Standard Pricing Research Articles

Analisa Penetapan Harga Pokok Produksi Kerangka Baja Kapal

Since the beginning of the administration, Indonesian President Joko Widodo with the Nawa Cita program has initiated the strengthening of Indonesia's identity as a maritime country. President Joko Widodo also has a vision to restore Indonesia's maritime glory which can be achieved by developing the maritime sector. This study aims to provide an alternative in an effort to control production costs by using a standard costing system in which a standard price is first set to be compared/compared with what actually happened, and the comparison will show whether there is a difference that increases profits or similarly. Otherwise it will reduce profits in a company. And in determining and compiling the Cost of Production. Also the classification of Raw Material Costs. The variable to be explained in this study is to examine a small part of a steel frame production product for a new ship building a TB tug. MITRA UTAMA 01 (Length 120 Feet, Width 32, Height 8 Feet, Capacity 500 KL), ordered by PT. Pelayaran Mangkupalas Utama, The purpose of this research is to meet the needs in the transportation of goods by sea, because Indonesia is a maritime country and if this is fulfilled, the better. In this research, the method that I use is library research, field research, interviews and interviews, observation and documentation and the research technique is qualitative data analysis technique and quantitative data. The results of this study obtained specifications for tug boats or tug boats, the results of which can be determined as the cost of production of the steel frame of the ship. Due to the large number of variables, a new building production product for a ship has different characteristics with cost control. In addition, this is because the product of a ship's production also requires no more than a year to complete a new building project

Analisa Penetapan Harga Pokok Produksi Kerangka Baja Kapal

Since the beginning of the administration, Indonesian President Joko Widodo with the Nawa Cita program has initiated the strengthening of Indonesia's identity as a maritime country. President Joko Widodo also has a vision to restore Indonesia's maritime glory which can be achieved by developing the maritime sector. This study aims to provide an alternative in an effort to control production costs by using a standard costing system in which a standard price is first set to be compared/compared with what actually happened, and the comparison will show whether there is a difference that increases profits or similarly. Otherwise it will reduce profits in a company. And in determining and compiling the Cost of Production. Also the classification of Raw Material Costs. The variable to be explained in this study is to examine a small part of a steel frame production product for a new ship building a TB tug. MITRA UTAMA 01 (Length 120 Feet, Width 32, Height 8 Feet, Capacity 500 KL), ordered by PT. Pelayaran Mangkupalas Utama, The purpose of this research is to meet the needs in the transportation of goods by sea, because Indonesia is a maritime country and if this is fulfilled, the better. In this research, the method that I use is library research, field research, interviews and interviews, observation and documentation and the research technique is qualitative data analysis technique and quantitative data. The results of this study obtained specifications for tug boats or tug boats, the results of which can be determined as the cost of production of the steel frame of the ship. Due to the large number of variables, a new building production product for a ship has different characteristics with cost control. In addition, this is because the product of a ship's production also requires no more than a year to complete a new building project

Exact Analytical Solution of Ivancevic Options Pricing Model (IOPM) or Schrodinger's Equation via ADM and SBA Methods

This paper is devoted to the study of the general equation of the Ivancevic option pricing model (IOPM) or Schrodinger’s equation and to determine its analytical solution via the methods of numerical analysis ADM and SBA. The Ivancevic option pricing model is an adaptive wave model that is a nonlinear wave alternative to the standard Black-Scholes option pricing model, it is also a model that links quantum mechanics and financial mathematics.

Understanding Alpha Decay

I study the importance of alpha decay for the measurement of realized and conditional expected returns in asset pricing studies. Alpha decay refers to the reduction in abnormal expected returns (relative to an asset pricing model) in response to an anomaly becoming widely known among market participants. As decreases in alpha are associated (ceteris paribus) with positive realized returns, the econometrician may misinterpret these repricing returns as evidence that the anomaly will persist in the future. Because alpha decay is generally a nonstationary phenomenon, asset pricing tests that impose stationarity may lead to biased inference. I illustrate the importance of alpha decay using the most commonly studied anomalies in the asset pricing literature and find that the measured alpha differs from the true alpha by about 1.4% per year. I provide a simple formula to correct for this bias and show how to incorporate alpha decay tests into the standard asset pricing toolkit. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance.

