Standard Regression Equation Research Articles

Effects of European funding on the convergence of central and eastern European countries

This study aims to analyze the effects of European funding for Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) on the degree of convergence. The model for measuring the real β-convergence and the standard regression equation when working with a general population were mainly used as part of the analysis methodology. The results confirm the tested neoclassical hypothesis that less developed countries record faster growth rates relative to stronger developed countries. The analysis finds that only in Bulgaria of the studied countries is an independent impact of EU financing on real convergence expressed in the inflation rate. When examining the unemployment rate, a relationship is found in three of the CEE countries: Lithuania, Latvia and Bulgaria. Indicators from the analysis of the relationship between EU funding and convergence through the Gini index are found only in Slovenia while the same observed relationship expressed through GDP per capita shows a negligible independent influence on real convergence in all CEE countries. The study in its entirety demonstrates the relationship between the real effects of European funding on the convergence of CEE countries through four independent variables and raises discussion questions about the approaches to measure the real effect of the budgetary resources allocated at the European level.

Creative Thinking: The Development of Lifelong Learning With the Principle of Andragogy for The Elderly Group in Northern Thailand

The purpose of this research was to compare the learning outcomes of teak furniture production by applying the andragogy principle and studying the learning factors in teak furniture development in older groups. The population consisted of 110 local technicians of the Phrae Wood Products Trade Association, Phrae Province, Thailand. For this study, the sample group consisted of 86 local technicians aged 55 years and older who were selected by stratified sampling, and structured questionnaires were used as the research tool and analyzed using the paired sample t-test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and multiple regression analysis. Furthermore, it was found that both pre-training and post-training knowledge were correlated (Sig. = 0.000) in a positive direction (r = 0.799) with statistical significance at a level of.05 Additionally, when analyzed with EFA, it was found that there were factors that affect the learning efficiency of the elderly in three aspects (KMO = 0.788): 1) the creativityprocess, 2) the development of skills, and 3) the enhancement of knowledge in business expansion. All three factors were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. As a result, it was found that R = 0.836, R2 = 0.700, and Adj R2 = 0.689 according to the standard regression equation that was = .407(X1) + .323 (X2) + .596(X3).

Sustainability: Mechanized Handling of Large-Scale Livestock's Cow Manure Factors Into a Greener Economy

This research objective is to develop a large-scale livestock cow manure processing machine to add economic value and be environmentally friendly. The population was 4,994 dairy farmers in Nakhonratchasima province, Thailand. The sample group was the dairy farmers group in Pak Chong district Nakhonratchasima province, Thailand, with a total of 357 people. By evaluating the rating scale (Rating Scale) five levels of Likert. and there was a confidence value with an alpha coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.703), which was analyzed by SLR systematic literature review and scamper analysis by synthesizing the data to design new products as three main issues were 1) product creation guidelines from SLR literature review 2) problem diagnosis to the solution with SCAMPER technique 3) new product design in accordance with GOAL data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis and confirmatory factor analysis which found that 1) factors machine features 2) the efficiency factor of the machine and 3) image factors of the machine that resulted positively on farmer satisfaction and explained the farmer satisfaction variance of 71.9%. The standard score regression equation was Z= .453(X_1 )+ .384(X_2 )+ .465(X_3 ) and the regression equation in raw score y ?=-1.20+.460(X_1 )+.385(X_2 )+.466(X_3 ). When evaluated with CFA, the satisfaction of the sample group of dairy farmers group with the developed cow dung separate machine was found. That is the result of 3 factors according to the model concordance index: ?^2= .874, df = 4, relative ?^2= .219, p-value = .928, RMSEA = .000, RMR = .004, GFI = .996, AGFI = .956, NFI = .998, TLI = 1.078, PGFI = .089, RFI = .980, AIC = 82.874
 
 Received: 18 August 2023 / Accepted: 25 October 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023

Conditional optimization and methodological evaluation of liquid protein microarray in detecting cystatin C

