Standard Fan Research Articles

Numerical Simulation on Air-Liquid Transient Flow and Regression Model on Air-Liquid Ratio of Air Induction Nozzle

Air induction nozzle (AIN) has a special Venturi structure that has been widely used in the field of reducing the probability of drift of pesticide droplets and realizing precise application. The present research mainly adopts the method of comparative test and analyzes the difference between AIN and standard fan nozzle. However, the research on internal flow characteristics and air–liquid ratio (ALR) of AIN is very limited. In order to detect the air-liquid transient flow distribution and the influence of the geometric parameter structure of Venturi on the air–liquid ratio in the air induction nozzle, numerical simulation and air-liquid ratio prediction model of AIN combined with TD (Turbo Drop series) type Venturi tubes and ST110 (standard nozzle series) type fan nozzles are used. Based on the VOF (volume of fluid) model and Realizable k-ε turbulence control method, the TD-ST combined AIN is simulated numerically using open input and exit boundary conditions. The results show that the transient flow characteristic of the combined AIN is determined by the geometric structure of the Venturi tube, and the internal velocity and pressure change significantly at the Venturi angle. Under the same ST110 fan nozzle, the size of the larger TD Venturi tube will decrease the air phase content in the air–liquid flow. TD03-ST06 combined AIN has a maximum volume flow of 0.0092 (L/min) under 0.6 MPa. The air–liquid ratio regression model is established by designing the intake volume measurement system. According to this model, the influence law of tube size and spray parameters on the air–liquid ratio can be clarified. After variance analysis, it is proved that this model is suitable for air–liquid ratio prediction of TD-ST combined AIN. This study clarifies the air–liquid coupling law inside AIN and provides some reference for the quantitative analysis of the relationship between the geometric parameters, spray parameters, and the air–liquid ratio.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE APPLICATION IN VINEYARDS AND ORCHARDS OF SPRAYING TREATMENTS WITH REDUCED IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT. PRESENT AND PERSPECTIVES

The paper presents an analysis of the innovative technologies that are currently implementing spraying treatments with the reduction of specific consumption of pesticides, fuel, labour and especially the reduction of environmental pollution. They are presented for the administration of insecticides-fungicides and liquid fertilizers with machines for spraying vines and orchards of the carried type with a tank of 300-600 litres and of the trailed type with a tank of 600-2000 litres, which have standard fans or a tower with controlled spraying, 600-800 mm propellers with adjustable pitch, hot-dip galvanized metal parts, bronze nozzle holder, cardan shaft, etc. The work concludes with the recommendation of using an innovative spraying machine that allows significant savings of active substance, depending on the vegetative phase of the plantation at the time of spraying compared to conventional treatment.

Efficacy of two different methods of cold air analgesia for pain relief in PDT of actinic keratoses of the head region – a randomized controlled comparison study

BackgroundPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective method for treating actinic keratosis (AK) with pain during illumination representing the major side effect. The efficacy of two different cooling methods for pain relief in PDT of AK in the head region was compared. MethodsRandomized, assessor-blinded, half side comparison study in 20 patients with symmetrically distributed AK on the head. Conventional PDT was performed on both halves of the scalp or face by applying 20% aminolevulinic acid cream (ALA) and subsequent illumination with incoherent red light. During illumination one side was cooled with a cold air blower (CAB) and the other with a standard fan (FAN) in a randomized fashion. Pain and skin temperature were recorded during and after PDT. The phototoxic skin reaction was evaluated up to seven days after PDT. The clearance rate of AK was assessed at 3 and 6 months after PDT. ResultsMean pain (VASmean), maximum pain intensity (VASmax) and the mean skin temperature during PDT were significantly lower with CAB as compared to FAN (VASmean: 2.7 ± 1.4 vs. 3.7 ± 2.1, p = 0.003; VASmax: 3.8 ± 2.0 vs. 4.8 ± 2.5, p = 0.002; 26.8 ± 2.0 °C vs. 32.1 ± 1.7 °C; p=<0.001). The severity of the phototoxic skin reaction and the clearance rate of AK did not differ between the two cooling methods. ConclusionCooling with CAB during PDT has a greater analgesic effect than cooling with FAN. Patients with a lower skin temperature during illumination tended to experience less pain, however, this effect did not reach the level of statistical significance.

