Standard Norms Research Articles

Influence of the Sampling Area on the Chemical, Physical, and Mechanical Properties of Grewia bicolor(GB) Fiber for Potential Use in the Reinforcement of Tannin Matrix Composites

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to chemically, physically, and mechanically characterize Grewia bicolor (GB) fibers harvested in the NGONG locality located in the North Cameroon region for potential use in the elaboration of tannin matrix composites. The fibers are extracted from three zones of the stem (top (T), middle (M), and bottom (B)) by biological retting with stagnant water, and the various standard norms are respected for different tests. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemical composition show that GB fibers consist mainly of cellulose (50.73–53.67%), hemicellulose (20.95–24.73%), and lignin (14.26–17.26%). Physical properties give: true density (1.33–1.35 g/cm3), bulk density (0.61–0.72 g/cm3), porosity (48.37–51.4%), linear density (17.28–29.44 tex), water content (13.16–13.59%), water absorption rate (121.86–134.54%), and a moisture recovery rate at 75% relative humidity (11.12–11.76%). Mechanical parameters give Young’s modulus (17.21–29.56 GPa), stress at break (504.71–936.09 MPa), and strain at break (4.65–5.37%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) combined with Tukey’s test for mechanical properties show that the bottom and middle fibers are identical at the 95% confidence level. GB fibers can be used in the reinforcement of tannin matrix composites with preferable and indiscriminate sampling in the bottom and middle zones of the stem.

An Investigation of Syntactic Impairment in Relative Clauses of a Non-Fluent Aphasic Patient

This paper reports on a study on the typical characterization of syntactic impairment in relative clauses found in a patient diagnosed with non-fluent aphasia or also known as Broca ‘s aphasia at National Stroke Association of Malaysia (NASAM), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. The study adopts the theory of Chomsky’s (1981) Government and Binding Theory that consist of (D)eep Structure and (S)urface Structure as a framework for the description of syntactic impairment and adopts an influential hypothesis by Grodzinsky’s (1990) Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH) concerning agrammatism. The sentence structure used in this study is syntactically identical to the base order subject-verb-object (SVO) except for the movement of the object to the beginning of the sentence known as derived order that will result to the formation of object-subject-verb (OSV) in English, and thus enable examination of syntactic movement in agrammatic comprehension. This study involves one patient with non-fluent aphasia, native speaker of Tamil and speaker of English as second language from NASAM, performing a sentence - to-picture matching test. This study reveals the patient’s comprehension of subject relative clauses (SVO structure) are significantly above chance level, but object relative clauses (OSV structure) are at chance level. This study reveals that the score obtained by the patient is within the percentage and performance level (standard norm) proposed by Grodzinsky. These results also show that the non-fluent aphasic patient’s ability to comprehend the relative clauses that involve movement of a noun phrase is impaired.

Analysis of the Reorientation of the National Vocational Training Development Program

ILO found that only 59% of graduates from BLK at the level of UPTD and UPTP - which transformed into BPVP, could be absorbed by industries in 2022 due to the mismatch of competencies with the needs of the labor market. Therefore, the reorientation of the National Vocational Training Development Program is urgently needed to create skilled and competent human resources (HR) in line with the needs of industries and the labor markets. The purpose of this study is, to analyze the issues arising in the management of HR in vocational training institutions in creating skilled and competent HR, along the absorption of BLK graduates into companies/industries. This study uses a descriptive analysis method aimed at analyzing the management of HR in BLK. The results of the study indicate that BLK management has not yet adhered to standardized norms, the level of absorption of BLK graduates into companies/industries is still low, and there is a mismatch between the competencies of BLK graduates and the labor market. The implications of the study results for the Ministry of Manpower are: (1) refocusing training targets based on training needs analysis and national development priorities; (2) standardizing training programs considering the typology of BLK and the distribution of vocational training institutions; (3) identifying potential training needs and revitalizing training resources in vocational training institutions; (4) mainstreaming vocational training and apprenticeships by developing funding patterns and partnership programs between the government and the business/industrial sector, also the central and regional governments.