To optimize the detection conditions and evaluate of cystatin C(CysC) by liquid protein microarray. CysC was detected by double antibody sandwich method using liquid protein microarray. On the basis of determining the optimal concentration combination of captured antibody and detected antibody, the detection conditions were optimized by determining the biological detection limit and lower detection limit, drawing the S-shaped curve and judging the linear range, and establishing the standard curve and regression equation. Methodsologically evaluate the accuracy, precision, reportable range and analytical specificity of the detection method. The optimal concentration combinations of CycC trapping-detection antibodies were 26.6 μg/mL-1∶800. The lower limits of detection and biologic limits of detection of the CysC were 0.037 and 0.237 ng/mL, respectively. Regression equation were as followes: y=-3.315x~2+283.04x+160.89, R~2=0.9921. The relative bias of CysC which was detected on the liquid protein microarry was 5.81%. The dilution recovery and recovery were 70.35%-84.91%(n=3)and 79.94%-122.41%(n=3)respectively. The correlation coefficient of method ology comparison experiment was r=0.616, P<0.05, and there was no significant difference between the two method(t=0.948, P=0.358); The within-run precision range from 3.54% to 4.03%(n=10); The between-run precision range from 12.07% to 15.05%(D=5, n=3); The reportable range was 0.26-3784.04 ng/mL. The analysis of interference test result showed that the both concentrations of hemoglobin(160.00, 71.11 g/L) had interference to the result of CysC detected on the chip. This study completed the optimization of conditions and methodological evaluation of liquid protein microarray in detecting CysC.

Impact of learners' perceptions of a high-stakes test on their learning motivation and learning time allotment: A study on the washback mechanism

This study investigates the relationships between learners' perceptions of a high-stakes test and their learning motivations and time allotment to explore the mechanism of test washback on learning. A questionnaire was administered to 3105 Chinese senior high school students. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, standard multiple regression and structural equation modelling were performed. The study found that students' positive test perceptions (i.e., validity and importance) better predicted their intrinsic motivations (i.e., communicative and development motivations) than their negative test perceptions (i.e., perceptions of test impact), which were found to better predict their extrinsic motivation towards external requirements. In addition, students' perceptions of test validity and test impact both had direct effects on learning time allotment and a small indirect effect through development motivation and requirement motivation, while perceptions of test importance only indirectly influenced learning time allotment through development motivation. These findings have important implications for learning and teaching.

Development and Validation of UV Spectrophotometric Method of Pirenzepine Dihydrochloride in API and Stress Degradation Studies

A simple, accurate, precise spectrophotometric method was developed for the detection of Pirenzepine dihydrochloride (PZC). The optimum condition for the analysis of the drug was studied. PZC was subjected to stress degradation under different conditions like acidic, alkali, neutral, oxidation, photolytic, and thermal degradation as per recommended by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The samples thus prepared were used for degradation studies by with the developed method. The lambda max i.e. absorption maxima found at 281nm and calibration curve linear over the range of 0-20µg/ml. The standard regression equation and correlation coefficient fond to be y = 0.04x + 0.056 R² = 0.998 respectively. Percent RSD found to be less than one. The accepted limits of accuracy (recovery) were found to be 90% - 120% and all observed data are within required range which indicates good recovery value. and LOD and LOQ found to be 0.165 and 0.500 respectively by simple UV spectroscopy.

Research on the economic development impact of earthquake disaster in China

As one of the areas with frequent earthquake disasters, China’s social stability and sustained and healthy economic development have been profoundly affected for a long time. Based on the two-way fixed effect model and a series of deterministic indicators of economic development, including education level, economic development, financial development, fixed asset investment and permanent population, this paper designs a standard regression equation for estimating growth and uses time series panel data to analyze the impact of earthquake disasters on China’s economic development. The research results show that the earthquake disaster has an insignificant positive impact on China’s GDP. From the point of view of control variables, education level and financial development level have a positive effect on economic development as a whole, but there are certain differences in the degree of influence. The degree of trade openness has a significant impact on GDP, industry and service industries. Moreover, it has a negative impact on agricultural development.

