Standard Operating Procedures Research Articles

Temporary Standard Operating Procedure Design about Medical Evacuation Helicopter from Pertamina Mandalika International Circuit to General Hospital of West Nusa Tenggara Province

This research was conducted based on the discovery of a hazard that arose due to the flight path of the medical evacuation helicopter from the Pertamina Mandalika International Circuit to the General Hospital of West Nusa Tenggara Province. This research was conducted at Lombok Branch Office of Indonesian Air Navigation Service Provider, AirNav Indonesia, from September to December 2022. It was carried out using qualitative research methodology which is observation. The data and facts was processed using descriptive analysis. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, author concluded that a temporary standard operating procedure regarding medical evacuation helicopter is required and the author has come up with one.

Analysis Of The Aviation Security Officer's Role In Ensuring Aviation Security During The New Normal And Endemic

At the end of 2019, the world was shaken by the emergence of a new virus, namely the coronavirus. The more people gather in confined spaces, the greater the risk of coronavirus transmission. Airports are places where many individuals from various countries and regions gather, posing the potential to spread viruses or infectious diseases. By implementing health protocols at airports, it is hoped that the spread of diseases can be controlled, providing passengers with confidence to travel safely by air. This research employs a qualitative method with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. Additionally, quantitative methods involve univariate and bivariate analysis of data. Univariate analysis is presented in frequency distribution, while bivariate analysis uses an independent t-test with a confidence interval of 95% (? = 0.05). The data analysis process includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results indicate that the average level of active service during the pandemic is higher compared to the endemic period. The increased implementation of flight activities may be attributed to the ongoing transmission of COVID-19. During the endemic era, new practices are observed at airports, including examinations aligned with Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Additional checks and rules are imposed on prospective passengers and airport personnel, such as the mandatory use of masks and health document inspections for passengers undertaking travel.

Survey on Nutrition in Neurological Intensive Care Units (SONNIC)-A Cross-Sectional Survey among German-Speaking Neurointensivists on Medical Nutritional Therapy.

Medical nutritional therapy (MNT) in neurointensive care units (NICUs) is both particularly relevant and challenging due to prolonged analgosedation, immobilization, disorders of consciousness, and the high prevalence of dysphagia. Moreover, current guideline recommendations predominantly address the general intensive care unit (ICU) population, overlooking specific characteristics of neurological patients. We, therefore, conducted a web-based, cross-sectional survey for German-speaking neurointensivists mapping the clinical practices of MNT on NICUs to identify research gaps and common grounds for future clinical trials. A total of 25.9% (56/216) NICU representatives responded to our questionnaire. A total of 78.2% (43/55) were neurologist and 63% (34/54) held a leadership role. Overall, 80.4% (41/51) had established a standard operating procedure (SOP), largely based on the DGEM-Guideline (53.7%; 22/41), followed by the ESPEN-Guideline (14.6%; 6/41). Upon admission, 36% (18/50) conducted a risk stratification, with 83.3% primarily relying on past medical history (15/18) and clinical gestalt (15/18). Energy expenditure (EE) was measured or calculated by 75% (36/48), with 72.2% (26/36) using pragmatic weight-based equations. Indirect calorimetry was used by 19.4% (7/36). A total of 83.3% (30/36) used the patient's serum glucose level as the primary biomarker to monitor metabolic tolerance. SOPs regarding ICU-Acquired Weakness (ICUAW) were found in 8.9% (4/45) of respondents. Overall, guideline adherence was 47%. In summary, this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study systematically describing the currently applied concepts of MNT on NICUs. The data reveal great variations in the implementation of guideline recommendations, indicating the need for further research and tailored approaches to optimize nutritional therapy in neurointensive care settings.

