Standard Policy Research Articles

Н.С. Хрущёв и борьба с излишествами в советской архитектуре (1949–1954 годы)

В статье на основе архивных материалов показано, что градостроительная повестка Н.С. Хрущёва, ориентированная на «борьбу с излишествами» в советской архитектуре, сформиро­валась задолго до 1954 года. Фактически ещё в тридцатые годы он высказывался за экономию при строительстве в Москве. После возвращения на пост первого секретаря Московского комитета Коммунистической партии в декабре 1949 года Н.С. Хрущёв попытался изменить парадигму градостроительной политики: во время его деятельности в Москве был пересмо­трен амбициозный план реконструкции центра, разработанный при его предшественнике Г.М. Попове. Хрущёв поддержал ме­роприятия по типизации, стандартизации и индустриализации строительства; предложил реформу строительной отрасли Мо­сквы, снизил долю ведомственного строительства, которое вело к распылению усилий; перенёс фокус внимания с магистралей на окраинные кварталы. Целями его политики были экономия государственных ресурсов и развитие массового жилищного строительства. Можно предположить, что известное постанов­ление ЦК КПСС и СМ СССР от 4 ноября 1955 года № 1871 «Об устранении излишеств в проектировании и строительстве» в значительной степени опиралось на результаты деятельности Хрущёва в области градостроительства в Москве после Великой Отечественной войны.

Estándares para la dirección escolar en España y México: Un estudio comparativo

Tanto el sistema educativo español como el mexicano han sido influenciados por las mediciones estandarizadas a nivel global y ambos reconocen ahora al liderazgo educativo como uno de los factores centrales de la mejora escolar. No obstante, en cada sistema se han impulsado políticas disímiles relativas al reconocimiento de estándares para la dirección de escuelas. Contrario a la tendencia global de adopción de estándares para los cargos de dirección, en el contexto español no existe una política homogénea de la figura profesional, determinando cada Comunidad Autónoma tales mecanismos. En contraposición, el Sistema Educativo Mexicano ha desarrollado políticas de estandarización fuertemente predeterminadas para la función directiva a partir de la reforma de 2013. El presente estudio establece una comparativa sobre los estándares para la dirección entre los sistemas educativos español y mexicano, relacionándolos desde la revisión de: (a) los mecanismos de acceso y permanencia en el cargo (Gairín, 2010), (b) la burocracia institucional (Guiddens & Sutton, 2014) y (c) la formación para el cargo. El análisis comparativo permite conocer el estado actual de los estándares para la dirección escolar en ambos sistemas educativos, acercándose a reconocer los antecedentes y actuales marcos de referencia de cada contexto.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN KOMUNIKASI PERAWAT DENGAN PELAKSANAAN PERENCANAAN PULANG DI RUANG RAWAT INAP RSUD ZAINAL ABIDIN PAGARALAM WAY KANAN

ABSTRACT : THE RELATIONSHIP KNOWLEDGE AND NURSING COMMUNICATION WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PATIENT RECOVERY PLANNING INPATIENT RSUD ZAINAL ABIDIN PAGARALAM WAY KANAN 2018 Background: In Indonesia, as many as (61%) nurses in Yogyakarta do not undertake home planning. In addition, research conducted in Bandung showed that as many (54%) nurses did not carry out the planning home. In Lampung Province, especially in Zainal Abidin Pagaralam Way Kanan Hospital, based on observation of the list of outgoing patients, not all nurses write home plans for the patients. Only 32 list (25%) of the 128 list of information have been made back home (Medical Record of RSUD Zainal Abidin Pagaralam Right Way, 2017).Purpose: To know the relationship of knowladge and nurse communication with the implementation of planning to go home in hospital room of Zainal Abidin Pagaralam Hospital Right Way of Year 2018.Methods: The type of this research is quantitative, the design in this study used the design of Analytic Survey with cross sectional approach, the number of population and the sample of 72 people, the sample technique in this study is the total sampling. The research will be conducted at RSUD Zainal Abidin Pagaralam Way Kanan Year 2018, with questionnaire research instrument and statistic test using chi-square test.Results: In this research, it was found that 38 (73,7%) were not good enough and 10 (26,3%) were good implementation with p-value (0,001) and 37 respondents had bad communication obtained 28 (75,7%) the implementation is not good and 9 (24,3%) the implementation is good with p-value (0.000).Conclusion: There is a Significant Relation Between Nursing Knowledge and Communication With Implementation of Planning Home in the Inpatient Room of Zainal Abidin Pagaralam Hospital Right Way of Year 2018. The suggestion in this research is to prepare in planning the making of standard policy guideline for planning the return home. Keywords : Pediatric Communication, Implementation, Planning Home