Optimization of platform conditions for simultaneous detection of multiple nutritional marker proteins by liquid protein microarray

To optimize the technical conditions for simultaneous detection of serum ferritin(SF), soluble transferrin receptor(sTfR), C-reactive protein(CRP)and retinol-binding protein four(RBP4)by liquid protein microarray. The trapping antibodies of the four proteins were coupled to magnetic beads with different codes, and the samples were added to the 96-well plate. The antibodies were detected by double antibody sandwich method. The serum of 5 patients were diluted with commercial diluent, 1% albumin from bovine serum(BSA) and phosphate buffer saline(PBS) to detect 4 target proteins, and the results were compared. The antibody specific binding ability was tested by antibody specific validation test. The interference between proteins was verified by the paired t test of the signal values of the single reaction system and the mixed reaction system. The lower limit of detection and the limit of biological detection of each protein were found by using multiple dilution method. The standard curve and regression equation were established. 1%BSA and PBS were selected to replace commercial diluent as diluents for the detection of 4 proteins in this experiment. The cross-reaction rate of the four antigens with other capture antibodies and detection antibodies was less than 2%. There was no significant difference in the signal value of each protein in the single reaction system and the mixed reaction system. The limit of detection and the limit of biological detection of SF were 1.155 and 1.625 ng/mL, respectively. The lower limit of detection and the limit of biological detection of sTfR were 2.682 and 5.208 ng/mL, respectively. The detection limit and biological detection limit of CRP were 0.302 and 0.391 ng/mL, respectively. The lower limit of detection and the limit of biological detection for RBP4 were 1.814 and 3.540 ng/mL, respectively. The standard curve and regression equation of the four proteins within the common linear range were as follows: SF y=172.5x-39.65, R~2=0.9968;sTfR y=60.10x+77.38, R~2=0.9972;CRP y=-6.000x~2+210.3x+246.1, R~2=0.9063;RBP4 y=-0.6998x~2+64.31x+134.8, R~2=0.9748. The conditions of the detection platform for four proteins such as SF, sTfR, CRP and RBP4 were optimized by using liquid protein chip technology.

Determination of Principal Yield Attributing Traits of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) Using Multivariate Analysis

The field experiments were conducted at farmer’s field, Madandanga village under Chakdaha Block of Nadia district in West Bengal during rabi season 2014-15 and 2015-16. Treatments were distributed in split-factorial design, with three varieties (P ‘3533’, P ‘3396’, P ‘30V92’) in the main plot and three planting density (55,555, 66,666, 83,333 plants ha-1) × three sowing dates (November 20, November 30, December 10) combinations in the sub-plots, replicated thrice. Irrespective of planting density and sowing date, the variety ‘P30V92’ produced the highest yield, followed by ‘P3396’ and ‘P3533’. The significantly highest grain and stover yield was obtained in high density planting (83,333 plants ha-1), accounting 44.2 and 39.6% more than low planting density (55,555 plants ha-1), respectively. The maximum grain and stover yields were obtained from Nov. 20 sown plants; being 7.71 and 11.95% more than the grain yield derived from late sown (Dec. 10) plants. A correlation study showed that among the growth and yield components, leaf area index (0.96) and shelling percentage (0.91) exhibited highly positive direct effects on the grain yield of hybrid maize. However, other growth attributes, namely P uptake (0.88), K uptake (0.86) and plant height (0.81) exerted comparatively low positive direct effects on the grain yield of hybrid maize. Further, the standard regression equation revealed a significant relationship of shelling percentage (p≤0.01), leaf area index (p≤0.01) and uptake of P (p≤0.05) with grain yield.

