Standard Interpretation Research Articles

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) v2018: differential diagnostic value of ADC values for benign and malignant nodules with moderate probability (LR-3).

To evaluate the usefulness of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in differentiating between benign and malignant LR-3 lesions classified by Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System 2018 (LI-RADS v2018). Retrospectively analyzed 88 patients with liver nodules confirmed by pathology and classified as LR-3 by LI-RADS. All patients underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced MR examination, and the following patient-related imaging features were collected: tumor size,nonrim APHE, nonperipheral "washout", enhancing "capsule", mild-moderate T2 hyperintensity, fat in mass, restricted diffusion, and nodule-in-nodule architecture. We performed ROC analysis and calculated the sensitivity and specificity. A total of 122 lesions were found in 88 patients, with 68 benign and 54 malignant lesions. The mean ADC value for malignant and benign lesions were 1.01 ± 0.15 × 103 mm2/s and 1.41 ± 0.31 × 103 mm2/s, respectively. The ADC value of malignant lesions was significantly lower than that of benign lesions, p < 0.0001. Compared with other imaging features, ADC values had the highest AUC (AUC = 0.909), with a sensitivity of 92.6% and a specificity of 74.1% for the differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. ADC values are useful for differentiating between benign and malignant liver nodules in LR-3 classification, it improves the sensitivity of LI-RADS in the diagnosis of HCC while maintaining high specificity, and we recommend including ADC values in the standard interpretation of LI-RADSv2018.

Schelling on freedom, evil and imputation: A puzzle

AbstractThis paper is focused on F. W. J. Schelling's view of freedom during the period of the Freiheitsschrift (1809) and related works. It is argued that the standard way this has been understood may be too simplistic. On this standard interpretation of his view, evil is made a matter of free choice by the agent, but where the choice does not concern individual actions, but the choice of the agent's essence in an atemporal act. As a result of this choice, it is argued, Schelling can then make evil imputable. By contrast, I argue that for Schelling freedom does not involve choice, but necessity, but in a way that is still internal to the agent and hence non‐coercive, and thus in a way that remains free and makes evil imputable. How Schelling comes to have this view is considered, and some responses are given to ways it might be challenged both interpretatively and philosophically.

Toward a complete description of b → uℓ− overline{nu} within the Weak Effective Theory decays

We fit the available data on exclusive semileptonic b → uℓ− overline{nu} decays within the Standard Model and in the Weak Effective Theory. Assuming Standard Model dynamics, we find left|{V}_{ub}right|={3.59}_{-0.12}^{+0.13}times {10}^{-3} . Lifting this assumption, we obtain stringent constraints on the coefficients of the ubℓν sector of the Weak Effective Theory. Performing a Bayesian model comparison, we find that a beyond the Standard Model interpretation is favoured over a Standard Model interpretation of the available data. We provide a Gaussian mixture model that enables the efficient use of our fit results in subsequent analyses beyond the Standard Model, within and beyond the framework of the Standard Model Effective Field Theory.

Heterogeneous inflation and deflation experiences and savings decisions during German industrialization

Our microeconomic study of the savings behavior of 2,500 German savers in the second half of the 19th century allows us to explore the causes of individual savings decisions in an emerging economy. Inferring savers’ inflation expectations from the personal inflation experiences they made we confirm the standard interpretation of the Euler equation: The savers of our sample reduced their savings with an increase in this proxy for inflation expectation. Beyond this result, our study provides three additional insights. First, we observe a non-linear relationship between inflation experience and savings, implying that savers responded only to exceptionally high inflation (and deflation) experiences ignoring smaller fluctuations in this measure. Second, we find that savers also reacted to high deflation experiences with reducing their savings. This surprising behavior becomes reasonable when we consider that, in the second half of the 19th century, the globalization-driven decline in consumer prices was associated with an increase in nominal wages. Third, we show that it was mainly long-time female savers with above-average savings balances who adjusted their savings to changing inflation experiences.

Modified PROMISE criteria for standardized interpretation of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-targeted PET.