Automatic Power Factor Correction

With the mining industry moving from traditional manual methods to the advanced mechanised mining, the focus is also shifting to the energy efficiency of the equipment and system being employed. Most of the equipment used in mining like shovel, drill, elevator, continues miner, conveyor, pumps etc. runs on electricity. Electric energy being the only form of energy which can be easily converted to any other form plays a vital role for the growth of any industry. The Power Factor gives an idea about the efficiency of the system to do useful work out of the supplied electric power. A low value of power factor leads to increase is electric losses and also draws penalty by the utility. Significant savings in utility power costs can be realized by keeping up an average monthly power factor close to unity. To improve the power factor to desired level, reactive power compensators are used in the substations. The most common used device is capacitor bank which are switched on and off manually based on the requirement. If automatic switching can be employed for the correction devices, not only it will improve the response time but also removes any scope for error. The work carried out is concerned with developing power factor correction equipment based on embedded system which can automatically monitor the power factor in the mining electrical system and take care of the switching process to maintain a desired level of power factor which fulfils the standard norms. The Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) device developed is based on embedded system having 89S52 microcontroller at its core. The voltage and current signal from the system is sampled and taken as input to measure the power factor and if it falls short of the specified value by utility, then the device automatically switch on the capacitor banks to compensate for the reactive power. Keywords:- Automatic, Power factor, Single phase, Domestic, TRIAC, Capacitor Bank etc.

Motor proficiency of persons with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder diagnosed in adulthood

Purpose To compare (1) motor proficiency of persons diagnosed in adulthood with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with normative values of motor proficiency, and (2) motor proficiency between persons with ADHD and those with ASD diagnosed in adulthood. Methods A total of 153 adults (median age 32 years, 36% women) participated in this cross-sectional study. Fifty-three persons with predominately inattentive presentation (ADHD-I), 67 persons with combined presentation (ADHD-C), and 33 persons with ASD performed the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). One-sample binominal tests were used to compare motor proficiency against standardized norms of BOT-2 for young adults. One-way ANOVAs and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare test outcomes between the groups. Results The total sample showed significantly impaired motor proficiency in comparison to norms in all test domains (p < 0.001–0.006), except for fine motor skills. The ASD group showed significantly poorer body coordination compared with the ADHD-I and ADHD-C groups, with a moderate effect size (p = 0.003–0.02, η2 = 0.061). Conclusions Motor proficiency is impaired in most persons with ADHD or ASD diagnosed in adulthood, suggesting that motor assessment should be included in clinical examinations of adults with suspected neurodevelopment disorders.

Towards an international regulatory framework for AI safety: lessons from the IAEA’s nuclear safety regulations

This study explores the necessity and direction of safety regulations for Artificial Intelligence (AI), drawing parallels from the regulatory practices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for nuclear safety. The rapid advancement and global proliferation of AI technologies necessitate the establishment of standardized safety norms to minimize discrepancies between national regulations and enhance the consistency and effectiveness of these rules. The study emphasizes the importance of international collaboration and the engagement of various stakeholders to strengthen the appropriateness of regulations and ensure their continuous updating in response to the evolving risks associated with technological advancements. The paper highlights the critical role of subgoal setting mechanisms in AI’s decision-making processes, underscoring their significance in ensuring the technology’s stability and social acceptability. Improperly tuned subgoal setting mechanisms may lead to outcomes that conflict with human intentions, posing risks to users and society at large. The study draws attention to the hidden risks often embedded within AI’s core decision-making mechanisms and advocates for regulatory approaches to guarantee safe and predictable AI operations. Furthermore, the study acknowledges the limitations of directly applying IAEA’s nuclear safety cases to AI due to the distinct characteristics and risks of the two fields. The paper calls for future research to delve deeper into the need for an independent regulatory framework tailored to AI’s unique features. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of accelerating international consensus, developing flexible regulatory models that reflect the situation in each country, exploring harmonization with existing regulations, and researching timely regulatory responses to the fast-paced development of AI technology.