The anthropometric assessment of body composition and nutritional status in children aged 2–15 years: A cross-sectional study from three districts in Bangladesh

Early life nutrition plays a critical role in the development of better health and nutrition in adulthood. However, assessing the nutritional status of Bangladeshi children and adolescents through measurement of body composition using skinfold thickness is barely studied. The current study aims to determine children's body composition and nutritional status, and contributing factors among children aged 2 to 15 years in the northern part of Bangladesh. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study done in Bangladesh. Anthropometric methods, including multiple skinfold thickness and basic anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics, were used. Body composition was calculated from multiple skinfold thicknesses using the standard regression equation. Nutritional status was measured using Z score according to WHO 2007 reference standard. A total of 330 children from Naogaon, Bogra and Kurigram districts in Bangladesh were examined from April 2019 to September 2019. The Nutritional status of 2-15 years old child is exceedingly poor in the northern part of Bangladesh. Fat mass and fat-free mass were higher among children from Kurigram district than from Bogra and Naogaon district. Body fat percentages and arm fat area were greater among female children than males. The overall prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was around 25%, 32% and 29%, respectively, and the rate was higher among girls and children aged 2-5 years. The average SD score for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age was -1.295, -0.937 and -1.009. The median weight-for-age and height-for-age Z scores of boys and girls were below the WHO reference percentile rank. Girls were twice (OR:1.951, CI:1.150-3.331) as likely to suffer from being underweight than boys. Children who don't practice handwashing are three times (OR:3.531, CI:1.657-7.525) more likely to be underweight. Children become underweight and stunted when their family income is not sufficient to maintain their nutritional requirements. The children of the three northern districts had a poor nutritional status, and family income was the potential contributing factor. Therefore, interventions like the promotion of income-generating activities and integrated approaches to ensuring food diversification could be an option to address the nutritional problem of children of the three northern districts of Bangladesh.

Quantitative Analysis of Parasporal Crystal Protein from Bacillus thuringiensis by Capillary Electrophoresis

The amount of parasporal crystal protein (δ-endotoxin) from the fermentation broth of the Bacillus thuringiensis is the best indication to assess the efficiency of the fermentation process or strain selection. Traditional methods for the assessment of insecticidal effect, such as bioassay or HPLC, were either time-consuming, inaccurate or inefficient. In this study, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used for analyzing the amount of parasporal crystal protein after it was dissolved by adding a reducing agent, such as β-mercaptoethanol, to break the disulfide bonds. This soluble protein, δ-endotoxin, was then subjected to quantitative analysis by CE. The running buffer contained 300 mM boric acid, and pH was adjusted to 10.0 with 1 N NaOH. The dimensions of the capillary were 47 cm × 50 μm I.D. without coating. Lysozyme was used as internal standard for the quantitative assay of the δ-endotoxin. The migration time of the lysozyme peak was approximately 2 minutes earlier than that of the δ-endotoxin peak. The correlation between the concentration of δ-endotoxin and the ratio of the peak area of δ-endotoxin and the peak of lysozyme was calculated. The linear regression analysis showed that the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.9994, the slope is 0.4095 and the intercept is +0.0025. From this standard regression equation, the concentration of δ-endotoxin in fermentation broth or solution can be estimated easily by CE analysis.

180-LB: Standardizing the Hemoglobin Glycation Index (HGI)

HGI measures how far a person’s HbA1c lies above or below average compared to other people with similar blood glucose concentrations. Multiple studies confirm that high HGI is associated with greater risk for iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes patients and chronic vascular disease in diabetic and nondiabetic populations. However, significant differences in how blood glucose is assessed and in the demographic composition of different study populations have resulted in marked interstudy differences in the slopes and intercepts of regression equations used to calculate HGI. The purpose of the present study was to develop a standard linear regression equation that could be widely used to calculate HGI in diverse human populations. To accomplish this, we used data from the demographically diverse 1999-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to identify 18,675 participants age ≥20 y without self-reported diabetes. The regression equation developed from this treatment naïve adult reference population was HbA1c = 0.024 FPG + 3.1. HGI was calculated for reference population participants who were then subdivided into 1) low, moderate, and high subgroups, and 2) normal, prediabetic and diabetic subgroups based on OGTT results. Novel observations include lack of association between HGI and hemoglobin concentration, plasma insulin or HOMA-IR. Consistent with previous reports, high HGI was associated with 1) black race regardless of diabetes status, 2) older age and higher BMI in nondiabetic but not diabetic participants, and 3) no difference in 2 h OGTT results in normal, prediabetic or treatment naïve diabetic participants. Standardizing how HGI is calculated across studies will facilitate clinical and basic research to better understand 1) why some people have lower or higher than average HbA1c levels independent of blood glucose concentration, 2) why high HGI is associated with greater risk for chronic vascular disease in diabetic and nondiabetic people, and 3) what can be done to reduce risk in high HGI people. Disclosure D.S. Hsia: None. S. Yang: None. S. Liu: None. J.M. Hempe: None. Funding National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U54GM104940)

Chemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Seed Proteins

Chemical and nutritional properties of pumpkin (Curcubita pepo) seed proteins were studied. The seed was processed into defatted flour (CPF) which was further processed into Curcubita protein concentrate (CPC) and Curcubita protein isolate (CPI) by alkaline water/isoelectric precipitation. Chemical properties of the protein products were determined using standard methods of analysis. The amino acid profile was determined by an automated Technicon® liquid chromatography system. Protein digestibility was assessed in-vitro (IVPD) using trypsin-pepsin enzyme method while biological values were determined on the basis of their amino acid profile. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was estimated according to a standard proposed regression equation. The seed proteins demonstrated high levels of crude protein (CPC=69.98% and CPI=74.15%), vitamin C (CPC=43.46 and CPI=52.36 mg/ml) and vitamin A (CPC=100.56 and CPI= 63.43 I.U/g) with low levels of thiamin and riboflavin. Both proteins showed low and similar (p>0.05) levels of sodium (0.14-0.18%), calcium (0.86-1.02%), magnesium (0.53-0.58%) and phosphorus (0.09-0.11%). Percentage ratios of essential to total amino acids obtained for CPC and CPI (44.24% and 45.50%, respectively) were greater than 36% which is considered adequate for an ideal protein. Protein biological values obtained for CPC and CPI respectively were: 95% and 53% (chemical score), 2.80 and 1.56 (PER} and 70.10% and 51.28% (essential amino acid index). CPC showed a better digestibility than CPI with IVPD value of 56.88%. Threonine and lysine were the most limiting amino acids in both protein products. All anti-nutrients evaluated were low and below allowable limits. In conclusion pumpkin seed proteins showed good biological values and could be used to improve the quality of other plant proteins or as a possible replacement for animal proteins in conventional foods.

Selective Inhibition of a Panel of Cancer Stem Cell Lines by Novel Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics

PurposeTo characterize the anti‐cancer stem cell (CSC) properties of non‐saccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics (NSGMs) and their lipid‐modified analogs in a panel of colon cancer cells.MethodFour novel NSGMs were screened for their ability to inhibit the formation of 1° spheroids in 12 intestinal tumor cells belonging to one of four consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) for intestinal cancers and were chosen to be representative of common genetic variants in colon cancer. Spheroid were grown by suspending monolayer cancer cells in stem cell media in low‐adhesion plates and the number of spheroids was measured with light microscopy. Spheroid forming cell frequency (SFF) was determined in the 1° spheroids by plating them at varying concentration 1→124 cells/well and recording 2° spheroids (present or absent) in each well using http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/software/elda web tool. Dose‐response curves were generated by examining 1° spheroid formation following treatment with increasing concentration of NSGMs (0→5000 μM). The IC50 values for each of the NSGMs were determined using the standard sigmoidal regression equation. Inhibition of monolayers of corresponding cancer cells by NSGMs was assessed through a colorimetric MTT assay.ResultsThe MTT assay in monolayer conditions revealed no or minimal cytotoxicity with all the NSGMs at concentrations >300μM, suggesting selective targeting of CSCs. Screening for primary spheroid inhibition revealed three distinct responses concerning the lead NSGM G2.2. G2.2 showed a mean IC50 of 225 μM across all cell lines (range 134 – 252 μM). Intriguingly, CMS1, CMS2, and neuroendocrine cells were either moderately resistant or highly resistant. On the other hand, none of the CMS3 and CMS4 cell lines were highly resistant, and a majority (4/8) were sensitive to G2.2. Intriguingly, we observed a significant inverse correlation (r = −0.56, p= 0.06) between SFF and IC50 for G2.2, suggesting that the level of pre‐existing CSCs could determine G2.2's efficacy. Interestingly, the lipid‐modified analogs showed higher potency in comparison with the parent molecule G2.2. Of the three lipid‐modified analogs, G8C was the most potent inhibitor of CSC's (with a mean IC50 of 11 μM) against intestinal cancer spheroids. In fact, G8C displayed sub‐micromolar inhibition (IC50 = 0.73 μM) against the most sensitive colorectal cell line HT‐29 (CMS3). Except for one case, the resistant cell lines turned sensitive or less resistant to treatment with the three lipid analogs.ConclusionsG2.2 (and related NSGMs) selectively inhibit CSCs and its efficacy strongly correlates with the levels of pre‐existing CSCs and/or CMS subtypes 3 (KRAs activation) and 4 (TGF‐β pathway activation) providing valuable clues about their mechanism. Lipid‐modified NSGMs represent potent and selective anti‐CSCs agents with paradigm‐shifting implications for colorectal cancer treatment.Support or Funding InformationGrant support from the following sources:1P01 HL1071521R25 HL1286391R01 HL090586This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Potassium Bromate–quinine Chemiluminescence Detection of Thiram in Water Samples using Flow Injection Analysis

