Standard Internet Research Articles

File Compression System Using Huffman Coding

Abstract—File compression, which minimizes file sizes without significantly compromising the quality of information contained in the file, is among the most critical aspects of data management since it facilitates fast flow and storage of data. Storage manage- ment has become more challenging due to the exponential growth of digital data; hence, efficient file compression has been an issue of great importance to help in decreasing storage expenses and increasing data transfer rates. This paper presents a web interface for the file compression system that is based on lossless data compression known as Huffman coding to reduce the size of the files without changing their content. A standard internet portal allows the users to upload their files to the system and get back resized files within the shortest time possible. The technique employed in the compression is astute in that it uses Huffman codes which give characters codes depending with their frequencies in the file. It then follows that since most of the file will have short codes; the file will take up less space. To safeguard the compressed information, the system generates a data structure called a Huffman tree in which no code is a sub- string of any other. This application does seize to be usable from a few selected devices such as desktops and laptop computers but can also be accessed from projectors and cell phones because of the effective design. The file compression system is also versatile and accommodates various file categories such text, image and binary among others providing users with convenience in a number of sectors. Index Terms—Data Compression, Hoffman Coding, HTML( Hypertext Markup Language), CSS ( Cascading Styling Sheet ), JavaScript.

The current trends in the development of methods and regulatory framework for indexing library information resources

The author examines the development of the basic concepts of indexing information resources using classifications and dictionaries of information retrieval languages. The impact of digital communications and the Internet on the indexing methods in the information environment, including the libraries, is emphasized. The modern library collections comprise various types of resources, both traditional paper publications and digital resources of various types, widely available on the Internet. In these conditions, harmonization of indexing methods with the principles of Internet information retrieval grows in importance. The author discusses the regulatory framework for indexing in the library sector and its relationship with Internet standards within the concept of Semantic Web. The author reviews the main stages of the development of the regulatory framework both on the international level and in this country. The author emphasizes the need to study the experience of other organizations in the field of standardization for further development of indexing technology.

Enhancing Security, Authentication and Traceability for Non Standard Internet of Things (IoT) Enabled Devices by Implementing Mandatory IoT Enabled Devices Having Hardware and Software Authentication Cum Registration Mechanism Before Their Usage to Every IoT Enabled Devices Manufacturer Cum Supplier as Well as User

Internet of things (IoT) [1] has emerged a new field of huge numbers of interconnect devices in term of connecting various gadgets with devices together for sharing data between them as well as working together to form a cluster of sensors with actuators for better monitoring and controlling of various processes of agriculture and industrial automation. A differential non standard approach by various vendors and developers of IoT based application has led to impose great challenge and threat in terms of data security and integrity as well as cost on traceability for Government agencies.

Pemasangan Jaringan Internet Berbasis WiFi Untuk Meningkatkan Akses Komunikasi Warga Di Desa Durian

Durian Village is a village located in Janapria District, Central Lombok Regency. Currently, there is an internet network available in Durian Village, but the speed and quality of the internet network in several places is not good. The condition of infrastructure in Durian Village is still very poor, especially internet access is still very limited, while communication needs are increasing. The aim of this community service program is to install a WiFi-based internet network to improve communication access for residents and the use of information and communication technology (ICT) for the people of Durian Village, Janapria District. Internet installation begins with preparing the device and planning the location of the device so that the signal coverage can be wider. Installation of internet network infrastructure where needed and wider coverage for residents. The implementation of the internet installation was also assisted by STMIK Lombok students. After installing the internet network, the internet network signal area is tested. Internet network testing is carried out by testing signal strength and internet speed which is found to be sufficient to meet internet access standards for communication access and running streaming media applications.

Towards blockchain based federated learning in categorizing healthcare monitoring devices on artificial intelligence of medical things investigative framework

Categorizing Artificial Intelligence of Medical Things (AIoMT) devices within the realm of standard Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices, particularly at the server and computational layers, poses a formidable challenge. In this paper, we present a novel methodology for categorizing AIoMT devices through the application of decentralized processing, referred to as "Federated Learning" (FL). Our approach involves deploying a system on standard IoT devices and labeled IoMT devices for training purposes and attribute extraction. Through this process, we extract and map the interconnected attributes from a global federated cum aggression server. The aim of this terminology is to extract interdependent devices via federated learning, ensuring data privacy and adherence to operational policies. Consequently, a global training dataset repository is coordinated to establish a centralized indexing and synchronization knowledge repository. The categorization process employs generic labels for devices transmitting medical data through regular communication channels. We evaluate our proposed methodology across a variety of IoT, IoMT, and AIoMT devices, demonstrating effective classification and labeling. Our technique yields a reliable categorization index for facilitating efficient access and optimization of medical devices within global servers.