Policy Portfolios and Portfolio Characteristics

In this article, the author provides an alternative to traditional portfolio rebalancing based on changes in asset market values, one informed by equity characteristics. The logic of policy portfolio rebalancing is applied to a framework that uses assets’ 12-month rolling average characteristic values and return volatilities as inputs and rebalances toward those assets that exhibit relatively high characteristic-value-to-volatility ratios. Three important practical constraints are applied to the author’s rebalanced portfolios. The first two constraints relate to asset weights and limit the degree to which a rebalanced portfolio’s individual asset class positions and portfolio-level asset allocation can deviate from a fixed-weight reference policy portfolio. The third constraint is that any rebalanced portfolio is required to have a volatility approximately equal to the representative fixed-weight policy portfolio. The author shows that the longer-term, full-sample performance, both risk and return, of even tightly constrained characteristic-driven policy portfolios is superior to the standard procedure of rebalancing to fixed weights. These results are further validated by measuring the performance of characteristic-driven policy portfolios over rolling sub-samples of the original dataset. In the final section of the article, a meta-optimization technique is introduced that allows investors to select one characteristic-driven policy portfolio among several as the best compromise asset allocation that comes closest to maximally satisfying each of their respective objectives. <b>TOPICS:</b>Portfolio theory, portfolio construction, equity portfolio management <b>Key Findings</b> • Policy portfolios based on rebalancing toward assets that exhibit relatively high characteristic-value-to-volatility ratios are shown to produce better performance relative to standard policy portfolios that rebalance towards fixed policy portfolio weights. • Characteristic-driven policy portfolios exhibit superior performance compared to standard policy portfolios even when the characteristic-driven policy portfolios are highly constrained with respect to their individual asset class positions, portfolio-level asset allocations, and volatility profiles. • By means of a simple meta-optimization technique, it is possible to select one characteristic-driven policy portfolio among several as the one that comes closest to maximally satisfying each of their respective objectives.

Assessment of Energy Wastage and Saving Potentials for Higher Educational Institutional Buildings in South Western Nigeria

The study assessed the energy wastage areas in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) Buildings in South Western Nigeria; factors influencing the energy wastage and energy saving opportunities available in the study area with a view to promote energy conservation and cost savings. The study adopts the use of stratified simple random sampling techniques and the administration of two hundred (200) open ended questionnaire on the respondents who are mainly students, teaching and non-teaching staff in the physical planning, works and maintenance service department. Data obtained from respondents was analyzed using descriptive statistics and mean score index (MSI). Findings revealed that energy wastage are common with lighting consumption (MSI 4.59), poor controls and regulators for both lighting and other appliances in HEIs (MSI 4.57). Lighting related operations also exert significant impacts on energy wastages as six out of the thirteen major energy wastage areas are connected to it. The major factor influencing energy wastage are due to poorly designed HEIs buildings (MSI 4.62) and all other factors aside this need to be adequately considered in future designs for effective energy management. Findings further revealed that HEIs buildings require sound energy policy, improvement on passive building designs principles are critical to the reduction of energy wastage and hence should be adhered to since it has potential to saves cost. The study recommends the usage of metering system to determine energy consumed in each facilities/building, using scheduling devices with intelligent building designs for power supply and controls during peak and off peak period, implementing standard Energy Policies and creating awareness for students and staffs on energy usage and cost savings benefits and provisions.

Technical Perspective on Novel Accelerated Partial-Breast Irradiation Technique Delivered with IMRT and Online Image Guidance

Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) can be delivered with multiple techniques, most commonly external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Our institution’s approach has utilized intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), delivering 30 Gy in 5 fractions every other day. We present the technical perspective of this approach. Patients were included in an IRB approved registry. Each patient was simulated with Active Breathing Coordinator (ABC) if able to successfully complete breath-hold training. To ensure reproducibility, an isocenter was placed as close to the treatment target as possible and near the chest wall to guarantee treatment machine clearance for cone beam CT (CBCT). The seroma cavity and surgical clips were contoured as the CTV, with a 1 cm PTV expansion limited by 3 mm from the skin and chest wall. The patients were dosimetrically planned with a volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment plan utilizing 2 or 3 partial gantry arcs. Treatment was delivered utilizing a 6X or 6FFF photon VMAT plan on a linear accelerator with a 6D robotic table. For each fraction, CBCT and x-ray verification were conducted on breath hold with real-time, on-site physician review. From 2015-2018, 34 patients were treated with 94% (32 patients) treated with breath-hold. For those patients treated with breath-hold, the average CBCT and treatment delivery time was 12 minutes. The average mean heart dose for left sided cases was 66.3 cGy and for right sided cases was 47.6 cGy. An analysis of average CBCT isocenter shifts are outlined below. The results of the present analysis demonstrate the feasibility of a 5 fraction APBI technique delivered with IMRT and online image guidance. Treatment time was 12 minutes on average per case. Treatment shifts were also within our institution’s standard tolerance policy. Use of such an approach reduces treatment duration for patients compared with hyperfractionated whole breast irradiation (HWBI), without lengthening daily treatments or requiring substantial time with online correction.Abstract 2024; Table 1DescriptionAverage ShiftVertical0.4 cmLongitudinal0.4 cmLateral0.3 cmCoronal1.1 °Sagittal0.8 °Transverse1.0 ° Open table in a new tab

A prospective study of hidden cases of beta thalassemia trait in voluntary blood donors at tertiary care hospital of south Gujarat

Background: Hemoglobinopathies represent a significant national health burden in India. The two most common causes of microcytic (MCV less than 80 fl) anemia are iron deficiency anemia and beta-thalassemia trait. In most of these cases a trial of iron treatment done but in populations where Thalassemia is common, like in India, this approach leads to unnecessary iron therapy / iron overload. Therefore the study has been done to detect hidden cases of beta thalassemia in voluntary blood donors with microcytosis. Materials and Methods: Total 393 donor samples were analyzed for complete blood count, ESR and serum ferritin levels. Mentzer index was calculated by MCV/RBC count formula. HPLC test was done on 12samples with Mentzer index <13 for quantification of HbA2. Results: Out of 393 blood donors, 384 were males and 9 were females. Low MCV detected in 58 samples [14.75%]. Out of 12 samples tested by HPLC, 6 cases were Beta thalassemia trait [1.53%], 5 were normal and one was? sickle cell trait/ ? Hb D trait. Out of 6 BTT cases, 3 cases show normal ferritin value, 2 with low ferritin level and one with high ferritin level. Conclusions: The study revealed a high prevalence of IDA and BTT in blood donors and a higher probability of finding these in the microcytic samples. Screening for thalassemia trait by routine blood counts in all the blood donor samples and if required by HPLC, should be included in the standard blood testing policy after blood donation.

Is water shortage risk decreased at the expense of deteriorating water quality in a large water supply reservoir?

Reservoir operations affect both the quantity and quality of stored and discharged water. Hedging rules (HRs) are commonly used in water supply reservoir operations to ration water delivery and decrease water shortage risk. However, the increased carryover storage with hedging may aggravate reservoir eutrophication through complex effects on hydrodynamic, temperature, light, nutrient, and sediment conditions. The influencing mechanisms are unclear and require further investigation. This study applies a mathematical modeling approach to comparing the effects of standard operation policy (SOP) and HR, discussing the processes and driving factors, and exploring the relationship between water shortage and water quality indicators. We simulate reservoir operation by SOP and optimize HR to generate water supply schedules, and run a quasi-3D water quality model to simulate reservoir hydrodynamic conditions, nutrient cycles, water-sediment exchanges, and algal dynamics under various water supply schedules. The Danjiangkou Reservoir, the water source for China's South–North Water Transfer Project, is used as a case study. The HR for this reservoir decreases its water shortage risk from 22% under SOP to 8%. Modeling results find that the HR increases sediment phosphorus (P) release by 285.3 tons (5.7%) annually as a consequence of extended reservoir submerged area and aggravated hypolimnetic hypoxia. Increased P release can support algal growth, but this effect is set off by the enhancement of light limiting effect caused by higher storages under HR, consequently decreasing the annual mean chlorophyll a concentration in the deep reservoir by 18%. The HR also improves the horizontal mixing of water by changing the hydraulic retention time and flow velocity field, which mitigates algal bloom risks in the surrounding shallow-water zones but deteriorates water quality of the release to downstream. The water quality analysis offers implications for reservoir managers to coordinate their efforts in mitigating risks of water shortage and water quality degradation.

Apheresis red blood cells associated with repeated hemolysis during blood priming of the Cellex Photopheresis System.

Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) in young pediatric patients has a risk for procedural hypotension and anemia due to extracorporeal fluid shifts. A standard mitigation policy in these patients is to prime the device with packed red blood cells (RBC) or whole blood. We now report multiple episodes of hemolysis while attempting to prime the Therakos Cellex in a pediatric transplant patient undergoing a course of ECP for severe graft-vs-host-disease. Over the course of 40 ECP treatments, hemolysis was observed on five occasions. An extensive investigation found an association between hemolysis and apheresis RBC (A-RBC). Of 46 RBC units dispensed for blood priming, hemolysis occurred with 22% (4 of 18) of A-RBC and accounted for 80% (4 of 5) of all hemolysis episodes. Hemolysis was significantly higher with A-RBC when compared with RBC collected by whole blood donations (WB-RBC: 3.5% [1 of 28]; P = .049). A comparison of RBC attributes, including unit age, showed that hemolyzed A-RBC units tended to be younger than both nonhemolyzed RBC (6.5 vs 10.3 days, P = .018) and WB-RBC (8.5 days, P = .10). We hypothesize that A-RBC may exhibit "sublethal" RBC damage following prior exposure to centrifugal shear and negative forces at the time of collection, leading to a decrease in RBC deformability and increased susceptibility to hemolysis. This is the first report showing an increased susceptibility to hemolysis with A-RBC during priming of the Cellex.

Keep quiet on climate: Assessing public response to seven renewable energy frames in the Western United States

Support for renewable energy is often solicited by leveraging concern about environmental problems such as climate change. However, the environment – and especially climate change – is hyper-polarized amongst the American public, and non-environmental justifications for renewable energy may resonate more broadly. Using a 2016 mail survey of individuals living in five states in the Rocky Mountain region of the U.S., we examine predictors of public approval of renewable energy usage, approval of a 20% renewable portfolio standard policy, and agreement with seven frames for renewable energy, of which four referenced the environment and three did not. We build upon previous research by analyzing geographic variation in frame agreement and by testing a religious environmental stewardship and resource-conservation frame. Results indicate high approval renewable energy but mixed support for the policy measure. Respondents on average agreed with all seven renewable energy frames, with energy security and energy diversification receiving the most support. Of the four environmental frames, air pollution and resource conservation had the most support, and the religion and climate frames had the least. We note variation by state, particularly on support for the policy measure. Political ideology and belief in human-caused global warming were consistent predictors, though gender, residence in a metro county, neoliberal ideology, and state of residence were also important. Overall, our results echo other research indicating that non-climate-based frames for renewable energy are likely to garner broader public support, but we suggest that the significance of this finding is particularly important in certain political and geographical contexts.

Military Health Systems

Military Health Systems

Survey and Analysis of Computing Education at Japanese Universities: Informatics in General Education

We conducted the first nationwide survey of computing education at Japanese universities in 2016. In this paper, we report the survey result of informatics in general education for all students at a university or a faculty. The survey covers various aspects including program organization, quality and quantity of educational achievement, students, teaching staff and computing environment. 739 answers are collected from 530 universities in response to the survey. The answers cover 70.5% of the Japanese universities, and approximately 81.6% of the 649 universities that responded to the survey. The Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ) and the Japanese Ministry of Education (MEXT) will utilize the survey result to develop a new computing curriculum standard J17 and national policy of computing education respectively.

Optimal impoundment operation for cascade reservoirs coupling parallel dynamic programming with importance sampling and successive approximation

The optimal impoundment operation of cascade reservoirs can dramatically improve the utilization of water resources. However, their complex non-convexity and computational costs pose challenges to optimal hydroelectricity output and limit further development of joint operation within larger-scale cascade reservoirs. In recent decades, parallel dynamic programming (PDP) has emerged as a means of alleviating the ‘curse of dimensionality’ in the mid-long term reservoir operation with more involved computing processors. But it still can't effectively solve the daily impoundment operation of more than three reservoirs. Here, we propose a novel method called importance sampling-PDP (IS-PDP) algorithm in which the merits of PDP are integrated with importance sampling and successive approximation strategy. Importance sampling is first used to construct the state vectors of each period by introducing ‘Manhattan distance’ in the discrete state space. Then the PDP recursive equation is used to find an improved solution during the iteration. The IS-PDP method is tested to optimize hydropower output for the joint operation of an 11-reservoir system located in the upper Yangtze River basin of China after establishing impoundment operation by advancing impoundment timings and rising water levels. We find that our methodology could effectively deal with the ‘curse of dimensionality’ for such mega reservoir systems and make better use of water resources in comparison to the Standard Operation Policy (SOP). Given its computational efficiency and robust convergence, the methodology is an attractive alternative for non-convex operation of large-scale cascade reservoirs.