There are image interpretation criteria to standardize reporting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET). As up to 10% of prostate cancer (PC) do not express PSMA, other targets such as gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) are evaluated. Research on GRPR-targeted imaging has been slowly increasing in usage at staging and biochemical recurrence (BCR) of PC. We therefore propose a modification of the Prostate Cancer Molecular Imaging Standardized Evaluation (PROMISE) criteria (mPROMISE) for GRPR-targeted PET. [68Ga]Ga-RM2 PET data from initially prospective studies performed at our institution were retrospectively reviewed: 44 patients were imaged for staging and 100 patients for BCR PC. Two nuclear medicine physicians independently evaluated PET according to the mPROMISE criteria. A third expert reader served as standard reference. Interreader reliability was computed for GRPR expression, prostate bed (T), lymph node (N), skeleton (Mb), organ (Mc) metastases, and final judgment of the scan. The interrater reliability for GRPR PET at staging was moderate for GRPR expression (0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40, 0.78), substantial for T-stage (0.78; 95% CI 0.63, 0.94), and almost perfect for N-stage (0.97; 95% CI 0.92, 1.00) and final judgment (0.92; 95% CI 0.82, 1.00). The interreader agreement at BCR showed substantial agreement for GRPR expression (0.70; 95% CI 0.59, 0.81) and final judgment (0.65; 95% CI 0.53, 0.78), while almost perfect agreement was seen across the major categories (T, N, Mb, Mc). Acceptable performance of the mPROMISE criteria was found for all subsets when compared to the standard reference. Interpreting GRPR-targeted PET using the mPROMISE criteria showed its reliability with substantial or almost perfect interrater agreement across all major categories. The proposed modification of the PROMISE criteria will aid clinicians in decreasing the level of uncertainty, and clinical trials to achieve uniform evaluation, reporting, and comparability of GRPR-targeted PET. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03113617 and NCT02624518.

Categorical versus gradient grammar in phonotactics

AbstractWithin the past 2 decades, probabilistic grammars have been put forward in the study of phonotactics as a necessary device to model gradient acceptability of lexical forms. This implicitly suggests that categorical grammars cannot even in principle account for such gradience. Most importantly, influential research has proposed that grammatical forms described by categorical grammars could be simply understood as by‐products of probabilistic thresholds. Therefore, either implicitly or explicitly, categorical grammars are painted as not only empirically insufficient but also theoretically and formally redundant by this interpretation of probabilistic grammars in the domain of phonotactics. This paper provides a general overview of this recent debate and argues against the standard threshold interpretation for probabilistic grammars based on mathematical results, explicit axiomatic principles, and recent experimental evidence. In its place, I propose an interpretation for gradient grammars that solves apparent inconsistencies, combines the two types of grammar, accommodates previous technical contributions and data, and establishes a clear theoretical role that opens up further research directions.

Accountability and Transparency as the Implementation of Financial Accounting Standards Interpretation (ISAK) 35 (Study on Non-Profit Entities)

This study aims to determine the reasons for the revocation of PSAK No. 45 and the application of ISAK 35 and to analyze the presentation of the financial statements of the Yayasan Bina Integrasi Edukasi on the Presentation of the Financial Statements of Non-Profit-Oriented Entities. This type of research is qualitative through a case study approach. The research method used in this research is descriptiveThe results of this study indicate that the reasons for the revocation of PSAK No. 45 are that it has been regulated by another SAK. Then, the Yayasan Bina Integrasi Edukasi presented its financial statements based on ISAK 35. Then, there are not many differences regarding the presentation of PSAK No. 45 and ISAK No. 35 in the financial statements of non-profit organizations. Keywords: Interpretation of Financial Accounting Standards (ISAK) 35, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK) No. 45, presentation of financial statements, foundations.