Novel design of cryptographic architecture of nanorouter using quantum-dot cellular automata nanotechnology

The article introduces a revolutionary Nanorouter structure, which is a crucial component in the Nano communication regime. To complete the connection, many key properties of Nanorouters are investigated and merged. QCA circuits with better speed and reduced power dissipation aid in meeting internet standards. Cryptography based on QCA design methodologies is a novel concept in digital circuit design. Data security in nano-communication is crucial in data transmission and reception; hence, cryptographic approaches are necessary. The data entering the input line is encrypted by an encoder, and then sent to the designated output line, where it is decoded and transferred. The Nanorouter is offered as a data path selector, and the proposed study analyses the cell count of QCA and the circuit delay. In this manuscript, novel designs of (4:1)) Mux and (1:4) Demux designs are utilized to implement the proposed nanorouter design. The proposed (4:1) Mux design requires 3–5% fewer cell counts and 20–25% fewer area, and the propsoed (1:4) Demux designs require 75–80% fewer cell counts and 90–95% fewer area compared to their latest counterparts. The QCAPro utility is used to analyse the power consumption of several components that make up the router. QCADesigner 2.0.3 is used to validate the simulation results and output validity.

Study on the Consumer Behaviour Towards Online

Abstract: This study aims to find out the consumer behavior towards online shopping.The total numbers of respondents are 100 it has included men and woman.The sampling technique used was convenient sampling. Internet is changingthe way consumers shop and buy goods and services and has rapidly evolved into a global phenomenon. Many companies have started using the internet to cut marketing costs, thereby reducing the price of their products and services to communicate and disseminate information, to sell the products, to take feedback, and also to conduct satisfaction surveys with consumers. Consumers use the internet not only to buy the product online but also to compare prices, product features, and after-sales service facilitiesthey will receive if they purchase the product from a particular store. Many experts are optimistic about the prospects of online business. The primary data required for study is collected through a structural questionnaire and secondary data required is collected from standard textbooks, magazines and internet.

Finding the path to a more open internet. A new European approach toward internet standards

Finding the path to a more open internet. A new European approach toward internet standards

Icthyofaunal Diversity in Selected Lakes of Kodagu District

The study was carried out to document the fish diversity in the lakes of Somwarapete taluk of Kodagu district, Karnataka. The study was carried out from June 2021- May 2022. Three Lakes namely, Tavare kere, Dodda kere and Honnamanna kere was selected for the study. The fishes were collected with the help of local fishermen and identified with the help of standard reference material and internet sources. The diversity indices such as Shannon diversity index, Simpson diversity index and Pielou’s evenness index were calculated to understand the diversity and distribution of fish species. A total of 17 species, belonging to 13 genera, and 8 families were documented. On evaluating the endemism of the fishes, it was noted that 23% were endemic to Western Ghats, 59% were endemic to Indian Subcontinent, and 18% were exotic taxa. The study also showed the abundance of family Cyprinidae with 41% of taxa, followed by Channiadae and Claridae with 17 and 12% taxa respectively. Simpson diversity index varied from 0.83 (Honnamanna kere) to 0.9 (Tavare kere and Dodda kere ), indicating a high diversity and Pielou’s evenness with a value of 1 showed that the ecosystem is stable.