Interpolation of generalized Ky Fan inequality for normal map on Eaton triple: Using gradients of G-increasing functions

In this paper, by using gradients of Gateaux differentiable G-increasing functions, we establish some interpolation results for the following G-majorization triangle inequality: (x+y)↓≺Gx↓+y↓ for vectors x,y of an Eaton triple with normal map (⋅)↓. In particular, we show refinements for the majorization Ky Fan's eigenvalue inequality λ(x+y)≺mλ(x)+λ(y) for x,y∈Hn, where Hn is the space of n×n Hermitian matrices and λ(⋅) is the eigenvalue operator on Hn. We derive analogous results for an inner product space with its standard norm, and for real skew-symmetric matrices with their singular values.

A Study on Dimensional Variations in Commercial Cultivator Tines and Reversible Shovels in Comparison to Bureau of Indian Standards Norms

Accelerated demand for farm equipment has encouraged many producers to initiate production of farm machinery. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) provide standards for cultivators but commercial agricultural machinery manufacturers design based on trial and error basis without knowing the concept of optimization, which in turn leads to unnecessary design and cost and also affects equipment performance. With respect to this, study was undertaken to check the dimensions of commercially available cultivator tines (Rigid and spring) and reversible shovels. Based on the usability and availability commercially available rigid and spring cultivator tines and also reversible shovels were selected by conducting survey around Udaipur region. The dimensions of selected cultivator tines and reversible shovels were measured by using vernier calliper and measuring tape. The dimensions of selected rigid and spring cultivator tines found almost higher values as compared to BIS recommended value. Also among shovels, shovel 1 (Sh1) and shovel 2 (Sh2) measured higher values as compared to BIS recommended value, whereas shovel 3 (Sh3) found minimum values as compared to BIS recommended value.

Norm From The Top: A Social Norm Nudge To Promote Low-Practiced Behaviors Without Boomerang Effect

Social norms are an essential determinant of conformity in decision-making, a powerful nudge for helping people adopt prosocial behavior. Informing people that most of their peers behave virtuously encourages them to improve their own behavior. Nevertheless, social norm mechanisms are efficient if the proportion of people who already act prosocially is sufficient, otherwise, the norm can lead to a ”boomerang effect” namely, this induces a person who acts prosocially to abandon her previous choice since she is informed that the majority does not support her prosocial behavior. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new norm that can be efficient even when implemented in behaviors practiced by a minority of people, by contrast to current social norm nudges. In our experiment, we create a new type of feedback that includes descriptive and injunctive norms and then observe whether they are more effective than standard social norm feedback. This new feedback, named ”Norm From The Top”, provides information based on the most altruistic people in the population. The experiment was run online due to the sanitary conditions in 2021. 203 participants were recruited from Cirano (Montreal, Quebec). Cirano is an interuniversity center, multidisciplinary and intersectoral. The sample comprises 120 women and 83 men (Average age = 37.2; SD = 10.5). In the experiment, participants were randomly exposed to a social norm that elicited prosocial behavior from other participants, and we observed whether the group exposed to the Norm From The Top increased their prosocial behavior compared to the other groups. Specifically, participants were asked whether they were willing to complete surveys without compensation. This study found that this norm acted as an effective nudge, increasing the average decision regarding prosocial behavior and addressing the boomerang effect issue. The Norm From The Top sets a high reference point compared to the standard norm and does not induce a reduction of contributions higher than this reference point. In contrast, the standard norm does not have a significant effect due to the boomerang effect and leads to a concentration of the contributions towards the average, resulting in an inefficient nudge in this context. These results show the potential of the Norm From The Top enforcement to promote low-practiced prosocial behaviors, thereby increasing the range of prosocial behaviors that social norm nudges can reinforce. Applying this norm to different types of prosocial behaviors in field experiments would allow for observing its impact on actual behaviors and assessing the external validity of this new instrument before making it available to policymakers.

Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Coryphaena Hippurus (dorado fish) and Thunnus alalunga (albacore fish) sold in high-demand markets in Guayaquil City