Determination of fan design parameters for light-sport aircraft

This paper is focused on the preliminary design of an electric fan for light-sport aircraft. Usage of electric motors brings some advantages compared to piston engines, especially small size and the independence of power on shaft RPM. A 1D compressible fluid flow model is used for the determination of the performace. The influence of various system parameters is analysed. Results for the case of the UL-39 ultralight aircraft are presented. Finally, input parameters for the fan design are determined according to this analysis. This can be then used as input data for the standard fan (axial compressor) design procedure.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕЗИМОВКИ СТОЛОВЫХ СОРТОВ ВИНОГРАДА В НЕУКРЫВНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ ПОСЛЕ ЗИМЫ 2020/2021

Following the winter of 2020/2021, an assess-ment was made of the overwintering of fifty-one table grapes varieties grown in non-covered culture in Novocherkassk, Rostov Region, in the vineyards of All-Russian Research Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking– Branch of Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «FRARC». In the varietal study was used the method of M.A. Lazarevsky, and generally ac-cepted in viticulture and standard technology of cultivation of plantings. Vineyards not irri-gated, grafted, planting scheme 3 × 1.5 m, root-stock Kober 5BB, the formation was the stand-ard fan type on low trunk, the planting scheme was 3 × 1.5 m. The minimum winter tempera-ture of –20.7° C was recorded on January 21, 2021, however, winter conditions were preced-ed by atypical phenomena, namely water stress: air and soil drought, complete absence of pre-cipitation in September, dust storms in October. The best resistance to winter conditions (practi-cally without damage to the buds) was shown by the Victoria variety bred by All-Russian Re-search Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking and Vineland 68042 variety bred by Canada. Varieties of Vitis interspecific cross Vostorg krasny, Novy Podarok Zaporozhye, Aladdin, Baklanovsky (control) had minor damage to the buds. Varieties of V. vinifera had almost no open buds (6,1 ‒9,5 %). Damage to bushes dur-ing winter conditions was noted on shoots that were above the snow line. Parts of plants cov-ered with snow were not significantly damaged even in non-winter hardy varieties. The study of agrobiological characteristics and the yield of damaged bushes indicates the necessity of winter covering for those varieties, that have the percentage of blossomed buds less than six-ty.

Characterisation of a Standard Fan Test Facility to Accommodate Reflection of Sound During Noise Measurements

Axial flow fans are fundamental to air-cooled condensers. While they provide the air flow for heat transfer, they also generate noise, which is a growing environmental concern. Sound reflections are characterised in an existing fan performance test facility, which does not conform to fan noise measurement standards. Corrections to the measured SPL spectrum is deduced along with the uncertainty in noise measurements. Corrections are compared to a reflection correction standard relating to buildings. This methodology can be repeated for other fan test facilities which do not comply with noise measurement standards.