IF NOT, ELSE: STANDARDS, PROTOCOLS, NETWORKS AND HOW THEY MAKE A DIFFERENCE

The contemporary Internet's "network of networks" has become infrastructural to our lives. The Internet is a stack of physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers which all have unique rules and roles. While many see Internet infrastructure as a foregone conclusion, Paris, Cath and Myers West (2023) write “Internet infrastructure is built slowly, over time, protocol by protocol, in response to many different technical, social, political, environmental, and economic imperatives”. Even as the particular model of the Internet we are all accustomed to has become the standard, other attempts proliferated and eventually failed, as did the Soviet Internet (Peters 2016), and as this panel highlights, the Internet is still ever-evolving. The project of this panel is to trace alternative, parallel, and emergent network models, standards and protocols, theorize their impact as they appear in different places, spaces, and contexts, and gesture towards how the Internet might be different. As critical internet studies have since the early 2000s shown, computational standards, protocols, and network diagrams are more than technical details, they have the power to shape and structure the conditions for our socio-cultural lifeworlds (Galloway 2006; Chun 2008; Bratton 2016). As Gehl (2014) puts it: “interfaces, database structures, mechanisms of connection all shape social activities”. Change an element in the stack and a different connectivity, a different future becomes possible. The papers of this panel introduce and discuss five different and potentially revolutionary network technologies that manage and organize our online lives. The first paper represents a media genealogy of ActivityPub – a protocol that enables the Fediverse, a collection of social media sites that can communicate with one another. The author argues that ActivityPub was not produced through an instrumental process, but was the result of accidents and coincidences. The accidental nature of the protocol, coupled with its being authored by self-identified queer and trans developers, has put it on a collision course with both the “standard” approach to standards production as well as mainstream, corporate social media. The second paper focuses on the design of the Interplanetary Internet and the idea of delay-tolerant networking fundamental to operating in outer space. The author maintains that when delays are central to a network model, we are forced to rethink how our connections are maintained and organized in the future. Delay-tolerant networking is thus not only a technical solution for a communications system but a control protocol through which interplanetary life can be managed. The third paper is also focused on the temporality of networks. The third paper examines how time is enacted as a design ideology in the course of the development of a future internet architecture protocol project: named data networking (NDN). This work locates aspects of the sociomateriality of time in the processes of building Internet infrastructure and demonstrates how it binds together cultural, economic, and discursive power. The paper argues that thinking through time as a design ideology can be useful in projects imagining how the Internet might be built to engender and support different values than market ideology. The fourth paper is about the organizational culture of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a key internet standards and protocol organization. The paper argues that the organization is guided by a culturally inflected anti-political engineering ethos, whose depoliticizing tendencies hampers the organization’s functioning and its ability to rise above narrow industry-interest and pursue a public interest internet. The fifth paper looks to the Crypto Wars of the 1990s as a moment where things could have been otherwise; comparing the examples of PGP and RSA encryption software and how they shaped the nature of our networked systems. It argues that a combination of regulatory and commercial interests influenced the development and use of cryptography in ways that facilitated the development of e-commerce, but left private messaging in dubious legal status. Collectively the papers investigate alternative and emergent trends behind the Internet and its network models, standards, and protocols. The protocols and rules for network connection, standards bodies, and modes of governance are critical to maintaining and upkeeping a network. Their impact, however, is not merely technical but potentially world-changing. The papers direct their critical gaze towards the development of these technologies and what their introduction to our world potentially entails. By focusing on projects of past, present, and future and by exploring the Internet’s deepest sociotechnical layers, the panel critically dismantles the commonly-held idea that the Internet is a monolith and illustrates that the history of the Internet is still being written.

Web Platform for Interconnecting Body Sensors and Improving Health Care

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm in which smart objects actively collaborate among them and with other physical and virtual objects available in the Web in order to perform high-level tasks for the benefit of end-users. In the e-health scenario, these communicating smart objects can be body sensors that enable a continuous real-time monitoring of vital signs of patients. Data produced by such sensors can be used for several purposes and by different actors, such as doctors, patients, relatives, and health care centers, in order to provide remote assistance to users. However, major challenges arise mainly in terms of the interoperabil- ity among several heterogeneous devices from a variety of manufacturers. In this context, we introduce Eco Health (Ecosystem of Health Care Devices), a Web middleware platform for connecting doctors and patients using attached body sensors, thus aiming to provide improved health monitoring and diagnosis for patients. This platform is able to integrate information obtained from heterogeneous sensors in order to provide mechanisms to monitor, process, visualize, store, and send notifications regarding patients’ conditions and vital signs at real-time by using Internet standards. In this paper, we present blueprints of our proposal to Eco Health and its logical architecture and implementation, as well as an e-health motivational scenario where such a platform would be useful.

OSF-EIMTC: An open-source framework for standardized encrypted internet traffic classification

Internet traffic classification plays a key role in network visibility, Quality of Services (QoS), intrusion detection, Quality of Experience (QoE) and traffic-trend analyses. In order to improve privacy, integrity, confidentiality, and protocol obfuscation, the current traffic is based on encryption protocols, e.g., SSL/TLS. With the increased use of Machine-Learning (ML) and Deep-Learning (DL) models in the literature, comparison between different models and methods has become cumbersome and difficult due to a lack of a standardized framework. In this paper, we propose an open-source framework, named OSF-EIMTC, which can provide the full pipeline of the learning process and simulation reproducibility. From well-known datasets to extracting new and well-known features, it provides implementations of well-known ML and DL models (from the traffic classification literature) as well as experimental test-beds and their evaluation. By providing a standardized platform, OSF-EIMTC enables repeatable, reproducible, and accurate comparisons of both established and novel features and models. As part of our framework evaluation, we demonstrate the reproducibility of a variety of cases where the framework can be of use, utilizing multiple datasets, models, and feature sets. We show analyses of publicly available datasets and invite the community to participate in our open challenges using OSF-EIMTC, fostering collaborative advancements in encrypted traffic classification.