Foodborne diseases affect around 600 million people in the world. In Ecuador, the Ministry of Public Health (MSP) reported 12,203 cases of food poisoning caused mainly by Salmonella species, hepatitis virus or other pathogenic microorganisms in 2019. However, there are no reports of diseases caused by Vibrio species in Ecuador. The present study assessed the presence of V. parahaemolyticus, mesophilic aerobics, total coliforms and E. coli. Samples of Coryphaena hippurus (dorado fish) and Thunnus alalunga (albacore fish) in 3 different markets in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. As a result, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not found in any of the 60 samples analyzed. In contrast, the E. coli levels met the requirements established in the INEN 183 - 2013 Standard norm. All samples from Market 1 were within the acceptance range regarding mesophilic aerobic levels. However, high mesophilic aerobic levels were obtained in 60% of the albacore samples and 50% of the dorado samples from this market. In the same way, 40% of the albacore and 100% of Dorado samples from market 3 were high in mesophilic microorganisms. However, the mesophilic aerobic analyses revealed safer levels in samples from market 1 than in markets 2 and 3, according to the NTE INEN. 183:2013. Keywords: Foodborne diseases1, fish2, Albacore3, E coli4, mesophilic aerobics5, Dorado6.

Mobile version of the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Timing Abilities (BAASTA): Implementation and adult norms.

Timing and rhythm abilities are complex and multidimensional skills that are highly widespread in the general population. This complexity can be partly captured by the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Timing Abilities (BAASTA). The battery, consisting of four perceptual and five sensorimotor tests (finger-tapping), has been used in healthy adults and in clinical populations (e.g., Parkinson's disease, ADHD, developmental dyslexia, stuttering), and shows sensitivity to individual differences and impairment. However, major limitations for the generalized use of this tool are the lack of reliable and standardized norms and of a version of the battery that can be used outside the lab. To circumvent these caveats, we put forward a new version of BAASTA on a tablet device capable of ensuring lab-equivalent measurements of timing and rhythm abilities. We present normative data obtained with this version of BAASTA from over 100 healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 87 years in a test-retest protocol. Moreover, we propose a new composite score to summarize beat-based rhythm capacities, the Beat Tracking Index (BTI), with close to excellent test-retest reliability. BTI derives from two BAASTA tests (beat alignment, paced tapping), and offers a swift and practical way of measuring rhythmic abilities when research imposes strong time constraints. This mobile BAASTA implementation is more inclusive and far-reaching, while opening new possibilities for reliable remote testing of rhythmic abilities by leveraging accessible and cost-efficient technologies.

A deterministic descriptive regularization-based method for SAR tomography in urban areas

ABSTRACT In recent years, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Tomography (TomoSAR) has ascertained great potential for the three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of observed scenes, especially in urban areas. However, the number of proceed snapshots (observations) is usually less than that of slant height samples (unknowns) in TomoSAR inversion processes. This impairs the quality of the reconstructed vertical information. To cope with this issue and improve the reliability of reconstructed vertical information, this paper investigates the possible potential of a deterministic descriptive regularization-based method. Deterministic descriptive regularization is a well-conditioned optimization framework based on the descriptive idea of a regularization solution. This strategy can help to mitigate the effect of the ill-posed problem. Thus, it can assist SAR tomography to deal with the possible impairing issues arising from low numbers and the distribution of baselines. For this purpose, the result of the proposed strategy is compared with the outcomes from the standard TomoSAR techniques, including Beamforming, Capon, and Minimum Norm. The proposed method for reconstruction of the reflectivity function of the observed scene has been performed on a dataset acquired by the Sentinel-1 sensor in 2022 over Tehran City, Iran. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can estimate building heights with a vertical accuracy of better than 91%. These results demonstrate the great potential of the proposed method for reconstructing the full 3-D images of urban areas.

Maturity Model for Sustainability Assessment of Chemical Analyses Laboratories in Public Higher Education Institutions

The increasing demand for sustainable products and services has become a constant requirement for the different stakeholders in an organization. Higher Education Institutions (HEI) have a crucial role in training conscious and competent professionals to lead these changes. Chemical analyses laboratories bring together the proper mix, where the adoption of mature and efficient management systems proves to be crucial not only to better train the institutions’ human resources but also to cooperate in recruiting research projects and other services to benefit society. Maturity models assist in the needed stages for sustainable growth to take place. This paper proposes a maturity model based on standardized norms to guide adjustments related to quality, risks, safety, and environment of chemical analyses laboratories in public higher education institutions. This research was done in four stages: theoretical research about maturity models, sustainability, and integrated management systems; survey with laboratories; case study at a chemical analyses laboratory of an HEI; and structuring and validating a maturity model. As the main results, it was observed that more than 80% of public laboratory managers believe it would be relevant to adopt a maturity model to help organize the laboratory’s internal and external processes. 86% of public laboratory managers understand that using management systems can contribute to hiring new services. We can also observe that 42.9% of public laboratory managers do not know any maturity model. As conclusion, the model includes eight dimensions, 31 subdimensions, and 204 management practices to assess and guide chemical analyses laboratories to sustainable maturity levels.