Review Paper: “Quality Control and Assurance Strategy for Improved Operational Logistics”

Abstract - his project explores the implementation of a robust Quality Control and Assurance (QA/QC) strategy within operational logistics to enhance efficiency and elevate the overall quality of services. Through a comprehensive analysis of end-to-end logistics processes, we identified key areas for improvement, including bottlenecks in workflows, gaps in standardized procedures, and opportunities for technology integration. The strategy involves the adoption of real-time monitoring technologies, the development of standardized operating procedures, and the establishment of a continuous improvement culture. Training programs for employees and closer collaboration with suppliers are integral components, ensuring that the workforce is equipped to implement and adhere to quality standards. The project emphasizes the importance of data analytics for informed decision-making, regulatory compliance, and risk management. By adopting a phased roadmap for technology integration, the strategy aims to optimize logistics operations while minimizing disruptions. Regular audits, customer feedback mechanisms, and the definition of key performance indicators (KPIs) ensure ongoing evaluation and adherence to quality standards. This comprehensive QA/QC strategy, tailored to the organization's needs, is poised to drive efficiency, reduce errors, and enhance overall customer satisfaction in the operational logistics landscape.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Perilaku Merokok Di Lingkungan Kerja Pada Pegawai Laki-Laki Di Bidokkes Polda Bengkulu

The World Health Organization (WHO) states that Indonesia is in 3rd place after China and India as the country with the largest number of smokers in the world. This research aims to look at the factors related to smoking behavior in the work environment among male employees at the Bengkulu Regional Police's Bidokkes. This research used a cross-sectional design, a total sampling technique, namely all permanent employees and male honorary employees of the Bengkulu Police Department, both smokers and non-smokers, totaling 50 people. The results of the univariate research showed that there were 25 people (50.0%) with good knowledge, there were 23 people (46.0%) with poor psychology, 29 people (58.0%) who had an unsupportive attitude, there were 34 people (68, 0%) who smoke. Bivariate analysis results show a relationship between knowledge with a value of p = 0.001, psychology with a value of p = 0.003 and attitude with a value of p = 0.001 with smoking behavior in the work environment among male employees at the Bengkulu Regional Police Bidokkes with a medium relationship category. It is recommended that Bidokkes provide a smoking-free area and create clear standard operating procedures regarding employees who smoke, so that no employees smoke in the Bengkulu Biddokes environment.

Simultaneously quantification of eight marker compounds by HPLC, and HPTLC analysis for the marker-based shelf-life kinetic study for the standardization of polyherbal drug AYUSH SG-5, medicinal properties and computational studies

The herbal or alternative medicines having their own significances in each country. The major problem behind the non-acceptance of the alternative medicines is the poor standardization and quality control. Maximum times, it’s impossible to quantify the complex matrix of polyherbal medicines. The pharmacopeial standards of these medicines are limited to physicochemical and pharmacognostic analysis only, which are insufficient for the proper quality control of ingredients used for the preparation of polyherbal formulations. Multi-markers-based analysis of alternative medicines and their polyherbal formulations by using the sophisticated analytical techniques like HPLC, and LC-MS is the demand of current scenario. In our recent report we have reported pharmaceutical standard operating procedure for a coded polyherbal formulation (CPF i.e. AYUSH-SG-5) which was prepared for the rheumatoid arthritis. The marker-based quantification and identification of major metabolites and shelf-life (marker-based) studies were not reported in that study. In this report we have quantified eight markers (6-Gingerol, 8-Gingerol, Guggulsterone-E, Guggulsterone-Z, Resveratrol, Salicin, Colchicine, and Caffeic acid) simultaneously by HPLC chromatography. To identify the phytochemicals in polyherbal formula (CPF), LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis was performed, where 32 main phytochemicals were identified out of 80 peaks. In herbal industry, HPTLC is the main tool for drug quantification, so we have reported a HPTLC method for the real time shelf-life study. In HPTLC study, we have used three major markers (6-Gingerol, Guggulsterone-E, Guggulsterone-Z) that are reproducible in hydroalcoholic extract and not in aqueous and methanolic extracts of CPF. The kinetic study-based shelf-life of CPF formulation was performed, the observed shelf-life of CPF was more than 41 months. In addition, evaluation of antioxidant activity like total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and DPPH assays were performed, and results exhibited that hydroalcoholic extract having more values than aqueous and methanolic extracts of CPF. The phytochemicals observed in LC-QTOF-MS/MS studies were tested for in silico anti-inflammatory activity and anti-arthritic activities, which need to be explored after the detailed pharmacological and biological studies. Overall, analytical studies result of present study could use to standardize the CPF as well as the all relevant polyherbal formulations where these raw drugs have been used.

