few months JNT Express Palembang branch has often experienced a decline in sales and also complaints from customers about the many problems that occur in the service felt by consumers such as problems with late delivery of goods, shipments that cannot be tracked, damage to goods to loss of delivery packages. These complaints were obtained from the Internet Media. The purpose of this discussion is to find out the Implementation of Risk Management in the Delivery of Goods at JNT Express Palembang Branch Services and Islamic Economic Review on Risk Management in the Delivery of JNT Express Palembang Branch Services. This research is a field research. By using qualitative methods. This research uses informants consisting of 6 people, namely 1 Leader, 1 Admin, 1 Courier and 3 JNT Palembang Branch Consumers. This research was conducted at JNT Ekpress, Jl. Sultan M. Mansyur, Bukit Lama, Kec. Ilir Barat I. Palembang City. While the data collection method in this study is in the form of observation, interviews, documentation. Based on the results of the study. Risks in shipping JNT goods are Social, Physical, Customer and Competition factors. The obstacles are delays, wrong addresses, damage and loss of goods. To prevent or minimize the occurrence of risks, JNT issues Standard Delivery Terms (SSP). Review of Islamic Economics on Risk Management in the Delivery of Goods Services JNT Express Palembang Branch is not contrary to Islam.

Normalization of Hemoglobin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, and Fatigue in Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Treated with Pegcetacoplan.

We determined normalization rates for hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and fatigue in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) treated with pegcetacoplan (PEG) in the PEGASUS (NCT03500549) and PRINCE (NCT04085601) phase III trials. Enrolled patients had PNH and hemoglobin <10.5 g/dL despite ≥3 months of eculizumab (ECU) [PEGASUS], or were complement component 5 (C5) inhibitor-naive, receiving supportive care only, with hemoglobin less than the lower limits of normal (LLN) [PRINCE]. Hematologic and fatigue normalization endpoints were hemoglobin greater than or equal to the LLN (females: 12 g/dL; males: 13.6 g/dL) in the absence of transfusion; LDH ≤226U/L in the absence of transfusion; and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue ≥43.6, the general population norm. Safety was assessed by investigators using standardized terms and definitions for seriousness and severity. Hemoglobin normalization occurred in 34.1% (14/41) of PEG-treated patients at Week 16 (randomized controlled period) in PEGASUS (vs. 0% [0/39] of ECU-treated patients) and in 45.7% (16/35) of PEG-treated patients at Week 26 in PRINCE (vs. 0% [0/18] of supportive care-treated patients). At Week 48 (open-label period) in PEGASUS, 24.4% of PEG-treated patients (PEG-to-PEG) and 30.8% of patients treated with ECU through Week 16 who switched to PEG through Week 48 (ECU-to-PEG) had hemoglobin normalization. Rates of LDH normalization in PEGASUS were 70.7% (PEG-treated patients) and 15.4% (ECU-treated patients) at Week 16, and 56.1% (PEG-to-PEG) and 51.3% (ECU-to-PEG) at Week 48. In PRINCE, 67.5% of PEG-treated patients at Week 26 had normalized LDH concentrations. Rates of FACIT-Fatigue score normalization in PEGASUS were 48.8% and 10.3% in PEG- and ECU-treated patients, respectively, at Week 16, and 34.1% and 51.3% in PEG-to-PEG- and ECU-to-PEG-treated patients, respectively, at Week 48. In PRINCE, 68.6% of PEG-treated patients and 11.1% of supportive care patients had FACIT-Fatigue score normalization at Week 26. PEG was safe and well tolerated. Injection site reactions, mostly mild, were the most common adverse event of special interest in PEG-treated patients in the PEGASUS randomized controlled period (36.6%) and in PRINCE (30.4%). PEG is superior to ECU and supportive care in hemoglobin, LDH, and FACIT-Fatigue score normalization for patients with PNH and persistent anemia despite ≥3 months of treatment with ECU, and in C5 inhibitor-naive patients. The PEGASUS trial (NCT03500549) was registered on 18 August 2018, and the PRINCE trial (NCT04085601) was registered on 11 September 2019.