Novel variants conceptional technology to produce eco-friendly sustainable high octane-gasoline biofuel based on renewable gasoline component

The creation of green engine fuels from renewable and sustainable gasoline additives is essential as a consequence of ecological concerns and the energy problem. Bio-alcohols are currently a promising sustainable fuel substitute for gasoline in automotive transportation. In this perspective, the ongoing investigation intends to evaluate the influence of sustainable and renewable petrol additives, like isopropanol, which has outstanding anti-detonation properties and great chemical and physical characteristics on reformable naphtha (HSRN) and light naphtha (LSRN), which possess low chemical and physical characteristics, and low octane rating. Additionally, the second goal is to create biofuel with an eco-octane number of high by blending other gasoline components than those previously indicated. Several gasoline fuels and experimental setups compliant with European standard norms were used to carry out the current work. The results reported that gasoline RON92, RON95, and RON98 were produced based on isopropanol as a renewable and sustainable resource. Moreover, the quantity and quality of light naphtha were maximized. Likewise, the laboratory findings reported that the antiknocking efficiency could be ranked sequentially as isopropanol > reformate > isomerate > fluidized catalytic cracked gasoline (FCC) > PRF-70 > LSRN > HSRN by octane rating. Furthermore, the Reid vapor pressure (RVP) for petrol RON92 was bigger than gasoline RON95 and RON98, unlike the density at 15 °C for gasoline RON 98 was bigger than gasoline RON92 and RON95. Finally, major problems like energy, water scarcity, and the environment affect people all around the world. Two of the earlier environmental and energy-related problems will be resolved by using these sustainable and renewable additions.

On solutions vanishing at infinity of infinite systems of quadratic Urysohn integral equations

The paper is devoted to present a result on the existence of solutions of an infinite system of quadratic integral equations of the Urysohn type considered on the real half-axis. Our investigations are conducted in the Banach space consisting of bounded and continuous functions defined on the real half-axis with values in the space of real sequences converging to zero. That space is equipped with the standard supremum norm. The main tools used in our study is the technique of measures of noncompactness and the Schauder fixed point principle. We illustrate our result by a suitable example.

Hyperspectral sparse fusion using adaptive total variation regularization and superpixel-based weighted nuclear norm

Many recent studies have shown that the adaptive total variation regularization has the advantage of better preserving local features of images compared with the celebrated total variation regularization. On the other hand, the superpixel-based weighted nuclear norm can compensate for the shortcomings of the superpixel-based standard nuclear norm, assigning different weights to singular values and improving flexibility. Inspired by these two factors, we propose two new hyperspectral sparse fusion models related to the adaptive total variation regularization and superpixel-based weighted nuclear norm. Furthermore, we design the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to efficiently solve the proposed models, with complexity and convergence analyses. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform several state-of-the-art methods both numerically and visually.

Proses Sosialisasi Anak: Tinjauan terhadap Dinamika Sosialisasi di Lingkungan Keluarga, Sekolah, dan Masyarakat dalam Konteks Pendidikan

The process of socialization is a learning process, namely a process of accommodation in which individuals/children hold back, change impulses within themselves and adopt the way of life or culture of their society. The socialization process is also an individual learning process in behaving in accordance with the standard norms and values ​​in a society. In this learning process, an individual/child learns about behavior, habits, and other cultural patterns. Individuals / children also learn about social skills (social skills). In the process of socialization (learning) individuals/children can take place in the educational environment including the family environment, school environment, and community environment. Where the three environments have an important role and can be a manifestation of the child's learning process