Peningkatan Kualitas Layanan Ambulans Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

This article is a report on the activities of the Independent Learning Independent Campus (MBKM) Humanitarian Project for Social Welfare Science students. Considering the urgency to create standard standards in providing services to the community, Muhammadiyah Ambulance together with MBKM students realized the formation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). This SOP will be a standard and structured guide for Muhammadiyah Ambulance drivers, crew, and volunteers in carrying out their duties. Creating, finalizing, and implementing good SOPs is an important step to improve the quality and effectiveness of Muhammadiyah Ambulance services, as well as minimizing the risks associated with the absence of SOPs or inconsistent implementation. Service operational standards as a requirement in service mobility will contain five important things, including first, service management standards, second, driver and crew rules, third, ethics in driving, fourth regarding unit and service procedures, and fifth, additional rules required in service. This SOP was created through several stages, namely operational update assessment, planning, focus group discussion (FGD), review, validation and legitimacy, policy implementation, and evaluation. All stages have been carried out thoroughly and maximally over a period of three months, resulting in a structured standard guide in the form of Standard Operational Procedures for Muhammadiyah Ambulance Services. This SOP has now been used in your Ambulance service. The planning for making this SOP was carried out well thanks to the collaboration between MBKM humanitarian project students and the Yogyakarta Special Region Ambulance Service agency.

The readiness of the Asian research ethics committees in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-country survey

Background COVID-19 is a highly challenging infectious disease. Research ethics committees (RECs) have challenges reviewing research on this new pandemic disease under a tight timeline and public pressure. This study aimed to assess RECs’ responses and review during the outbreak in seven Asian countries where the Strategic Initiative for Developing Capacity in Ethical Review (SIDCER) networks are active. Methods The online survey was conducted in seven Asian countries from April to August 2021. Two sets of online questionnaires were developed, one set for the chairs/secretaries and another set for the REC members. The REC profiles obtained from the REC members are descriptive in nature. Data from the chairs/secretaries were compared between the RECs with external quality assessment (SIDCER-Recognized RECs, SR-RECs) and non-external quality assessment (Non-SIDCER-Recognized RECs, NSR-RECs) and analyzed using a Chi-squared test. Results A total of 688 REC members and 197 REC chairs/secretaries participated in the survey. Most RECs have standard operating procedures (SOPs), and have experience in reviewing all types of protocols, but 18.1% had no experience reviewing COVID-19 protocols. Most REC members need specific training on reviewing COVID-19 protocols (93%). In response to the outbreak, RECs used online reviews, increased meeting frequency and single/central REC. All SR-RECs had a member composition as required by the World Health Organisation ethics guidelines, while some NSR-RECs lacked non-affiliated and/or layperson members. SR-RECs reviewed more COVID-related product development protocols and indicated challenges in reviewing risk/benefit and vulnerability (0.010), informed consent form (0.002), and privacy and confidentiality (P = 0.020) than NSR-RECs. Conclusions Surveyed RECs had a general knowledge of REC operation and played a significant role in reviewing COVID-19-related product development protocols. Having active networks of RECs across regions to share updated information and resources could be one of the strategies to promote readiness for future public health emergencies.

COVID-19 infection prevention and control for hospital workers in Indonesia.