From Side Street to Ghetto: Understanding the Rising Levels and Changing Spatial Pattern of Segregation, 1900–1940

A standard interpretation of the intensification of segregation in the early twentieth century is that residents of Northern cities reacted against a growing African American presence, using segregation as a tool of social control that was less needed in the South. Evidence from newly available data for 134 cities in 1900–1940 puts this interpretation in question in several ways. We find that segregation was already high in 1900 at the neighborhood scale. Not only was it rising, but it was changing its spatial scale as clusters of Black settlement in side streets and alleys disappeared from White districts while expanding into large Black zones. Finally, multivariate analyses show that trends were similar in the North and South, and in neither region was Black population size (i.e., “Black threat”) a significant predictor of increasing segregation. The general trends of rising segregation and increasing spatial scale became a nationwide pattern.

The Application in Romanian Jurisprudence of the “Alford Plea” and “Nolo Contendere” Principles

The article aims to analyze the jurisprudence of the highest courts regarding the interpretation and application of guilt plea standards known in the United States of America as the "Alford" or "nolo contendere" pleas. In this regard, it will briefly present the special procedure of the guilty plea agreement, with a focus on the acknowledgment of guilt and the imputed offense by the defendants. Furthermore, it will present the elements of the aforementioned American procedures and recent relevant jurisprudence, followed by a conclusion.

Analisis dan Implementasi Pengelolaan Keuangan pada Yayasan

One non-profit organization that exists in Indonesia is a foundation, a legal entity that is not profit-oriented. Accountability itself is a form of responsibility towards the provider of resources (donors). The financial reporting of a foundation refers to Interpretation of Financial Accounting Standards (ISAK) No.35. The purpose of this research is to analyze the implementation of accountability and the financial management implementation of Yayasan Al Ashola Al Islamiyah Sumbawa in accordance with ISAK 35 guidelines. The analysis tools used include interview results, documentation, and financial reports of the Foundation. The research results show that the research object has not implemented Accountability in financial reporting because only two indicators can be applied by the Foundation. As for financial reporting, the research object has not implemented it in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards ISAK 35 due to several factors such as the Foundation's young age, financial experts who are unfamiliar with ISAK 35, and the Foundation has never conducted bookkeeping and inventory of assets. The financial reports owned by the Foundation are still limited to simple reports such as cash inflows and outflows.

Implementasi ISAK 35 pada Lembaga Perkreditan Desa

Purpose: This study aims to design the format of the LPD financial statements referring to the Interpretation of Financial Accounting Standards (ISAK) 35 in accordance with the characteristics of the LPD.Method: The research method used is Participatory Action Research (PAR) combined with Local Genius Values (LGV). The data comes from the experience and knowledge of researchers on LPD bookkeeping assistance in 2022.Results: The results of the design of the bookkeeping format refer to SAK ETAP terminology which is non-profit oriented according to ISAK 35 based on the locality values of the Balinese indigenous people. The design of this bookkeeping format strengthens the characteristics of the LPD as an institution owned by indigenous peoples which is not a tax subject. The design of this bookkeeping format is expected to be an alternative consideration for various stakeholders to formulate standardized financial reporting policies for all LPDs that remain rooted in the local value characteristics of the Balinese indigenous people.Implications: This study presents the new design of the bookkeeping format for LPDs in refer to Interpretation of Financial Accounting Standards (ISAK) 35 and the characteristics of LPD.Novelty: This study has a novelty related to the design of the bookkeeping format for LPD in refer to Interpretation of Financial Accounting Standards (ISAK) 35.

Cyber resilience and cyber security issues of intelligent cloud computing systems

It is necessary to provide the cyber security of cloud computing according to the components that constitute its structure. The first step in advancing the cyber security of this technology is to accurately identify its threats. In this paper, a new cyber security reference model of the cloud system, which consists of components making up separate layers of cloud computing is proposed. Available reference models of cloud computing security do not describe the virtualization and service layers and the important components for providing the cyber security of cloud computing in detail, do not consider the social media IoT sensor layer, which collects the text data typed by attackers to carry out cyber attacks on the cloud infrastructure, and the cyber resilience issues of the cloud computing at all In addition, this paper studies the cyber security issues of cloud computing service models, and constructs an attack model to provide security of cloud systems. It gives an interpretation of standards and legislative acts on the cyber security of cloud computing. According to security aspects, clarification of the cyber security and cyber resilience concepts of cloud systems is provided. The cyber resilience architecture of intelligent cloud systems is developed. The advantage of developed cyber resilience model over available one is that, it determines the information security and cyber security aspects of cloud computing and combines them to form the cyber resilience aspects of cloud systems.