Tanggung Jawab Pelaku Usaha terhadap Harga Eceran Obat yang Dijual Kepada Konsumen Melebihi Harga Standar

Setting a standard retail price on drug packaging is something that must be done for every drug maker, if the product packaging does not state the standard retail price or when buying and selling takes place does not heed the contents of the relevant law, the government will carry out guidance and supervision of drug maker or seller. The purposes of this study are to reveal the protection of drug consumers who consume drugs whose prices exceed the standard retail price and the responsibility of business actors to the retail prices of drugs sold to consumers that exceed the standard price. This type of research uses a normative legal research type with a case and legislation approach. The sources of legal materials used by the author are primary and secondary legal materials with inventory collection techniques presented in qualitative form. The results of the study reveal that legal protection for consumers against the retail price of drugs sold to consumers exceeds the standard price is divided into two, namely preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection. The responsibility of the drug seller who exceeds the standard retail price is to provide compensation, either in the form of a refund for the purchase of drugs, giving exchange for drugs that have the same use which is equivalent in price. The provision of compensation must be carried out for a maximum of 7 (seven) which starts from the time the sale and purchase agreement occurs.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT DAN STANDARD MARKUP PRICING SEBAGAI STRATEGI BERKEMBANG BUKIT GRHADIKA GARDEN AGRO EDUWISATA DI MASA PANDEMI

This study aims to assess the approach employed by the research object, namely Bukit Grhadika Garden Agro Eduwisata, in order to survive the pandemic. This is a qualitative study employing a descriptive approach. Interviews with study subjects are used to elicit reliable and accurate information, which is supplemented by secondary data. This research examines the effect of Project Cost Management and Standard Markup Pricing strategies on cost reductions necessary to survive the pandemic. The findings revealed that the measures employed, namely Project Cost Management and Standard Markup Pricing, had a positive influence in the development of Bukit Grhadika Garden Agro Eduwisata during the pandemic. The Project Cost Management strategy used to develop Agro Edutourism has a significant impact on the development and improvement of tourist attractions that are more appealing to potential visitors, even during a pandemic. In addition, tourism marketing via online media is quite attractive and helps increase the number of tourists. Additionally, Standard Markup Pricing increases visitor interest as well. This study finds that the management of Bukit Grhadika Garden Agro Eduwisata's business strategy enabled the company to survive the pandemic

Global risks, the macroeconomy, and asset prices

We propose a novel index of global risks awareness (GRAI) based on the most concerning risks—classified in five categories (economic, environmental, geopolitical, societal, and technological)—reported by the World Economic Forum (WEF) according to the potential impact and likelihood occurrence. The degree of public concern toward these risks is captured by Google search volumes on topics having the same or similar wording of that one of the WEF Global Risk Report. The dynamics of our GRAI exhibits several spillover episodes and indicates that concerns on the five different categories of global risks are—on average—highly interconnected. We further examine the interconnection between global risks perceptions and the macroeconomy and find that concerns on economic-, geopolitical-, and societal-related risks are net shock transmitters, whereas the macroeconomic variables are largely net receivers. Finally, we perform standard cross-sectional asset pricing tests and provide evidence that rising interconnection among global risks awareness commands a positive and statistically significant risk premium.