A flow injection-chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method is devised for the determination of thiram in natural water samples. The CL intensity is enhanced when thiram is oxidized with potassium bromate under strong acidic conditions subsequently using quinine as a sensitizer. Under the optimum experimental conditions the relative CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of thiram in the range from 0.001 to 20 mg/L with the limit of detection (S/N = 3) 6 × 10–4 mg/L and the throughput of injections of 200 samples/h. The coefficient of determination (R2), relative standard deviation (n = 4) and regression equation over the studied range were 0.9998 (n = 11), 0.94–1.76% and y = 873.9x – 41.1 (y corresponds to the CL intensity, mV, and x is the concentration of thiram, mg/L), respectively. The proposed method was applied for the determination of thiram in spiked natural water samples and results obtained were in good agreement with the previously reported HPLC method. A brief discussion on the possible CL reaction mechanism between thiram and potassium bromate enhanced by quinine has been described.

The impact of external factors on the monetary stability in Jordan for the period 1990–2015

This study aimed to examine the impact of external factors (external grants and aid, external public debt, remittances of Jordanians labor abroad and external shocks) on the efficiency of the monetary policy, which aims at achieving monetary stability through influencing inflation rates in Jordan during the period 1990–2015, by using standard regression equation estimated by the ordinary least squares (OLS). The findings of the study showed a statistically significant impact at 1% of each of the external grants and aid, and remittances of Jordanians labor abroad on the efficiency of monetary policy through targeting inflation rates in Jordan. As to the variables of external public debt and external shocks, the findings showed a weak impact, which was not statistically significant at a reasonable level, on the efficiency of monetary policy. The researchers recommended that decision-makers pay further attention to the vital role of the remittances of the Jordanians labor abroad, which is one of the main bases of the Jordanian economy. This is due to its crucial impact on the Jordanian economy.

A Newly Proposed Regression Equation for Mixed Dentition Analysis Using the Sum of the Width of Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors and Permanent Mandibular First Molars as a Predictor of Width of Unerupted Canine and Premolars

Objective: To determine linear regression equation to predict the mesiodistal widths of the permanent canines and premolars based on the sum of the widths of the two permanent mandibular first molars and two mandibular central incisors. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 800 (400 males and 400 females) permanent dentition casts of Chhattisgarh population. Mesiodistal crown widths of teeth were measured with digital caliper. The correlation and linear regression equations between the calculated four teeth (two permanent mandibular first molars and two central incisors) and the canine-premolars segments of both the arches were developed. Results: No significant differences were found in right and left side of the arch. Sexual dimorphism was significant in teeth sizes with higher mesiodistal dimension in males. A good correlation values varying from 0.51 to 0.67 was found. New standardized regression equations were formulated for the prediction of the mesiodistal widths of unerupted canines and premolars for Chhattisgarh population. Conclusion: Calculating mesiodistal widths of unerupted canine and premolars with help of two permanent mandibular molars and two mandibular central incisors, which erupt early in the oral cavity, can be an alternative and best predictor for the mixed dentition analysis.