БЛЕСТЯЩИЙ – ПЕРСПЕКТИВНАЯ ГИБРИДНАЯ ФОРМА СВЕРХРАННЕГО СРОКА СОЗРЕВАНИЯ

In a market-oriented economy, the success of table grape production is demand-driven, with most table grape consumers citing muscat fla-vor as the primary desirable trait. This article presents the ampelographic and agrobiological characteristics of the grape variety Blestyash-chiy breeding from All-Russian Research Insti-tute for Viticulture and Winemaking– Branch of Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «FRARC». It was obtained as a result of crossing the varieties Victoria and Original Be-lyi, allocated in the elite in 2005. Variety’s study was carried out according to generally accepted methods in the conditions of the No-vocherkassk, Rostov region at the experi-mental vineyards, the culture of vine is not ir-rigated, uncovered, grafted, rootstock Ber-landieri × Riparia Kober 5BB, the formation is the standard fan type on trunk. The grape vari-ety for table use, super early ripening period, is characterized by good winter- hardiness, high potential yield, attractive appearance of ber-ries, pronounced muscat aroma of berries. On a single-plane trellis, with a planting pattern of 3 m × 1.5 m, the yield from 1 bush averages 4.3 kg. Grape variety Blestyashchiy has a com-plete flower, large clusters of medium density, ellipse or ovoid berries of white-pink color, on the sunny side - bright red-pink, dense pulp. Differs in high sugar accumulation with mod-erate titrated acidity. Resistance to fungal dis-eases is average. Used for fresh consumption. The tasting rating of fresh grapes averages 8.6 points on a ten-point rating scale. Among the shortcomings, one can single out the tendency to overload the bushes with the harvest and the uneven coloring of the berries, which can be fought with special agrotechnical methods.

On canonical bases of a formal 𝕂-algebra

We study canonical bases of a subalgebra [Formula: see text] over a field [Formula: see text], and we associate with [Formula: see text] a fan called the canonical fan of [Formula: see text]. This generalizes the notion of the standard fan of an ideal.

Aerosol generation and control in the dental operatory: An in vitro spectrometric study of typical clinical setups.

Dental turbines and scalers, used every day in dental operatories, feature built-in water spray that generates considerable amounts of water aerosol. The problem is that it is not exactly known how much. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, several aerosol safety recommendations have been issued—based on little empirical evidence, as almost no data are available on the exact aerosol concentrations generated during dental treatment. Similarly, little is known about the differences in the efficacy of different commercially available aerosol control systems to reduce in-treatment aerosol load. In this in vitro study, we used spectrometry to explore these questions. The time-dependent effect of conventional airing on aerosol concentrations was also studied. Everyday patient treatment situations were modeled. The test setups were defined by the applied instrument and its spray direction (high-speed turbine with direct/indirect airspray or ultrasonic scaler with indirect airspray) and the applied aerosol control system (the conventional high-volume evacuator or a lately introduced aerosol exhaustor). Two parameters were analyzed: total number concentration in the entire measurement range of the spectrometer and total number concentration within the 60 to 384 nm range. The results suggest that instrument type and spray direction significantly influence the resulting aerosol concentrations. Aerosol generation by the ultrasonic scaler is easily controlled. As for the high-speed turbine, the efficiency of control might depend on how exactly the instrument is used during a treatment. The results suggest that scenarios where the airspray is frequently directed toward the air of the operatory are the most difficult to control. The tested control systems did not differ in their efficiency, but the study could not provide conclusive results in this respect. With conventional airing through windows with a standard fan, a safety airing period of at least 15 minutes between treatments is recommended.

Harvesting Electrical Energy from Rooftop Ventilator

Development of the renewable energy is one of the most challenging issue in Malaysia since the fossil fuels and natural gas is foresee to be depleted in one day. Renewable energy is able to provide sustainable yet clean energy to the country in the near future. Other than Solar, wind energy is only of the renewable energy that has the potential to provide green energy to not only domestic but industrial users. This paper proposes a development of similar concept of wind energy by harvesting electrical energy from rooftop ventilator. Modification is made on a commercial rooftop ventilator with an integration of a 120V DC motor and conversion gear (gear ratio 1:2) to the turbine shaft. The continuous rotation of the rooftop ventilator due to temperature difference indoor and outdoor rotated the rotor of the DC generator. The DC energy is stored in the battery via a charge controller before distributing to the load. An average of 60 rpm turning speed of the ventilator is simulated mimicking the general turning speed of the ventilator installed on the roof. The generated energy characteristics study is carried out by using standard fan to produce steady rotational of the ventilator. As the spin rate is very low to reach the optimum spin rate, the generated energy is small and only for a small DC load.

New advances in intra-operative imaging in trauma.