ANALYSIS OF COST STRUCTURE AND COMPARATIVE INCOME OF OIL PALM AND COCONUT COMMODITIES ON SMALLHOLDER PLANTATIONS IN NORTH ACEH DISTRICT

This research was conducted on oil palm and coconut plantation commodities in North Aceh Regency. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cost structure and the comparison of net income in the two businesses. The analytical methods used are cost analysis, net income, and Independent T-test analysis. The results of the analysis show that the production cost of oil palm plantations is higher than that of coconut. However, the results of the income analysis show that both businesses provide benefits to farmers and are feasible to work on. Furthermore, based on the results of the Independent T-test analysis shows that there is a significant difference in income/profits in the two businesses. The average income/profit of oil palm plantations is higher than that of coconut plantations due to the productivity and price of coconut being lower than that of oil palm. In addition, generally coconut farmers in the research locations directly market their coconuts after harvesting, and it is very rare for farmers to consider the selling price factor. Unlike the case with oil palm farmers, although the price of fresh fruit bunch fluctuates, it follows the standard price both between farmers and between regions. Oil palm farmers also often receive counseling from various parties, while coconut farmers in the research location have never received any counseling at all.

SELECTION OF STANDARD CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS MODEL AND CONTRACT PURCHASE PRICING

The aim of the research is to determine for a contract’s “Design and construction works of Vilnius city wastewater treatment plant” the most suitable variant of the combination of the FIDIC standard construction contract model and the purchase pricing of contract works using the SAW. Based on expert assessments, a matrix of possible solutions is formed by interviewing 8 experts (4 public procurement specialists and 4 civil engineers). Calculations have shown that the most appropriate combination of the FIDIC standard construction contract model and contract purchase pricing is the FIDIC Yellow Book and fixed price pricing. The obtained research results mainly reflect the essence of the FIDIC Yellow Book, assessing the specifics of the contract and the complexity of the planned works.

Factors affecting land value in an Indian city

ABSTRACT Land valuation is the process of determining the value of the landed property, excluding all human-made improvements. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment and modelling of the land value and its determinants. Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala state, is selected as the study area. Land value modelling applied in this study is divided into three stages. The first stage uses a standard hedonic price model for land value estimation and spatial autocorrelation diagnostics. The spatial error model is appropriate for variable selection and modelling based on Moran’s I and Lagrange Multiplier test statistics in the second stage. The last stage of the study uses the spatial error model for land value analysis, and the results are compared with OLS regression. Proximity to major highways, disaster history, concentration of commercial establishments, and permissible FAR are the major factors affecting land value in the study area. Few other parameters like water frontage and noise pollution have a reverse relationship with similar studies in developed countries. The results indicate that factors influencing land value in Indian cities are different from the European and American cities. The study provides critical insights into the land price variation of an Indian city at a micro-level..

Method for Estimating Cost of New Ship Building with Linear Regression

The request of a fleet of marine transportation can be fulfilled by constructing new vessels and purchasing secondhand vessels. The current constraints in building new vessels are cost relatively expensive and take a long time, while the advantages for the procurement of vessels of secondhand time relatif faster and the price is cheaper. New shipbuilding includes complex work with the multy year’s payment system, so it is important to develop the cost budget needed to build a new ship. The price should be adjusted concerning material needs and services with the standard market price during the completion time of the work and expected the calculation of the construction of a ship can be updated periodically. The research aims to identify, analyse and construct the cost estimation of the construction of the ferry types: 300 GT, 500 GT, 600 GT, 750 GT and its components. The stages that will be carried out in this study are to identify primary and secondary data relating to the construction costs of ferries and their components with field surveys, market surveys, and relevant library studies. Data is processed by linear regression methods to construct an estimate of the cost of building ferries and their components. Results obtained in the form of graphs and equivalencies of the cost of building ferries and material cost components, labour costs, and shipyard and third party costs.