A Systematic Roadmap on Privacy, Security, Trust, Identity Management, and Resilience: Wireless Sensor Networks and Internet of Things Architectures

As everything around us will be linked to the net in many ways via the Internet of Things (IoTs) and compared to the standard Internet, new forms of problems and complications can arise. Huge IoTs experiments are currently under way, most of which concern its sight, supporting technology, software, or facilities. Recently, a limited studies have comprehensively defined the security requirements such as privacy concerns, security, and trusting in the IoTs that are deemed special to the future net, these terms need to be discussed and addressed via numerous scholars and research groups as well. This article surveyed through 102 references from popular literature databases to explore the features\ properties that define the distinctive IoT relating to forthcoming privacy, security and trust issues. Then created security requirements that were triggered by the mentioned properties. This article examined the privacy, security, trust and resilience components of the three most popular IoT architectures in consideration of the requirements as well. Also, this survey contributed to the state-of-the-art security issues for embedded devices in Internet of Things world including provide a comparative table of well-known secure routing protocols and their countermeasures to well-known attacks on Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) structure of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) within Internet of Things world. Finally, this survey identifies a number of study gaps that will serve as the foundation for future research.

Evaluating practical QUIC website fingerprinting defenses for the masses

Website fingerprinting (WF) is a well-known threat to users' web privacy. New Internet standards, such as QUIC, include padding to support defenses against WF. Previous work on QUIC WF only analyzes the effectiveness of defenses when users are behind a VPN. Yet, this is not how most users browse the Internet. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of QUIC-padding-based defenses against WF when users directly browse the web, i.e., without VPNs, HTTPS proxies, or other tunneling protocols. We confirm previous claims that network-layer padding cannot provide effective protection against powerful adversaries capable of observing all traffic traces. We show that the claims hold even against adversaries with constraints on traffic visibility and processing power. We then show that the current approach to web development, in which the use of third-party resources is the norm, impedes the effective use of padding-based defenses as it requires first and third parties to coordinate in order to thwart traffic analysis. We show that even when coordination is possible, in most cases, protection comes at a high cost.

An Empirical Study of Deep Learning-Based SS7 Attack Detection

Signalling protocols are responsible for fundamental tasks such as initiating and terminating communication and identifying the state of the communication in telecommunication core networks. Signalling System No. 7 (SS7), Diameter, and GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) are the main protocols used in 2G to 4G, while 5G uses standard Internet protocols for its signalling. Despite their distinct features, and especially their security guarantees, they are most vulnerable to attacks in roaming scenarios: the attacks that target the location update function call for subscribers who are located in a visiting network. The literature tells us that rule-based detection mechanisms are ineffective against such attacks, while the hope lies in deep learning (DL)-based solutions. In this paper, we provide a large-scale empirical study of state-of-the-art DL models, including eight supervised and five semi-supervised, to detect attacks in the roaming scenario. Our experiments use a real-world dataset and a simulated dataset for SS7, and they can be straightforwardly carried out for other signalling protocols upon the availability of corresponding datasets. The results show that semi-supervised DL models generally outperform supervised ones since they leverage both labeled and unlabeled data for training. Nevertheless, the ensemble-based supervised model NODE outperforms others in its category and some in the semi-supervised category. Among all, the semi-supervised model PReNet performs the best regarding the Recall and F1 metrics when all unlabeled data are used for training, and it is also the most stable one. Our experiment also shows that the performances of different semi-supervised models could differ a lot regarding the size of used unlabeled data in training.

The EU and Internet standards – Beyond the spin, a strategic turn?

ABSTRACT This article investigates the nature and implications of the European Union (EU)’s recent discourse and policy approach towards Internet standards. Internet is a network of interconnected networks that can communicate with one another thanks to shared protocols, most often produced by standard-developing organisations. This research analyses the effects of the discursive turn of the EU – as part of its new digital sovereignty agenda – and investigates whether it has materialised into actual changes in the way the EU engages with the making process of Internet standards since 2019. This article shows that the EU’s approach towards these arenas has been and remains inconsistent. It argues that the EU’s increasing ‘digital assertiveness’ and digital sovereignty discourses have led to a few noticeable policy evolutions, whose effects remain largely unintended and that could further normalise state-based interventions in the Internet architecture.

An Assessment of State-Level Planning for Physical Activity Promotion in the United States.