The invention of flat-panel detectors led to a revolution in medical imaging. The major benefits of this technology are a higher image quality and dose reduction. Flat-panel detectors have proved to be superior to standard C-arms (= C-arm with radiograph source and image intensifier).Cone-beam computed tomography (cone-beam CT) is a 3D data set, which can be acquired with a flat-panel detector. The cone-shaped beam is used for 3D data generation. For cone-beam CT acquisition, the flat-panel detector rotates around the patient lying on the operating table. Intra-operative cone-beam CT can be a very helpful tool in orthopaedic surgery. Immediate control of fracture reduction and implant positioning in high image quality can reduce the need for secondary revision surgery due to implant malposition.In recent years there has been a revival of standard fan beam CT technology in operating rooms. Fixed and mobile systems are available. Fixed systems are typically placed on a sliding gantry. Different mobile intra-operative CT scanners were recently introduced. Due to their mobility, they are not bound to a specific operating room. The use of standard intra-operative CT scanners results in high 3D image quality but, in comparison with a cone-beam CT scanner, fluoroscopy is not possible.The introduction of flat-panel detectors has led to improvements in intra-operative image quality combined with dose reduction. The possibility of high-quality 3D imaging in combination with navigation can assure optimal implant placement. Due to immediate control of the osteosynthesis, revision surgery at a later time can be prevented.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170055

PRESTASI MOTOR DIESEL DENGAN OPTIMALISASI SISTEM INTAKE MANIFOLD PAK SYS (PERFORMANCE AIR INTAKE SYSTEM) TURBO FAN AXIAL

The development of motor vehicle technology has urgency of increasing the efficiency for the engine of fuel requirements that will be used in the combustion process to produce output parameters. One of the elements for an effective combustion process for the fuel mixture composition is the quantity and the air capacity to be supplied for each cylinder. The construction of intake manifold is one of minor losses for requirement capacity of air when intake suction take occured. The addition of Axial Fan in the intake manifold system of diesel motors is expected to meet the air supply capacity and minimize minor losses, so the performance engine like : volumetric efficiency, torque and power increased. Fundamental of air Intake System Performance Method to inducting (forces) amount of the air through Fan Axial Double Blade blades. This study uses a quasi-experimental method that compares the intake manifold with or without the installation of axial (standard) fan to the torque and power generated from four diesel motors (4) steps. From the test obtained an average torque increase of 22%, with the highest torque at the beginning of 1150 rpm engine speed of 41.8 Nm, while the average power increase of 13% with a power rating of 8 KW at 2200 rpm engine speed. While the volumetric efficiency experienced an average increase of 6% with a significant percentage of engine speed of 2200 rpm which reached 98.8%.&#x0D; Keywords: Torque, Power, Diesel, Intake Manifold, Axial Fan

Influence of blade skew on axial fan component noise

Microphone arrays can be used to detect sound sources on rotating machinery. For this study, experiments with three different axial fans, featuring backward-skewed, unskewed, and forward-skewed blades, were conducted in a standardized fan test chamber. The measured data are processed using the virtual rotating array method. Subsequent application of beamforming and deconvolution in the frequency domain allows the localization and quantification of separate sources, as appear at different regions on the blades. Evaluating broadband spectra of the leading and trailing edges of the blades, phenomena governing the acoustic characteristics of the fans at different operating points are identified. This enables a detailed discussion of the influence of the blade design on the radiated noise.

Locating Anti-Fandom in Extratextual Mash-Ups

Locating Anti-Fandom in Extratextual Mash-Ups

Numerical experiment of the solid particle erosion of bionic configuration blade of centrifugal fan

In this paper, a bionic method was presented to improve the erosion resistance of blade of the centrifugal fan. A numerical investigation of the solid particle erosion on the standard and bionic configuration blade of 4–72№10C centrifugal fan was presented. The numerical study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, based on a finite volume method, in which the discrete phase model was used to modele the solid particles flow, and the Eulerian conservation equation was adopt to simulate the continuous phase. Moreover, user-defined function was used to define wear equation. The various diameters of the particles were taken into account. The positions of collision of standard and bionic fan blades were discussed, and two kinds of centrifugal fan blade wear were compared. The results show that the particles from the incident source with different positions have different processes of turning and movement when enter into the impeller. The trajectories of flow in the fan channel are significantly different for the particles with different diameters. Bionic fan blade have lower erosion rate than the standard fan blade when the particle size is 20 µm. The anti-erosion mechanism of the bionic fan blade was discussed.