The application of Seismic Coefficients in simple earthquake-resistant houses

After an earthquake, reconstruction and rehabilitation are often carried out. One of them is by building a simple house. A simple house is the one built without involving construction experts, and hence it rarely follows earthquake-resistant building regulations. This study aims to determine and apply seismic coefficient in the planning of earthquake-resistant, simple houses. The seismic coefficient calculation is applied by comparing the maximum ground acceleration with gravity in cities in three provinces, namely Banten, DKI Jakarta, and West Java. From the calculation results in 21 cities in 3 provinces, the obtained seismic coefficient ranges from 0.175 to 0.411. The smallest seismic coefficient occurs in Indramayu, while the largest seismic coefficient occurs in Sukabumi. Based on the seismic coefficient, the level of earthquake risk for simple house buildings can be known. The lowest risk level occurs in Indramayu with the value of 17.5% and the highest risk level is in Sukabumi with the value of 41.1% of the standard price of a simple house building in each city. The risk level difference from one city to another can be used to strengthen and save the cost of building simple, earthquake-resistant houses.©2021 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.

Indications of Selling Loss of Hotel Business Personnel in Badung Regency during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Predatory pricing is the action of a company setting prices below production costs with the intention of getting rid of competitors. Business actors are prohibited from supplying goods and or services by selling at a loss or setting a very low price with the intention of getting rid of their competitors in the relevant market so that it can result in monopolistic practices and or unfair competition, this is stated in Article 20 of the Anti-Monopoly Law. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the selling price set by several hotel business actors in Badung Regency during the Covid-19 Pandemic based on Article 20 of the Anti-Monopoly Law. There are indications as well as some hotel business actors in Badung Regency. This type of research is a type of empirical juridical research based on legal rules in examining existing social problems or facts and is associated with its implementation in society. By using 3 kinds of legal materials, primary, in the form of facts that occur in the field, secondary, in the form of anti-Monopoly Laws and other regulations, and tertiary, legal materials that support and explain primary and secondary legal materials. They practice selling at a loss by decreasing the selling price of hotel rooms, which can reach 60% of the normal price, resulting in unhealthy business competition during the Covid-19 Pandemic. In addition, there is a legal or regulatory vacuum related to the lowest standard selling price for hotel room occupancy rates which can result in the absence of legal certainty among hotel business actors and can make it difficult for supervision that the government can carry out.

A Quantum Mechanics for interest rate derivatives markets

We present a model-free axiomatic formulation of Option Pricing Theory for interest rate derivatives. In this setting, completely analogous to axiomatic Quantum Mechanics, the role of the wave function is played by the discounted zero-coupon bond price. The theory is linked to term structure models through the Hamiltonian operator, and we show that its associated Schrödinger equation is consistent with the [25] model. We also find the quantum-mechanical equivalent of the standard risk-neutral option pricing formula.In order to take advantage of this quantum framework, we develop a time-dependent perturbation theory and we apply it to obtain an approximate closed-form expression for the price of a call option under the [26] model with a small local volatility perturbation.

A Feasibility Study for Housing Allowances from The Bandung Regency DPRD

An amendment to Regent Regulation Number 60 of 2017 concerning the Amount of Housing Allowances and Transportation Allowances for Leaders and Members of the Bandung Regency DPRD is regulated in Bandung Regent Regulation Number 23 of 2020, indicating that the percentage of increase in housing allowances for both leaders and members, where overall is above 30%. This is what underlies this research. The purpose of conducting this research is to test the appropriateness of the Bandung Regency DPRD allowances for changes in the amount of housing allowances. The method of calculation and data analysis used is to use attachment IIA of Regulation of the Minister of Finance Number 96 / PMK.06 / 2007 and also to use a macroeconomic approach by taking into account Government Regulation Number 18 of 2017 Article 17 which states that in determining it must consider the principles of appropriateness, reasonableness, rationality, standard local prices. The results showed that the change in the amount of allowance made by the Regional Government of Bandung Regency was quite large. This is because the advantages of providing allowances provided by the Regional Government to the Bandung Regency DPRD can actually be a loss, not only for the Bandung Regency area, but for the state. This can be seen from the difference in the calculation results, if multiplied by the number of board members, the number that comes out will be quite large