Growth and body composition of infants born moderate-to-late preterm fed a protein- and mineral-enriched postdischarge formula compared with a standard term formula until 6 months corrected age, a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundInfants born moderate-to-late preterm (i.e., 32 wk–35 wk 6 d gestation) are, analogous to those born very preterm, at risk of later obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Appropriate early life nutrition is key for ensuring optimal growth and body composition, thereby mitigating potential cardiometabolic risks. ObjectivesWe aimed to compare growth and body composition between infants born moderate-to-late preterm fed isocaloric but protein- and mineral-enriched postdischarge formula (PDF) or standard term formula (STF) until 6 mo corrected age (CA; i.e., after term equivalent age [TEA]). MethodsAfter enrollment (≤7 d postpartum), infants received PDF if (fortified) mother’s own milk (MOM) was insufficient. At TEA, those receiving >25% of intake as formula were randomized to either continue the same PDF (n = 47) or switch to STF (n = 50); those receiving ≥75% of intake as MOM (n = 60) served as references. At TEA and 6 mo CA, we assessed anthropometry and body composition using both dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP). ResultsFeeding groups had similar gestational age (median [25th percentile;75th percentile]: 34.3 [33.5; 35.1] wk), birthweight (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 2175 ± 412 g), anthropometry, and body composition at TEA. At 6 mo CA, infants fed PDF had slightly, but significantly, greater length (67.6 ± 2.5 and 66.9 ± 2.6 cm, P < 0.05) and larger head circumference (43.9 ± 1.3 and 43.4 ± 1.5 cm, P < 0.05) compared to infants fed STF. Also, infants fed PDF had higher lean mass (LM) and bone mineral content estimated by DXA (4772 ± 675 and 4502 ± 741 g; 140 ± 20 and 131 ± 23 g, respectively; P < 0.05). ADP estimates, however, were not statistically different between feeding groups. ConclusionsInfants born moderate-to-late preterm demonstrated modest increases in length, head circumference, LM, and bone mineral content when fed PDF compared to STF for 6 mo after TEA.This trial was registered at the International Clinical Trial Registry Platform as NTR5117 and NTR NL4979.

Iatrogenic injuries to reservoirs of inflatable penile prosthesis during urologic surgery: a scoping review and case report.

First-line treatment options for patients with erectile dysfunction whose medical management has failed include the inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP). Many patients with an IPP require subsequent urologic surgery, during which the reservoir of the IPP can be injured. This review aims to present a summary of current literature related to iatrogenic injuries to the IPP sustained during urologic surgery. Two reviewers independently performed a systematic search on PubMed using standardized search terms to identify pertinent articles. After preliminary review, relevant studies were analyzed to identify the presence of perioperative complications resulting in IPP reservoir injury. Results were categorized by surgical procedures. Among 13 articles included, all were based on urologic surgery. Four studies identified IPP reservoir injury as a result of surgical injury. Of these, injuries occurred during radical prostatectomy (n = 3) and prostatic urethral lift surgery (UroLift, n = 1). Most radical prostatectomy studies without IPP reservoir injuries also described intentional surgical techniques that were employed to prevent reservoir damage, including modulation of reservoir inflation-deflation (n = 3), temporary reservoir repositioning (n = 1), or reservoir capsule dissection to improve visualization (n = 1). Findings from an additional novel case report on IPP injury during a UroLift procedure are presented in this review. Approximately one-third of studies identified intraoperative IPP reservoir injury as a significant complication of urologic surgery, particularly during radical prostatectomy. Novel case report findings also contribute the only other case of IPP reservoir damage sustained from delivery of UroLift implants. Findings are used to create a standardized surgical checklist that guides perioperative planning measures prior to pursuing surgery in adjacent spaces.

Model Legislation of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association: Harmonization instead of Unification

Since 1996 the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) has been extremely successful in preparing and promoting model acts that have been implemented in more than 80 jurisdictions, including the Russian Federation. This circumstance is unique because ISDA, unlike intergovernmental organizations in the field of harmonization and unification of private law, does not have the status of an international organization, being a non-profit corporation. Nevertheless, its model laws, being in demand by legislators from different countries, put ISDA’s activities in the field of harmonization of private law on a par with such international organizations as Unidroit and UNCITRAL. The paper provides a brief description of the basics of the activities of this association. Special attention is given to the preparation of standard framework agreements and terms of contracts. The evolution of its model legislation is traced in detail, including the model laws of 1996, 2002, 2006 and 2018. It is noted that up to 2018, there was a tendency to expand privileges for derivative transactions, including in terms of their types and degree of protection. However, after the collapse of the leading investment bank Lehman Brothers and the subsequent global financial crisis, regulatory approaches to derivatives privileges changed, which was reflected in the latest ISDA model Act.

A standard lexicon of terms for area-based conservation version 1.0.