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 led to a global pandemic, posing unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems, particularly in hospitals. This study explores the intricacies of strategies employed for preventing and controlling COVID-19 in Indonesian hospitals, with a particular focus on the protocols, challenges, and solutions faced by healthcare professionals. Using a cross-sectional analysis, we examined 27 hospitals and uncovered disparities in their preparedness levels. During our investigation, we observed the robust implementation of infection prevention measures, which encompassed stringent protocols, adequate ventilation, and proper use of personal protective equipment. However, shortcomings were identified in areas such as surveillance, mental health support, and patient management. This study underscores the importance of addressing these gaps, suggesting tailored interventions, and continuous training for healthcare staff. Effective leadership, positive team dynamics, and adherence to comprehensive policies emerge as pivotal factors. Hospitals should strengthen weak areas, ensure the ethical execution of emergency protocols, and integrate technology for tracking and improving standard operating procedures. By enhancing the knowledge and skills of healthcare workers and maintaining strong management practices, hospitals can optimize their efforts in COVID-19 prevention and control, thereby safeguarding the wellbeing of professionals, patients, and communities.

Methodology for the Development of a Standard Operating Procedure for Reprocessing Flexible Endoscope, Taking into Account the Epidemiological Risks

Relevance. Widespread use of endoscopic methods in diagnosis and treatment increases the potential risks of infection of patients in case of improper handling of flexible endoscopes. The main cause of the problem is inattention, low level of competence of personnel. One of the best solutions to this problem is to provide documentation (standard operating procedure – SOP) regulating the processes of handling flexible endoscopes in medical organizations in order to minimize the human factor.Aim. The Development of the SOP for processing of a flexible nasal pharyngeal mirror adjusted for the epidemiological risks of nonsterile endoscopic interventions.Materials & Methods. The epidemiological risks of non-sterile endoscopic interventions were evaluated on the basis of scientific publications and statutory regulations, and the example of SOP was introduced for the flexible nasal pharyngeal mirror.Results. Considering the factors, causing development of infections, related to delivery of health care, and requirements of the sanitary law, a sample of SOP was designed for manual processing of the flexible nasal pharyngeal mirror. Moreover, The main courses were defined, which should be followed by health-care workers while developing of SOP in a healthcare organization.Conclusions. The standardization of the procedure of processing of the flexible endoscopes allows to perform manipulations after clearly developed algorithm, excludes misunderstanding from the stuff, reduces the quantity of faults and mistakes and, as result, reduces probability of the healthcare-associated infections (HAI).

Cracking the code: uncovering the factors that drive COVID-19 standard operating procedures compliance among school management in Malaysia

Malaysia's government's decision to reopen schools during the COVID-19 outbreak, especially for students taking important exams, has alarmed the public. However, the Ministry of Education has implemented a COVID-19 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for educational institutions. The school management’s ability to protect children from COVID-19 rests on their understanding, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 SOP compliance. This study investigated Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, and Putrajaya school management’s COVID-19 SOP compliance determinants. Multistage sampling was used to sample 740 school management from Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, and Selangor. A self-administered questionnaire collected sociodemographic, occupational, and lifestyle data, knowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 SOP compliance. The school management had good knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 SOP. Monthly income, school location, smoking status, and physical activity differed significantly from KAP (p < 0.05). The correlation between KAP showed a significant relationship with the values (r = 0.348, p < 0.001) and (r = 0.358, p = 0.003). Nine independent variables strongly predicted SOPs compliance practice in multiple linear regression: knowledge, attitude, age, source of knowledge; Ministry of Health, physical activities, type of infectious disease exposed; Tuberculosis and Measles (p < 0.05). The data indicate that school management exhibits good knowledge, attitude, and compliance with SOPs during the pandemic. School management oversees SOPs, and to keep schools safe, management must analyse hazards and take action. Therefore, knowledge and attitude are expected to determine factors of practice toward COVID-19 SOP compliance.