Particle therapy for prostate cancer: The past, present and future.

Although prostate cancer control using radiotherapy is dose‐dependent, dose–volume effects on late toxicities in organs at risk, such as the rectum and bladder, have been observed. Both protons and carbon ions offer advantageous physical properties for radiotherapy, and create favorable dose distributions using fewer portals compared with photon‐based radiotherapy. Thus, particle beam therapy using protons and carbon ions theoretically seems suitable for dose escalation and reduced risk of toxicity. However, it is difficult to evaluate the superiority of particle beam radiotherapy over photon beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer, as no clinical trials have directly compared the outcomes between the two types of therapy due to the limited number of facilities using particle beam therapy. The Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology organized a joint effort among research groups to establish standardized treatment policies and indications for particle beam therapy according to disease, and multicenter prospective studies have been planned for several common cancers. Clinical trials of proton beam therapy for intermediate‐risk prostate cancer and carbon‐ion therapy for high‐risk prostate cancer have already begun. As particle beam therapy for prostate cancer is covered by the Japanese national health insurance system as of April 2018, and the number of facilities practicing particle beam therapy has increased recently, the number of prostate cancer patients treated with particle beam therapy in Japan is expected to increase drastically. Here, we review the results from studies of particle beam therapy for prostate cancer and discuss future developments in this field.

The multi-tiered medical education system and its influence on the health care market\u2014China\u2019s Flexner Report

BackgroundMedical education is critical and the first step to foster the competence of a physician. Unlike developed countries, China has been adopting a system of multi-tiered medical education to training physicians, which is featured by the provision of an alternative lower level of medical practitioners, or known as a feldsher system since the 1950s. This study aimed to illustrate the impact of multi-tiered medical education on both the equity in the delivery of health care services and the efficiency of the health care market.MethodsBased on both theoretical reasoning and empirical analysis, this paper documented evidence upon those impacts of the medical education system.ResultsFirst, the geographic distribution of physicians in China is not uniform across physicians with different educational training. Second, we also find the evidence that high-educated doctors are more likely to be hired by larger hospitals, which in turn add the fuel to foster the hospital-center health care system in China as patients choose large hospitals to chase good doctors. Third, through the channels of adverse selection and moral hazard, the heterogeneity in medical education also imposes costs to the health care market in China.DiscussionOverall, the three-tiered medical education system in China is a standard policy trade-off between quantity and quality in training health care professionals. On the one hand, China gains the benefit of increasing the supply of health care professionals at lower costs. On the other hand, China pays the price for keeping a multi-tiered medical education in terms of increasing inequality and efficiency loss in the health care sector. Finally, we discuss the potential policy options for China to mitigate the negative impact of keeping a multi-tiered medical education on the performance of health care market.

Was the U.S. Great Depression a Credit Boom Gone Wrong?

The US Great Depression was preceded by almost a decade of credit growth. This review paper suggests that low general inflation and a slowdown in broad money growth in the 1920s masked the extent of the credit boom and a deterioration in the banking system’s balance sheet. Credit from commercial banks grew tremendously, and credit from savings institutions grew even more. While there was no general inflation, the credit boom was reflected in asset price inflations which occurred in certain parts of the economy, such as the real estate and stock markets. Broad money growth slowed in part because of a fall in the liquidity of commercial banks. And as the literature tends to show, the growth of credit and the fall in liquidity made financial institutions as well as households vulnerable to shocks. While monetary authorities managed to keep inflation in check, standard monetary policy tightening was ineffective in quelling the credit boom, and at times counter-productive. This points to macro- and micro-prudential tools as potentially more successful alternative measures to keep credit under control.

Pre-formulated Declarations of Data Subject Consent—Citizen-Consumer Empowerment and the Alignment of Data, Consumer and Competition Law Protections

AbstractOne of the novelties brought about by the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a strengthening of the concept of consent. For instance, although the freely given stipulation existed in the old framework—the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC—the changes introduced by the GDPR arguably imply that access to services may no longer depend on data subject consent. In reality however, data subjects often find themselves confronted with standard privacy policies and take-it-or-leave-it offers. Against this background, this Article aims to examine the alignment of the respective data protection and privacy, consumer protection, and competition law policy agendas through the lens of pre-formulated declarations of consent. The Article aims to delineate the role of each area with specific reference to the GDPR and ePrivacy Directive, the Unfair Terms Directive, the Consumer Rights Directive, and the Digital Content Directive (Compromise), in addition to market dominance. Competition law analysis is explored vis-à-vis whether it could offer indicators of when a clear imbalance in controller-data subject relations may occur in the context of the requirement for consent to be freely given, as per its definition in the GDPR. This complements the data protection and consumer protection analysis which focuses on the specific reference to the Unfair Terms Directive in Recital 42 GDPR, stating that pre-formulated declarations of consent should not contain unfair terms.