Criminological Analysis of LGBT Acts Committed by Unscrupulous Soldiers

Today, there is a phenomenon of deviation in the behavior of social life of the community known as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT). It is strongly felt that the pattern of life in the LGBT phenomenon is a deviation from the social norms, religion, and ideology of Pancasila. From the aspect of positive law, no law can be applied to punish perpetrators of LGBT acts. What comes to the surface is precisely the pros and cons of the perspective on LGBT acts, whether they are included in the issue of violations of the law, are part of human rights, or deviations of social behavior, or just deviations of sexual orientation. Pro-LGBT groups stated that there should be no discrimination against LGBT groups, whether men, women, transgender, opposite-sex lovers, or same-sex lovers, because it is considered a human right. For the contra group to have a criminological point of view that LGBT acts are violations of the law, not part of human rights aspects, LGBT is a violation of standard norms of life, contrary to morals and ethics, is a sin according to religion, and is a threat to the cultural and ideological values of a nation. LGBT acts also occur by TNI soldiers. Lawmakers must be able to formulate the rule of law in providing guarantees of certainty, justice, and benefit for the Indonesian people in overcoming LGBT developments that are a threat to the life of the Indonesian nation. LGBT perpetrators of TNI Soldiers must be given strict sanctions because these actions are contrary to the code of ethics of TNI Sapta Marga Soldiers and the Soldier's Oath.

Cybercrime and the Law: Addressing the Challenges of Digital Forensics in Criminal Investigations

A lack of standards and regulations for handling digital evidence is impeding its admissibility in court proceedings. This article addresses the challenges of digital forensics in criminal investigations due to the rise of cybercrime. The literature existing studies on digital forensics, legal frameworks, and cybercrime is reviewed in order to find possible solutions. The results demonstrate the importance of collaboration between the legal and technological sectors in developing standardized norms and processes for digital evidence collection and processing. The findings also highlight the importance of digital forensics in criminal investigations and the need for a robust legal framework to combat cybercrime effectively. This note emphasizes the vital significance of digital forensics in criminal investigations and the need to develop standardized rules and procedures for the management of digital evidence. The recommendations presented in this article may assist policymakers and law enforcement authorities in designing legal framework capable of effectively confronting cybercrime.

Antifungal activity of Carya illinoinensis extracts against Alternaria alternata pathogen and their cytotoxicity effects on HEK-293T cells: HPLC analysis of bioactive compounds

Derivatives of Carya illinoinensis (pecan) are used as dietary supplements and their leaf and nuts-in-shuck extracts are used in the treatment of various pathologies due to their significant composition in phenolic compounds that act as natural antifungal and anticancer agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of acetone extracts (AEs) from leaves (L) and nuts-in-shucks (S) of cultivars (cv.) Wichita (Wic) and Ukulinga (Uku) of South African C. illinoinensis against A. alternata pathogen. The AEs of Wic-L and Uku-L showed higher antifungal efficacy against all tested A. alternata isolates, with inhibition zones ranging from 11 to 39 mm. Acetone crude extracts of cv. Wichita and cv. Ukulinga showed efficacy against the isolates and were significantly different (p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed major morphological damages on the conidia from assayed cultures, which resulted in inhibition. We further evaluated the in vitro cytotoxic effects of Carya illinoinensis on human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293T) cell lines with methanolic extracts (MEs). HEK-293T cell lines (10 × 103 cells/well) were treated with each sample of the extracts at various concentration (1.56, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL) and cell viability was quantitated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay after 48 h. The HEK-293 cell viabilities when exposed to MEs of Wic-L, Wic-S, and Uku-L were 88.2%, 75.2%, and 86.3% respectively, confirming non-toxic properties in accordance with International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) norms. However, the viability of cell culture after the treatment with MEs of Uku-S was 37% and was as toxic. We further used High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to investigate individual phenolic constituents and total phenolic content in the leaves and shucks of both cultivars. Twelve individual phenols were detected through HPLC analysis in the respective extracts. The total phenolic content was higher in the extracts of Wic-L (102.19 mg GAE/g) and Uku-L (110.13 mg GAE/g) relative to the Wic-S (62.03 mg GAE/g) and Uku-S (85.07 mg GAE/g) extracts. Finally, these findings highlighted the possibility of pecan leaf extracts as a potential natural bioactive antifungal agent against black spot disease on pecans in South Africa.