Impact of Environmental Investments and Air Protection Costs on the Sustainable Development of Coal Mining Regions

The transition to sustainable development of mining regions depends on the size and effectiveness of environmental investments. This study examines the impact of investments and current costs of air protection on the amount of air emissions from stationary sources. We used data on investments in atmospheric air protection, current costs of air protection, and amounts of air emission in 12 mining regions of Russia. The impact of investment and emission costs was simulated using standard pairwise regression equations and the Almon distributed lag model. The statistical insignificance of the models has been established, both in terms of the form of coupling equation and the significance of most coefficients with explanatory variables. The distributed lag model using data on investments in air protection over five years is also statistically insignificant. The paper also discusses the impact of investments and current costs on the specific emission amount per 1 ruble of the gross regional product. The model of pairwise linear regression and other possible forms of the coupling equation in this case are statistically insignificant. The study found that investments and current costs do not affect emissions from stationary sources. This suggests a lack of investments in the air protection and a low efficiency of their use.

IS ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY IS A FAIRY TALE ?: THE EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA WITH ORDINARY LEAST SQUARE ESTIMATION

Time series analysis in financial sector has grown in popularity since the last few decades, theories about capital markets are increasingly studied since Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) are often compared and paired with one another. The development of APT is widespread by involving many macroeconomic variables. Unfortunately there is no consensus until now. This paper aims to examine the relevance of APT in the case of Indonesia during the period 2009-2017 with standard multiple regression equations. From three independent variables, only exchange rates have a significant influence on the composite stock price (IHSG) in Indonesia, while inflation and GDP have no significant effect on stock prices. 99.8% variation in stock price formation can be explained by independent variables where there is a positive relationship between exchange rate and stock price indicates a mechanism of stock price formation through strong domestic demand before fourth quarter 2016 and trade effect (export-import) after fourth quarter 2016 .

The impact of test loads on the accuracy of 1RM prediction using the load-velocity relationship

BackgroundNumerous methods have been proposed that use submaximal loads to predict one repetition maximum (1RM). One common method applies standard linear regression equations to load and average vertical lifting velocity (Vmean) data developed during squat jumps or three bench press throw (BP-T). The main aim of this project was to determine which combination of three submaximal loads during BP-T result in the most accurate prediction of 1RM Smith Machine bench press strength in healthy individuals.MethodsIn this study combinations of three BP-T loads were used to predict 1RM Smith Machine bench press strength. Additionally, we examined whether regression models developed using peak vertical bar velocity (Vpeak), rather than Vmean, provide the most accurate prediction of Smith Machine bench press 1RM. 1RM Smith Machine bench press strength was measured directly in 12 healthy regular weight trainers (body mass = 80.8 ± 5.7 kg). Two to three days later a linear position transducer attached to the collars on a Smith Machine was used to record Vmean and Vpeak during BP-T between 30 and 70% of 1RM (10% increments).ResultsRepeated measures analysis of variance testing showed that the mean values for slope and ordinate intercept for the regression models at each of the load ranges differed significantly depending on whether Vmean or Vpeak were used in the prediction models (P < 0.001). Conversely, the abscissa intercept did not differ significantly between either measure of vertical bar velocity at each load range. The key finding in this study was that 1RM Smith Machine bench press strength can be determined with high relative accuracy by examining Vmean and Vpeak during BP-T over three loads, with the most precise models using Vpeak during loads representing 30, 40 and 50% of 1RM (R2 = 0.96, SSE = 4.2 kg).ConclusionsThese preliminary findings indicate that exercise programmers working with normal healthy populations can accurately predict Smith Machine 1RM bench press strength using relatively light load Smith Machine BP-T testing, avoiding the need to expose their clients to potentially injurious loads.