Development of an integrated reverse osmosis-greenhouse system driven by solar photovoltaic generators

The development of a system that integrates reverse osmosis (RO) with a horticultural greenhouse has been advanced through laboratory experiments. In this concept, intended for the inland desalination of brackish groundwater in dry areas, the RO concentrate will be reduced in volume by passing it through the evaporative cooling pads of the greenhouse. The system will be powered by solar photovoltaics (PV). Using a solar array simulator, we have verified that the RO can operate with varying power input and recovery rates to meet the water demands for irrigation and cooling of a greenhouse in north-west India. Cooling requires ventilation by a fan which has also been built, tested and optimised with a PV module outdoors. Results from the experiments with these two subsystems (RO and fan) are compared to theoretical predictions to reach conclusions about energy usage, sizing and cost. For example, the optimal sizing for the RO system is 0.12–1.3 m2 of PV module per m2 of membrane, depending on feed salinity. For the fan, the PV module area equals that of the fan aperture. The fan consumes <30 J of electrical energy per m3 of air moved which is 3 times less than that of standard fans. The specific energy consumption of the RO, at 1–2.3 kWh ?m-3, is comparable to that reported by others. Now that the subsystems have been verifi ed, the next step will be to integrate and test the whole system in the field.

EVALUATION OF SPRAY DISTRIBUTION FOR LOW PRESSURE EMTF NOZZLES

The full automatic patternometer was used with ultrasonic sensor and compatible software program to measure the spray distribution from different EMTF nozzles under conditions of JKI laboratory in Germany. The goals of present study are measured spray distribution of the EMTF nozzles using the full automatic patternometer single nozzle test, by comparing the distribution profiles of sprays from EMTF nozzles those from standard fan nozzles. As well as investigating to find the optimum combination for EMTF nozzles from the available nozzles in the marketing which may be produced a good uniformity spray distribution. The current investigation research was cared out in the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany. The full automatic patternometer was adapted at the optimum air conditions, 20° C air temperature and 80 % relative humidity. Eight external mixing twin fluid nozzles were evaluated in a patternometer single nozzle test to compare spray distribution. Each tip was compared at 60 kPa liquid pressure, parallel to a 150 kPa and 200 kPa air pressure for each. Two levels for nozzle height 50 cm and 70 cm, and co-angling 45° and 60° was treated and studied their effect with the interaction of both nozzles and air pressure on coefficient of variation percent. The results indicated that the minimum CV % values for good spray distribution were 10.6 %, 12.9 % and 14.0 % for EMTF nozzle N8, N3 and N7 at 50 cm nozzle height, 45° co-angling and 200 air pressure respectively. The EMTF nozzle N8 produced the CV % nearly the standard ISO nozzle CV percentages values. The uniformity spray distribution CV percent values for N8 (Lechler FT 5–608 & DG800-04 VK) nozzle at the optimum co-angling 45°were 11.0 % and 12.1% at 50 cm and 70 cm nozzle height respectively. As well as, there are non effects of the interaction of air pressures with the all factors on the CV percentage. It may therefore be concluded that the CV % values are more strongly dependant on the combinations of nozzles in the EMTF nozzles, which is highly significant in data.