An Investigation of the Characteristics and Demand in Consumer Standards and Search for Strategy of Effective Consumer Standards Policy

본 연구에서는 소비자를 대상으로 표준에 대한 인식과 태도, 표준에 대한 지식, 표준정보탐색 행동에 대해 조사하였다. 또한 이들 변수가 소비자의 다양한 특성에 따른 차이를 분석하였다. 또한 표준에 대한 인식, 태도, 지식, 정보탐색행동이 일반 소비자와 표준업무 경험자 간에 유의한 차이가 있는가를 검증하였다. 끝으로 소비자를 대상으로 표준 개발이 필요한 분야를 조사하였다. 본 연구의 주요결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소비자들의 표준중요성에 대한 인식 및 표준성과에 대한 태도는 대체로 적극적이거나 긍정적이었지만 표준에 대한 지식, 표준정보탐색은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대체로 남성인 경우, 기혼자, 서울 및 수도권이 아닌 지역에 거주 하는 경우, 표준 관련 업무 담당 경험이 있는 근로자가 표준에 대해 긍정적으로 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났고, 표준성과에 대한 태도는 표준업무를 담당한 경험이 있는 근로자, 연령이 가장 젊은 20대와 연령이 가장 많은 50대 이상이 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 전문직 종사자, 표준업무 담당 경험자, 50대 이상 소비자가 표준에 대한 지식이 높은 수준으로 밝혀지고, 표준에 대한 정보탐색은 남성 그리고 표준업무 담당 경험자가 적극적인 것으로 나타났다.In this study, we surveyed consumer perceptions and attitudes toward standards, knowledge of standards, and search behavior of standard information. Also, these variables are analyzed according to various characteristics of consumers. In addition, it was verified whether there is a significant difference between the general consumer and the standard work experience in the recognition, attitude, knowledge, and information search behaviors of the standard. Finally, we investigated the need for standards development for consumers. The main results of this study are summarized as follows. First, consumers perception of standard importance and attitude toward standard performance were generally positive or positive, but knowledge of standards and search of standard information were low. Second, it is found that workers who have experience in standards related affairs positively perceive positively about the standard when they are male, mostly married, and live in areas other than Seoul and Seoul metropolitan area. Workers with experience in charge, the youngest in their 20s and the 50s with the highest age, were found to be positive. Third, the knowledge of the standard is found to be high in the professional worker, the experienced worker in the standard work, and the consumer in the 50s or more.

Appropriate Placement and Treatment of Transgender Prisoners: Constitutional Concerns and Arguments for Alternative Housing and Treatment Policies

This article examines the appropriate placement and treatment of transgender prisoners. It first examines the current prison housing standard in the United States, which is to house transgender prisoners according to birth-sex or to administratively segregate such prisoners from the general population, and the risk of violence and harm this standard housing policy creates. This article then outlines alternative housing policies that adhere to housing a prisoner based on their affirmed gender, rather than birth sex, and how such policies have been demonstrated to ameliorate violence and harm. This article further notes the need for transgender prisoners’ access to hormone therapy and sex reassignment surgery, along with reformed housing policies, in the broader evaluation of prisoners’ welfare. This article then examines how the standard housing and treatment policies employed by most prisons, may violate constitutional law and concludes with a discussion of the need for a certain precision in policy language, when creating appropriate (and constitutional) treatment and housing policies for transgender prisoners.

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria’s standardized media and jihadist nation-state building efforts

In its efforts to establish order and legitimacy among the people it once controlled, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria followed standardized and systematic nation-state building policies. The terrorist group attempted to establish an imagined jihadist nation-state with the assistance of standardized media productions and practices. These media productions that are examined in this article reflect Islamic State in Iraq and Syria’s unified vision of the ultra-conservative society that it once intended to form in its different territories. I argue here that Islamic State in Iraq and Syria used standardized media productions to promote strict sharia laws including emphasis on men and women’s garments, distrust in secular rule, and calls for jihad in the different cities that it controlled. For Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, media is jihad and journalists are Mujahideen whose main purpose is to mobilize the masses and assist in creating a jihadist nation-state.