An Analysis Of Financial Statements Based On Isak 35 At Al-Ikhlas Foundation, Bengkulu City

Non-profit organizations in carrying out their programs use resources that come from the community, so from the accountability point of view, their financial reports must be open and accountable to the public. The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of ISAK No.35 to the Al-ikhlas foundation in Bengkulu City.This research technique is a qualitative type. Data collection techniques used are interviews and documentation. The method of data analysis was carried out in three stages, namely, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions.The results of this study explain that the Al-Ikhlas Foundation, Bengkulu City. Overall, the presentation of the financial statements of the Al-Ikhlas Foundation is in accordance with the Interpretation of Financial Accounting Standards No. 35 concerning Presentation of Financial Statements of Non-Profit Oriented Entities. However, some items have not followed the rules in the interpretation of financial accounting standards (ISAK) 35.

Is There a Semi‐Molten Layer at the Base of the Lunar Mantle?

AbstractParameterised by the Love number k2 and the tidal quality factor Q, and inferred from lunar laser ranging (LLR), tidal dissipation in the Moon follows an unexpected frequency dependence often interpreted as evidence for a highly dissipative, melt‐bearing layer encompassing the core‐mantle boundary. Within this, more or less standard interpretation, the basal layer's viscosity is required to be of order 1015–1016 Pa s and its outer radius is predicted to extend to the zone of deep moonquakes. While the reconciliation of those predictions with the mechanical properties of rocks might be challenging, alternative lunar interior models without the basal layer are said to be unable to fit the frequency dependence of tidal Q. The purpose of our paper is to illustrate under what conditions the frequency‐dependence of lunar tidal Q can be interpreted without the need for deep‐seated partial melt. Devising a simplified lunar model, in which the mantle is described by the Sundberg‐Cooper rheology, we predict the relaxation strength and characteristic timescale of elastically accommodated grain boundary sliding in the mantle that would give rise to the desired frequency dependence. Along with developing this alternative model, we test the traditional model with a basal partial melt; and we show that the two models cannot be distinguished from each other by the available selenodetic measurements. Additional insight into the nature of lunar tidal dissipation can be gained either by measurements of higher‐degree Love numbers and quality factors or by farside lunar seismology.

The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics

The 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low-frequency gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this paper, we investigate potential cosmological interpretations of this signal, specifically cosmic inflation, scalar-induced GWs, first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, and domain walls. We find that, with the exception of stable cosmic strings of field theory origin, all these models can reproduce the observed signal. When compared to the standard interpretation in terms of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), many cosmological models seem to provide a better fit resulting in Bayes factors in the range from 10 to 100. However, these results strongly depend on modeling assumptions about the cosmic SMBHB population and, at this stage, should not be regarded as evidence for new physics. Furthermore, we identify excluded parameter regions where the predicted GW signal from cosmological sources significantly exceeds the NANOGrav signal. These parameter constraints are independent of the origin of the NANOGrav signal and illustrate how pulsar timing data provide a new way to constrain the parameter space of these models. Finally, we search for deterministic signals produced by models of ultralight dark matter (ULDM) and dark matter substructures in the Milky Way. We find no evidence for either of these signals and thus report updated constraints on these models. In the case of ULDM, these constraints outperform torsion balance and atomic clock constraints for ULDM coupled to electrons, muons, or gluons.