Problems, solutions, and strategies for developing stock waqf in Indonesia

Purpose – This study aimed to determine priority problems, solutions, and strategies for developing stock waqf in Indonesia.Methodology – The analytical method used was qualitative with the Delphi approach. The informants for this research were experts in the field of shared waqf. The group of informants consisted of regulators, sharia stock practitioners, nazhir, academics, and wakif with a total of 13 informants.Findings – The results show that the priority issues regarding investor knowledge are from the wakif aspect. A priority problem is the low-literacy stock waqf. The solution priority is from a regulatory perspective. The sub-criteria of the operating rules that are the priority for the solution are the issuance of technical regulations for managing stock waqf. The strategy priority that can be implemented to develop a stock waqf is from the Nazhir aspect as a human resource. Implications – The implications of the research results are in the form of a strategy implemented by the Indonesian waqf board (Badan Wakaf Indonesia, BWI) by issuing standard operating procedures (SOP) for nazhirs in the management of stock waqfs.Originality – The novelty of this research lies in the development of stock waqf, as seen from the problems, solutions, and strategies. In addition to different things, this study also uses a qualitative Delphi approach to formulate problems, solutions, and strategies for developing equity waqf in Indonesia. The Delphi method has not been widely used in Indonesian stock waqf research.

Collaborative Governance in Countering Drug Control in Makassar City

This study seeks to determine how collaborative governance has been implemented in Makassar City’s drug prevention efforts. This study employs a qualitative, descriptive methodology. Observation, interviews, and documentation are methods for collecting data. In Yin’s case study pattern matching model, the data analysis technique is used. The results demonstrated leadership facilitation, with each collaborating actor demonstrating a dependable capacity for activity implementation and problem-solving. Each organization has a decision-maker and policy-maker in charge. In institutional institutions, the division of roles and responsibilities is specified in the Cooperation Agreement. In the process of collaboration, formal and informal communication channels are established to foster mutual trust, and each party’s Cooperation Agreement guides the implementation of collaboration. The true outcome of collaborative action is the achievement of the program goals of each government agency, the community, and the private sector, as well as reducing drug use in Makassar City. The outcomes indicated that Anshel and Gash’s Collaborative Government model was suitable for the drug prevention program in Makassar City. In institutional institutions, Anshel and Gash’s CG mode necessitates the creation of a more detailed Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) because the rules in collaboration only refer to the Cooperation Agreement.&#x0D; Keywords: collaborative governance, drug control, collaboration actors

Feasibility Study of Business Development at Kibo Frizzy Snack

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of developing a business that will be carried out by Kibo Frizzy Snack. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of the study show that in the legal aspect, the object is in the form of an individual company and has had a complete and legal permit. On the market and marketing aspects, there are promising opportunities in the future and the market has been wide open. In the technical and operational aspects, it has a well-systematic standard operating procedure and the outlet design layout is in accordance with the company's operational technicalities. In the aspect of organization and management, it has a simple organizational structure and a fairly good management function. In the economic and social aspects, it absorbs some of the workforce of the surrounding community, and helps the sub-culinary government's economic contribution. On the financial aspect, ROI 83%; BEP Q 263; BEP P Rp11,451.

Strengthening the Attainment of Major Competencies of Program Outcomes through Open-ended Experiment using Statistical Designs