Incentives to Eat Healthily: Evidence from a Grocery Store Field Experiment

We use a field experiment with over 200 participants to investigate the effect of incentives on grocery store purchases. We randomize participants to treatments where we incentivize produce purchases, provide tips for produce preparation, or both, and follow shopping behaviour for 6 months. Our informational treatment has a weak effect. However, we find an important price effect: modest incentives quadruple produce purchasing at our grocery store relative to the control group. After incentives are removed, the treatment group continues to purchase more produce at our grocery store. These long‐term results are consonant with a habit‐formation model, in contrast to standard price models or behavioural ‘crowd out‘ models.

Considerations Regarding Price Differences Registered on Packaging

In the case of using the permanent inventory method, the exits or consumption of the packaging stocks can also be achieved by using the pre-established or standard price method. According to it, the mentioned goods are highlighted from an accounting point of view at the pre-established (standard) price, which is also called the registration price. Through it, price differences in addition to or less than the purchase price of these items are highlighted separately. It needs to be reviewed periodically and must be adjusted in accordance with the evolution of prices. The price differences related to the packaging out of the company's management through consumption are determined by using a coefficient (k).

Doing well by doing good with the performance of United Nations Global Compact Climate Change Champions

Are Climate Change Champions favorable to investors? This is the first study of portfolio performance of a fourth generation SRI screening strategy based on United Nations Global Compact firms who are Climate Change Champions. The operational changes made by UNGC firms are real and disproves the notion that UNGC firms are merely green-washing. We find that after firms join UNGC, there is a positive effect on long term portfolio performance. UNGC firms have lower volatility and so less risk than their competitors. We find an apparent mispricing of lower risk in market returns as standard asset pricing models may not be pricing investors’ aversion to climate change risk and preference for firms actively combating climate change. This lends support to Fama and Frenchs’ theory that says that these “tastes” are valid factors to provide a more complete asset pricing model. Our study encourages investment in UNGC-CCC firms as we find there is no underperformance penalty against a conventional portfolio because the lower return reflects lower risk. Thus, our evidence suggests that “doing good for society is also good for business.”

Examining Roasted Fish Sellers Energy Preferences in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council

The study sought to examine roasted fish seller’s energy preferences in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council area of Borno State. The population for this study included all the roasted fish sellers in MMC. Thirty (30) roasted fish sellers were randomly selected for the study. Data were generated through the use of structured questionnaires. Information on age, sex, educational level, marital status etc. were collected and analyze using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency, percentages. The study reveals that Charcoal energy is the most preferred energy by the respondents in the study area, thus, more consumption implies more deforestation. As such, other clean alternative fuels should be made affordable and available for the respondents to boost their businesses. Additionally, afforestation campaigns should be encouraged by the government and all institutions concerned. Charcoal which is the most preferred energy used by the respondents has no standard price. There should be a standard price for this commodity.

Managers’ skills and fund flows in the Japanese mutual fund market

PurposeMutual fund investors assess a fund manager’s skills when allocating their capital. To identify the rationale behind retail investors’ decisions, this study aims to examine the relation between mutual fund flows and abnormal returns (alpha), as well as the various risk factors in the Japanese mutual fund market, which has distinctive characteristics regarding investors and distributors.Design/methodology/approachSix standard asset pricing models are used to investigate how investors assess mutual fund managers’ skills: the market-adjusted return, the capital asset pricing model and the Fama–French three-factor model and its augmented versions.FindingsContrary to the literature, this study finds that investors in Japan mainly rely on alpha to assess mutual funds. In particular, investors respond to alpha for fund inflows and their evaluations depend on the market environment and their mutual fund search costs.Originality/valueThis study measures the response of investors to the skills of mutual fund managers in the Japanese market – especially for funds purchased through bank-related distributors that have aimed to capture inexperienced retail investors since deregulation in the 1990s – and reveals their high response to alpha.