Target 3 in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) calls for protecting at least 30% of the world's lands and waters in area-based conservation approaches by 2030. This ambitious 30×30 target has spurred great interest among policy makers, practitioners, and researchers in defining and measuring the effectiveness of these types of approaches. But along with this broad interest, there has also been a proliferation of terms and their accompanying abbreviations used to describe different types of conservation areas and their governance, planning, management, and monitoring. The lack of standard terms is hindering the use and assessment of area-based approaches to conserve the world's biodiversity. It is difficult to track progress toward GBF Target 3 or to share learning with other practitioners if different groups of people are using different words to describe the same concept or similar words to talk about different concepts. To address this problem, the International Union for Conservation of Nature's World Commission on Protected Areas commissioned a task force to review existing terms and recommend a standard English-language lexicon for this field based on key criteria. The results were definitions of 37 terms across 6 categories, including types of protected and additional conservation areas (e.g., protected area, additional conservation area), sets of these areas (protected area network, protected area system), their governance and management (governance, rightsholders), assessment (effectiveness, equitability), spatial planning (key biodiversity area), and action planning (value, outcome, objective). Our standard lexicon can provide a common language for people who want to use it and a shared reference point that can be used to translate various terms used by different groups. The common understanding provided by the lexicon can serve as a foundation for collaborative efforts to improve the policies, implementation, assessments, research, and learning about this important set of conservation approaches.

Patient Education Materials for Immobilisation Masks in Radiation Therapy for Adult Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review.

Immobilisation masks (IMs) are used for people with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing radiation therapy (RT) treatment to ensure accuracy and reproducibility between treatments. Claustrophobia-related mask anxiety in HNC patients is common and can compromise treatment due to patient distress. This scoping review aimed to describe the content of publicly available Patient Education Materials (PEMs) for people with HNC undergoing RT. Three search engines (Bing, Yahoo, and Google) were systematically searched using standard terms. PEMs in audio-visual or written formats were eligible for inclusion if the target readership was adults with HNC and included content on IMs for RT. Content was appraised using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable and Audio-Visual Materials to assess understandability and actionability. In total, 304 PEMs were identified of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen PEMs were webpages, three were PDF format, and one was a standalone video. The understandability and actionability of PEMs ranged between 47 to 100% and 0 to 80%, respectively. PEMs authored by Foundations/Organisations scored higher in understandability (80-100%) and were more likely to discuss mask anxiety coping strategies. In comparison, News sites and IM manufacturers published PEMs with the lowest understandability scores (20-80%). The significant variations in the quality of IM PEMs identified suggest that some sources may be more effective at informing patients about IMs. Although multiple aspects of the PEMs were consistent across the reviewed materials, many PEMs lacked information, and a stronger focus on understandability and actionability is required.

Integration and analysis of diverse healthcare data sources: A novel solution

Contemporary healthcare analytics requires informed decision-making through seamless integration, correlation, and curation of diverse data from sources like clinical trials, research publications, ubiquitous devices, and standard terminologies. Modern healthcare systems need to monitor temporal changes, manage key features, and deliver robust search capabilities, extending beyond electronic health records. However, existing systems lack readiness for comprehensive healthcare analytics tasks, necessitating a sophisticated solution. Our work introduces a groundbreaking comprehensive framework for managing, integrating, and processing continuously evolving healthcare data, with a focus on establishing an efficient architecture for data processing and ensuring interoperability and consistency. We incorporate a time dimension to capture critical changes for efficient data analysis and decision-making, extending from clinical trials to mapping clinical trial data to clinical research. Moreover, we curate disparate datasets, including trials, academic publications, standard medical terms, concepts, and ubiquitous device data. Employing highly efficient algorithms and methods, we optimize time and space complexity, validating the feasibility of our proposed solution. Our results demonstrate maximum linear change detection and update processing latency, showcasing efficiency compared to state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, our methods for profiling crucial entities in clinical trial data achieve consistent average accuracy, notably with the VSM model. This innovative approach significantly advances meeting dynamic requirements in contemporary healthcare analytics, particularly in clinical trials.

Speed of sound and scalar spectral index: Reconstructing inflation and reheating in a non-canonical theory

In this article we analyze the reconstruction of inflation in the framework of a non-canonical theory. In this sense, we study the viability of reconstructing the background variables assuming a non-linear kinetic term given by K(X,ϕ)=X+g(ϕ)X2, with X the standard kinetic term associated to the scalar field ϕ and g(ϕ) an arbitrary coupling function. In order to achieve this reconstruction in the context of inflation, we assume the slow-roll approximation together with the parametrization of the scalar spectral index ns and the speed of sound cs as a function of the number of e−folds N. By assuming the simplest parametrizations for ns−1=−2/N and cs∝N−β with β a constant, we find the reconstruction of the effective potential V(ϕ) and the coupling function g(ϕ) in terms of the scalar field. Besides, we study the reheating epoch by considering a constant equation of state parameter, where we determine the temperature and number of e−folds during the reheating epoch in terms of the reconstructed variables and the observational parameters. In this way, the parameter-space related to the reconstructed inflationary model are constrained during the epochs of inflation and reheating by assuming the current astronomical data from Planck and BICEP/Keck results.