Abstract—Unit operations are very essential part of the chemical engineering and allied disciplines; and hence, basic knowledge about the principles and equipment used for various unit operations is mandatory for process engineer. Unit operations course introduces the foundation of process engineering concepts at the second year of undergraduate program of Bachelor of Engineering in Biotechnology. This course mainly focuses on the most essential unit operations utilized in Chemical and allied process industries such as mass transfer, heat transfer, momentum transfer and mechanical operations. The conventional teaching approach practiced so far in Unit Operations Laboratory course was not so effective in the attainment of certain specific core competencies of Program Outcomes (POs). To tackle this challenge, we introduced a system of classifying laboratory experiments into four distinct categories: Demonstration, Exercise, Structural Inquiry, and Open-ended experiments. These categorized experiments were thoughtfully crafted to target various significant technical and professional outcomes such as Investigations of Complex Engineering Problems, Communication, Life-long learning, Follow of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). The evaluation criteria for each type of experiment were aligned with program outcomes, competencies, and performance indicators. This alignment proved highly beneficial in achieving a more precise assessment of program outcomes. This study focuses on implementing an interactive and collaborative learning approach in the Unit Operations laboratory course. of Experiments. More precisely, the study employs Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) concepts to examine how various factors influence the Leaching (Solid-Liquid Extraction) process. The leaching process is most important unit operations used in the extraction of substances from solids. The study helped in addressing several important competencies pertaining to the Program Outcomes- PO-4: Demonstrating the capacity to design, execute experiments, and analyze data; PO-10: Exhibiting effective communication skills; PO-12: Embracing lifelong learning; PSO-13: Adhering to Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). The assessment of student performance employed a rubric-based approach, and the attainment of program outcomes was documented. It was observed that, open-ended experimental approach, led to the improvements in the attainment of PO’s in terms of competencies and performance indicators. To enhance the teaching-learning process, formal and anonymous feedback was gathered from students to identify areas of improvement and deficiencies. Keywords—Central Composite Design; Collaborative learning; Design of experiments; Open-ended experiment; Program outcome; Response Surface Methodology;

Grinding as a slaughter method for farmed black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae: Empirical recommendations to achieve instantaneous killing.

At least 200 billion black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) are reared each year as food and feed, and the insect farming industry is projected to grow rapidly. Despite interest by consumers, producers, and legislators, no empirical evidence exists to guide producers in practicing humane - or instantaneous - slaughter for these novel mini-livestock. BSFL may be slaughtered via freezing, boiling, grinding, or other methods; however standard operating procedures (SOPs) and equipment design may affect the likelihood of instantaneous death using these methods. We tested how larval body size and particle size plate hole diameter affect the likelihood of instantaneous death for black soldier fly larvae that are slaughtered using a standard meat grinder. Larval body size did not affect the likelihood of instantaneous death for larvae that are 106-175 mg in mass. However, particle size plate hole diameter had a significant effect on the likelihood of instantaneous death, with only 54% of larvae experiencing an instant death when using the largest particle size plate (12-mm hole diameter) compared to 84% using the smallest particle size plate (2.55 mm). However, a higher percentage of instantaneous death (up to 99%) could be achieved by reducing the proportion of larvae that become stuck in the machine. We conclude by outlining specific recommendations to support producers in achieving a 99% instantaneous death rate through specific SOPs to be used with similarly designed machines. We also develop a protocol for producers that wish to test their own grinding SOPs.

Do Uro-Oncology Day Care Procedures Need to Be Differed during COVID-19 Pandemic?-An Experience from Tertiary Cancer Care Center.

Mahendra PalBackground The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic has affected millions all over the world in very short span and changed the way how health care system work across the globe. It is essential to continue cancer treatment in spite of such pandemics. Various recommendations were proposed for cancer management based on risk stratification, however, in urological malignancies, day care procedures (DCPs) are a part of complete spectrum of cancer care and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for day care procedures (DCPs)in oncology is lacking at present. Materials and Methods This is an institutional review board approved retrospective observational analytical study performed in tertiary cancer care center, with aim to assess the impact of COVID-19 on Uro-oncology day care procedures (U-DCPs)in terms of changes in appointments and actual U-DCPs performed, demographic changes such as sex ratio and age wise attendance in pre and post lockdown period and to provide a SOPs to accomplishU-DCPsefficiently in pandemics. Results There was 67.89% and 68.16% reduction in total numbers of appointment and performed U-DCPs. A statistically significant difference was found in cystoscopy, intravesicalinstallation and miscellaneous UDCPs. Overall, 4.45% reduction and 4.52% increase in male and female patients underwent UDCPs respectively, M:F ratio reduced from 3.58:1 to 2.79:1 and 30% to 50% reduction in overall patient statistics in post lockdown compare to pre lockdown procedures. For various age groups there was a statistically significant change in the number for males underwent cystoscopy in (p<0.001), Intravesical therapies (p<0.001) and miscellaneous procedures(p< 0.004). Conclusion We are now coming up to the fact that effective management of healthcare system during pandemics require establishment and effective implementation of standard protocols. Routine major urological surgical care is continued using a tiered standard of protocols (SOPs) and adequate precautions. This study may provide an insight into impact of COVID-19 on UDCPs and what precautions and strategies can be institutionalized so that the patients and the health care workers remain protected from contracting infection while in performing DCPs during pandemic or similar circumstances.