DRIFT POTENTIAL FOR LOW PRESSURE EXTERNAL MIXING TWIN FLUID NOZZLES BASED ON WIND TUNNEL MEASURMENTS

Wind tunnel tests provide one way in which the risk of drift from given nozzle conditions can be quantified but it is accepted that the use of field measurements and modeling approaches are also valid for determining a relative for Ex. Mix. Twin Fluid drift risk factor. The goals of present study assess the drift potential of the EMTF nozzles using wind tunnel tests, by comparing the drift profiles of sprays from EMTF nozzles those from standard fan nozzles.. As well as investigating to find the optimum combination for EMTF nozzles from the available nozzles in the marketing which may be producing the low drift. The current investigation research was carried out in the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (JKI), Braunschweig, Germany. The wind tunnel was adapted at the optimum air conditions, 20° C air temperature and 80 % relative humidity. Eight drift-reducing external mixing twin fluid nozzles were evaluated in a wind tunnel to compare drift. Each tip was compared at 60 and 100 kPa liquid pressures, parallel to a 1, 2 and 3 m s-1 wind speeds, and at the 150 kPa air pressure for each. The results indicated that the external mixing twin fluid nozzles may be producing the low drift at low liquid pressure. The increase of liquid pressure tends to decrease the vertical drift and increase the DIX values. The optimum co-angling for EMTF nozzles was found at 45° that may reduce the drift potential and fallout of spray for all treatment conditions. The N5 (Lechler FT 5–608 & XR110s03 VK) nozzle may be able to reduce the low fallout airborne volume flux compared to Standard ISO nozzle and N1 nozzle which produced at 43.7 % DIX value. The DIX values at 100 kPa liquid pressures, co-angling 45° and wind speed 1 m s-1 were 291.5% for N5 (Lechler FT 5-608 & XR110-03 VK) nozzle and 29.6 % for the N1 (Lechler FT 5-608 & TT110-03 POM) nozzle respectively. As well as the vertical drift for the above mentioned conditions were 1.5 %, 1.6 %, 1.3 % and 1.2 % for the EMTF nozzles N2, N3, N4 and N5 respectively The airborne values for N5 (Lechler FT 5–608 & XR110-03 VK) nozzle were 0.71 ml/s.mm , 0.07 and 0.046 ml/s.mm at ground level (zero mm) , 500 mm and 600 mm height respectively.

Experimental study of ice slurry performance in a standard fan coil

A commercial fan coil has been experimentally studied in this work in order to assess its behaviour when ice slurry is used as secondary refrigerant. Experimentally obtained results have been compared to theoretical prediction obtained using the correlations proposed in previous papers in order to verify them. Several reasons have been reported to explain the deviation of fan coil behaviour from that expected and which make the direct application of ice slurry inappropriate in the fan coil studied. In order to avoid those problems and to establish a comparison between two secondary refrigerants with similar cold storage capacity, ice slurry direct application has been compared to ice slurry indirect application – only carrier fluid, without ice particles, flowing through the fan coil. The most remarkable conclusion obtained is that indirect application improves the behaviour of the fan coil studied for all the cases analysed, overcoming the problems reported for direct application.

Analysis of Protein and Total Usable Nitrogen in Beer and Wine Using a Microwell Ninhydrin Assay

In this study we present a ninhydrin based microwell assay that can be utilized in place of the traditional Kjeldahl method for the determination of the protein content of beer or wine. In addition, the assay is ideal for the determination of free amino acids in beer (FAN), a term understood and used by brewers, and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) used by enologists. The assay only measures alpha amino acids and ammonia so other nitrogen sources are not detected, resulting in a 30% reduction in total protein of a variety of beers compared to the Kjeldahl method, which measures nitrogen from all sources. The results also showed that only 25% of the total “protein” in beer is actually derived from peptides larger than 3,500 Kd. Analysis of beer or wine with the microwell assay for total usable nitrogen was compared to the standard FAN and YAN methods and conditions were determined for maximal efficiency and precision. Superior results were obtained with low reaction volumes and a stable sodium acetate buffered ninhydrin reagent at pH 5.5. As an alternative, for use with cuvettes, a reduced volume FAN assay using the same pH 5.5 sodium acetate buffered ninhydrin reagent gave comparable results. The assay is economical, rapid, accurate and applicable to large numbers of samples.