Interpretation of Detection and identification standard of hookworm-Hook-worm larvae coproculture techniques (WS/T 791-2021)

Detection and identification standard of hookworm-Hookworm larvae coproculture techniques (WS/T 791-2021) is the first recommended technical standard for hookworm detection and species identification using the hookworm larvae coproculture technique in China. This standard was issued on November 23, 2021, and had been in effect since May 1, 2022. This article provides a detailed interpretation pertaining to the background, drafting process, main contents, and dos and don'ts for better understanding and application of this standard among professionals working in disease control and prevention institutions and medical institutions.

Thomas Aquinas on the Metaphysical Structure of Artifacts

Abstract It is now standard to interpret Aquinas as recognizing two main types of material objects: substances and artifacts, where substances are those material objects that result from some particular substantial form inhering in prime matter, and artifacts are those material objects that result from some particular accidental form inhering in one or more material substances. There are two problems with this standard interpretation. First, there are passages in which Aquinas states that accidental forms should be understood not as inhering in substances from the outside, but as entering into their composition so as to be included among their metaphysical parts. Second, there are passages in which Aquinas states that it is impossible for any accidental form to be shared by two or more substances. This article considers what implications these two observations might have for how we understand the metaphysical structure of artifacts in Aquinas’s ontology.

Uncertainty analysis for drilled shaft axial behavior using CYCU/DrilledShaft/143

Drilled shaft axial capacities and their uncertainties were evaluated in this paper. A large load test database of drilled shafts labeled as CYCU/DrilledShaft/143 was compiled for this evaluation. All load tests were performed in the field under drained and undrained soil conditions. The database was made available at ISSMGE TC304 database sharing platform 304 dB. Drained and undrained analyses were conducted separately. These load test data were first analyzed using representative interpretation criteria to determine their “capacities”. The results of each of the interpretation criteria were next normalized by a standard interpretation criterion and a predicted capacity to establish the relationships between these various interpretation criteria and to characterize model factors, respectively. The analyses of 143 drilled shafts indicated that L1 and DeBeer interpreted loads can be recommended for the serviceability limit state design. The criteria van der Veen, 4%B, Terzaghi and Peck, slope–tangent, L2, and Fuller and Hoy yielded values that are at the transition region of the load–displacement curve, in which the “ultimate” capacity can be reasonably estimated. The Chin method is not conservative, because it produced a value larger than all of the above interpreted “ultimate” capacities with displacements exceeding 60 mm on the average and beyond the range of the measured load–displacement curve. The scatter in the load–displacement curves is studied by applying different normalization schemes and fitting the normalized curves to a hyperbolic model. The hyperbolic model (curve fitting) parameters are generally negatively correlated. Statistics of these hyperbolic model parameters are shown to be comparable to values reported in previous studies. This hyperbolic model is widely used for reliability-based design at the serviceability limit state. Hence, the statistics of the hyperbolic model parameters presented in this study are useful.

An Elementary Proof That Everett’s Quantum Multiverse Is Nonlocal: Bell-Locality and Branch-Symmetry in the Many-Worlds Interpretation

Everett’s many-worlds or multiverse theory is an attempt to find an alternative to the standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. Everett’s theory is often claimed to be local in the Bell sense. Here, we show that this is not the case and debunk the contradictions by analyzing in detail the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) nonlocality theorem. We discuss and compare different notions of locality often mixed in the Everettian literature and try to explain the nature of the confusion. We conclude with a discussion of probability and statistics in the many-worlds theory and stress that the strong symmetry existing between branches in the theory prohibits the definition of probability and that the theory cannot recover statistics. The only way out from this contradiction is to modify the theory by adding hidden variables à la Bohm and, as a consequence, the new theory is explicitly Bell-nonlocal.

FIRST-ORDER FRIENDLINESS

Abstract In this note we study a counterpart in predicate logic of the notion of logical friendliness, introduced into propositional logic in [15]. The result is a new consequence relation for predicate languages with equality using first-order models. While compactness, interpolation and axiomatizability fail dramatically, several other properties are preserved from the propositional case. Divergence is diminished when the language does not contain equality with its standard interpretation.