Practical electronic maintenance and repair technique to support sustainability development

Electronic Maintenance and Repair is fundamentally a combination of theoretical and practical learning to support higher education in the vocational or polytechnic specialization. This material is outlined in a course by conducting experiments with existing problems with objects that are students in practicum classes. In this practice, it is explained about the specifications, damage, ways of measuring and diagnosing damage based on the Project Based Learning (PBL) method. All Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) are explained in Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Job Safety Operation (JSO) followed by different circuits and work steps for each electronic circuit. In actual fact, after this method is applied, students can determine and make specifications for an electronic equipment/system, understand and also complete calculations about reliability and failure in electronic systems. One more thing is to recognize damage and how to measure electronic components both passive and active. It is also explaining work principles and looking for damage to a simple digital and analog electronic circuit. In the process, this method experiments with various circuits by measuring normal conditions and damage according to the given switch. The entire measurement method is performed through the specified testing point thereby analysis can be implemented based on the comparison of measurement results under normal conditions and damage. Based on the results of data and analysis of student response results aspects of PBL can be applied to tackle and solve the problems diagnosed by damaged conditions of the circuits. It can be used as MR Electronics practicum to gain and collaborate based on theory and data analysis.

Student’s Acceptance and Actual Use of E-Learning System in a Post-COVID Era Through Technology Acceptance Model

The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed the transition of learning activities in universities into distance learning. This leads to extensive use of e-learning, which became one of key things to sustain the ongoing teaching and learning activities during the pandemic. With the return of classroom learning, the actual use, and students’ intentions on using e-learning system is unknown, and it could affect e-learning system’s effectiveness. Based on the problem, a quantitative research and analysis is conducted on students’ acceptance, use intentions, and actual use of e-learning system using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with three adopted external constructs of Learnability, Self-efficacy, and Social Norm. The questionnaire result processing is conducted by utilizing Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings are students’ perception of e-learning system’s usefulness, ease of use, and students’ attitude towards the e-learning system affects their behavior intentions, and actual use of e-learning system. This finding also resulted on two proposed suggestions on adding minimum content requirements and standard operational procedure in course content management with the aim to increase its learnability and students’ attachments and adding a user tour feature with the aim to increase both learnability and ease of use of e-learning.

Analysis of Employee Work Posture and Physical Workload Using del Riesgo Individual Evalution and Cardio-Vascular Load Methods

The role of humans as workers is still dominant in carrying out the production process, especially activities carried out manually in Material Handling (MMH). Activities carried out using the MMH method are identified as having a high risk if they are not carried out ergonomically and with a good work system, musculoskeletal complaints can occur due to wrong work postures and physical workload. The production process for SME Barokah Tofu in Kendal Regency is still carried out manually by employees who have identified incorrect work postures due to musculoskeletal complaints and physical workload. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze work posture and physical workload of Barokah Tofu employees who have a high risk to reduce musculoskeletal complaints and high physical workload, as well as provide suggestions for improvements to Barokah Tofu. The methods used in this research are ERIN (Evaluation Del Riesgo Individual) and CVL (Cardiovascular Load). Based on the calculation results, it can be concluded that there are 2 activities that have the results of the classification of work posture and physical workload inversely, namely soybean milling and moulding of tofu where work posture has a high risk and physical workload has a low risk, and there are 2 activities that have a work posture classification result. and the physical workload is directly proportional, namely filtering cooking products with low risk and cutting tofu with high risk. Activities that have a high risk require suggestions for improvements, namely simulation of tool design and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for the application of ergonomic principles at work.