The prevalence and attributable risk of disease due to physical inactivity require it to be made a public health priority. Public health planning allows for prioritization and resource allocation, particularly at the state and local levels. The extent to which state planning efforts for physical activity exist in the United States is unknown. The purpose of this paper is to describe the scope in which physical activity is incorporated in state-level public health plans in the United States, with an emphasis on alignment with the national guidelines and the National Physical Activity Plan. A standardized internet search audit was developed and conducted for each of 50 US states and the District of Columbia between May 2017 and January 2018 to determine the prevalence and characteristics of health planning documents that include physical activity. Data abstracted for analysis used a standardized search protocol that included the components of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and the US National Physical Activity Plan. Results found that most states had between 4 and 6 chronic disease prevention and control plans that mention physical activity; however, it was inconsistently aligned with recommendations from both the Guidelines and the National Plan. Only 2 states had stand-alone public health planning documents explicitly dedicated to physical activity promotion. No state planning documents addressed children and adolescents, adults, and older adults simultaneously. To be maximally effective, state public health planning for physical activity should be made a priority and these efforts should align as much as possible with current guidance from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and the US National Physical Activity Plan.

Exploring the Road of Digital Transformation of Agricultural Marketing Based on the Perspective of Platform Economy

In order to meet the trend of digital transformation and build a marketing system for agricultural products in the form of platform economy, this paper adopts the literature research method to analyze the coupling of the two concepts of platform economy and agricultural products marketing under the framework of digital transformation, and explain the immaturity of marketing subjects, non-standardized marketing channels, unsuitable logistics system, unsuitable marketing products and unclear marketing rules under the current digital transformation mode of agricultural products marketing. The problems of quality assurance and unclear marketing rules. As a result, this paper puts forward policy suggestions, namely, taking the government as the leader, actively exploring new thinking, new ideas and new roads for digital transformation of agricultural products on the basis of improving the legal system, and building a standardized, extensive and innovative Internet agricultural products marketing platform by strengthening the training for relevant practitioners.

IoMT-Enabled Stress Monitoring in a Virtual Reality Environment and at Home

Objective: Modern lifestyles are triggering stress at a disproportionate rate for longer periods of time. Chronic or long-lasting stress can pose a risk to our health. Despite advances in physiological recording methods, mental stress remains challenging to quantify and monitor. Methods: We describe an Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) device with electrocardiogram (ECG) recording features. The recorded ECG signal is processed on-the-fly to calculate, in real time, heart rate, heart rate variability, energy expenditure and mental stress. Data are sent to an online platform using a standard Internet of Things (IoT) publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol for continuous monitoring. Results: The system functionality is first validated by performing hardware-in-the-loop measurements connected to a patient simulator. We then monitored induced stress by recording ECG in subjects using liquid metal electrodes performing a plank walking task in a virtual reality (VR) environment with high heights exposure. The results demonstrate our IoMT system’s ability to provide accurate ECG metrics using novel liquid metal electrodes by detecting continuously increased stress values in a VR setting and at-home. Conclusion: The IoMT measurement device presented provides a novel strategy for monitoring stress in real time. Significance: Our work provides the opportunity for future research on psychological stress and emotion regulation within daily life and the physiological mechanisms through which it influences the health of both children and adults.

Research on the Influence Mechanism of Enterprise Industrial Internet Standardization on Digital Innovation

In the era of the digital economy, with the digital and intelligent transformation of the industry, technical complexity, and higher demand for the inter-operability of Industrial Internet platforms, standardization work faces challenges of timeliness and high quality. So, enterprises must improve the quality and efficiency of their digital innovation capabilities in the dynamic process of Industrial Internet standardization. Given this condition, based on the digital innovation theory, standardization theory, and social network theory, this paper takes 387 A-share-listed enterprises in the field of Industrial Internet industry as the research object and uses the secondhand cross-sectional data to carry out the research on the influence mechanism of enterprise Industrial Internet standardization on the digital innovation capabilities of enterprises. The results show that: enterprise Industrial Internet standardization exerts a positive influence on the digital innovation capability of enterprises; a standard alliance network in the enterprise Industrial Internet standardization plays an intermediary role in the digital innovation capability of enterprises; and the scale of enterprises has a positive moderating effect on the intermediary role of a standard alliance network between the enterprise Industrial Internet standardization and the digital innovation capability of enterprises. From the perspective of the alliance network effect, the research explores the economic consequences of standardization construction and enriches the appraisal of the standardization capability of enterprises for the purpose of providing targeted empirical evidence and practical strategies for the standard-based digital innovation of Industrial Internet enterprises.