Development of a Qualitative Data Analysis Codebook for Arterial Hypertension and Type-2-Diabetes Integrated Care Evaluation.

Non-communicable diseases, such as arterial hypertension (HTN) and type-2 diabetes (T2D), pose a global public health problem. Integrated care with focus on person-centred principles aims to enhance healthcare quality and access. Previous qualitative research has identified facilitators and barriers for scaling-up integrated care, however the lack of standardized terms and measures hinder cross-country comparisons. This paper addresses these gaps by presenting a generic codebook for qualitative research on integrated care implementation for HTN and T2D. The codebook serves as a tool for deductive or deductive-inductive qualitative analysis, organizing concepts and themes from qualitative data. It consists of nine first level and 39 second level themes. First level codes cover core issues; and second level codes provide detailed insights into facilitators and barriers. This codebook is more widely applicable than previously developed tools because it includes a broader scope of stakeholders across micro, meso, and macro levels, and the themes being derived from highly diverse health systems across high- and low-income countries. The codebook is a useful tool for implementation research on integrated care for HTN and T2D at global scale. It facilitates cross-country learning, contributing to improved implementation, scale-up and outcomes.

Regular Friedmann Universes and Matter Transformations

We apply a very simple procedure to construct non-singular cosmological models for flat Friedmann universes filled with minimally coupled scalar fields or by tachyon Born–Infeld-type fields. Remarkably, for the minimally coupled scalar field and the tachyon field, the regularity of the cosmological evolution, or in other words, the existence of bounce, implies the necessity of the transition between scalar fields with standard kinetic terms to those with phantom ones. In both cases, the potentials in the vicinity of the point of the transition have a non-analyticity of the cusp form that is characterized by the same exponent and is equal to 23. If, in the tachyon model’s evolution, the pressure changes its sign, then another transformation of the Born–Infeld-type field occurs: the tachyon transforms into a pseudotachyon, and vice versa. We also undertake an analysis of the stability of the cosmological evolution in our models; we rely on the study of the speed of sound squared.

The Influence of Holistic Leadership of Administrators on Teachers Empowerment Program

With the continuous deepening of education reform, the leadership position in the education field has gradually improved. Issues such as leadership style assessment, leadership prediction, teacher leadership ability improvement programs, leadership training and educational reform have received widespread attention. However, there are still some problems and challenges in these areas that require further research and exploration. This study uses empirical analysis methods to conduct a comprehensive analysis of leadership style assessment, leadership prediction, teacher leadership ability improvement programs, and leadership training and education reform issues in the field of education. The results show that in the current field of education, it is crucial to pay attention to issues such as leadership style assessment, leadership prediction, teacher leadership ability improvement plans, leadership training and educational reform. But there are also common problems and challenges in these areas. In terms of leadership style evaluation, inconsistent indicators and standards, uneven methods and tools, and a lack of widespread practical application have become problems that need to be solved urgently. The key to solving these problems is to strengthen research, improve evaluation indicators and methods, improve tool reliability, and transform evaluation results into practical improvement measures. In terms of leadership prediction, prediction accuracy is challenged due to the complexity, multi-dimensionality of leadership and the interference of external factors. Future development requires more careful treatment of forecast results and comprehensive analysis combined with other factors. At the same time, establishing clearer leadership evaluation standards and conducting in-depth research on prediction methods and tools are necessary steps to promote the development of leadership prediction. Teacher leadership capacity improvement projects currently have problems such as systemic flaws, lack of pertinence and sustainability, and imperfect evaluation and feedback mechanisms. In order to improve the effect, it is necessary to build a scientific and systematic improvement plan framework, focus on personalized training, establish a long-term training and development plan, improve the evaluation mechanism, and transform evaluation results into specific improvement measures. Finally, the current status of leadership training and education reform has problems such as uncertain conceptual connotations, resource investment challenges, and differences in actual effects that need to be resolved. Clarifying leadership standards, optimizing training methods, and improving training effects are the directions to promote the integrated development of leadership training and education reform. At the same time, an effective evaluation and feedback mechanism should be established to provide scientific support for continuous improvement.