Standard Erythema Dose Research Articles

Reduction in the Personal Annual Solar Erythemal Ultraviolet Exposure Provided by Australian Gum Trees

The fraction and the distribution of the personal daily solar erythemal UV exposure were assessed for the shade provided by Australian gum trees in each of the four seasons to allow evaluation of the reduction in the personal UV exposure in tree shade over a year. The personal annual erythemal UV exposures in the tree shade ranged from 2510 SED (standard erythema dose) for the vertical part of the ear to 8016 SED for the vertex of the head compared to 14,834 SED to a horizontal plane in full sun. The erythemal UV seasonal exposures for 15 min intervals on a horizontal plane in full sun in winter are comparable to the UV exposure to the vertex of the head in shade in autumn and spring. The UV exposure in the tree shade for summer, is approximately 20% less than the full sun exposure in autumn. The reduced personal annual erythemal UV exposures due to the tree shade provided reductions by a factor of 2 to 3 and 4 to 6 in the contribution to the risk of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, respectively, compared to not employing the protection of the tree shade.

Cumulative UV radiation dose and outcome in clinical practice: effectiveness of trioxsalen bath PUVA with minimal UVA exposure.

The cumulative artificial ultraviolet (UV) exposure dose of dermatological patients was prospectively monitored in clinical conditions for a total of 2 years (August 1997 - July 1999). We focused on whole body UV treatments, i.e. the trioxsalen (TMP) bath PUVA, the broad-band UVB, and the UVA plus UVB phototherapy. Irradiance of the UV devices was calibrated with a spectroradiometer. The cumulative UV doses received by the patients were recorded. A visual analog scale scoring system (VAS) was employed to assess the improvement of various skin conditions at the end of the treatment course. The analysis included 265 patients (141 females and 124 males) and a total of 311 UV treatment courses. Treatments consisted of 86 courses of TMP bath PUVA for psoriasis with a mean cumulative UVA dose of 3.54 J/cm2 and an improvement rate of 89%. For other conditions, 30 courses were needed, with a cumulative UVA dose of 1.47 J/cm2 and an improvement rate of 76%. Altogether, 47 UVB courses were undertaken for psoriasis, and the mean cumulative unweighted UV dose was 2.20 J/cm2, equivalent to 85 standard erythema doses (SED), and an improvement rate of 85%. A total of 25 UVB courses was used for other skin conditions with a mean UV dose of 1.05 J/ cm2, equivalent to 40 SED, and an improvement rate of 71%. A total of 123 courses of UVA plus UVB phototherapy were completed, resulting in a mean cumulative dose of 73.01 J/cm2 for UVA and 0.75 J/cm2 for the unweighted UVB, equivalent to 29 SED. The VAS improvement rate was 85%. The exceptionally low mean cumulative UVA dose in the TMP bath PUVA, taken together with the previous report showing no increase in the risk of squamous cell carcinoma or cutaneous malignant melanoma after TMP bath PUVA, suggests that TMP bath PUVA is an effective and safe therapeutic option.

Photobiological Evaluation of Ultraviolet Sunbeds

Seven different types of sunbeds frequently used in Europe were photobiologically evaluated by analysis of four characteristics: (1) the exposure time to get 1 SED (Standard Erythema Dose), (2) the sun effect factor comparing the efficiency of the device to that of the reference sun, (3) the effect/erythema ratio comparing the efficiency of a particular effect to erythema efficiency, and (4) the beneficial/damaging effect ratio comparing the efficiency of a beneficial effect to the efficiency of a damage directly. Concerning their ability to stimulate wanted effects or hazards, the devices under investigation exhibited large variations. Most of the sunbeds showed a satisfactory ratio regarding their efficiency of direct and delayed pigmentation relative to their risk of skin cancer and erythema formation. Only one device was found to be suitable to stimulate vitamin D3 synthesis. The majority of the devices evaluated showed extremely high levels of erythema effective irradiance between 24 and 29 SED.h-1 and had to be classified into the UV types 2, 4 and 5 defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission.

Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 17166:1999/CIE S007/E-1998 erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose

Color Research & ApplicationVolume 25, Issue 5 p. 385-385 Publication Briefly Mentioned Joint ISO/CIE Standard ISO 17166:1999/CIE S007/E-1998 erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose First published: 03 August 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6378(200010)25:5<385::AID-COL15>3.0.CO;2-GAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume25, Issue5October 2000Pages 385-385 RelatedInformation

Sun Exposure at School

There is strong evidence that sun exposure during childhood and adolescence plays an important role in the etiology of skin cancer, in particular cutaneous melanoma. Between the age of 6 and 18, most children and adolescents will spend around 200 days per year at school and may receive a substantial fraction of their daily total solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure while at school. This study estimated the average daily erythemally effective dose of 70 grade 8 students from a high school in Townsville during 5 school days in July 1998. Through UV measurements of shade locations at the school and a combination of frequency counts and a questionnaire of grade 8 students, it was possible to determine the fraction of solar UVR reaching under the shade structures during lunch breaks and routine outdoor activities. Also, a routinely operating UV-Biometer provided the annual variation of the daily dose that was used to calculate exposure levels for the 70 students. Our results suggest that up to 47% of the daily total dose fell within the time periods where students were outdoors during school hours. For students not seeking shade structures during the breaks (which usually was the case when involved in sport activities such as basketball or soccer), the average daily dose could have been as high as 14 SED (standard erythemal dose). Using results from the questionnaire of 70 grade 8 students, their average annual dose while at school was 414 SED or 2 SED per school day. However, the distribution of average daily erythemal effective dose per grade 8 student over the whole year showed that on 31% of all school days in 1998, this dose was exceeded. Because most previous attempts to change arguably poor sun-protective behavior of young Australian children and adolescents at school showed little success, one way of decreasing the amount of harmful UVR reaching unprotected skin is the more careful design of shade structures at schools.

Solar ultraviolet radiation exposure of infants and small children.

Townsville, in Queensland, Australia, experiences very high levels of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) throughout the year and has a predominantly white population which is prone to developing skin cancer. The UVR exposure of 1-year-old and 2 1/2-year-old children raised in Townsville was measured using UVR-sensitive polysulphone film badges. In two separate exposure studies undertaken for 7 days in October 1995 and 5 days in April 1997, exposure at the chest and shoulder for each subject was determined. The chest exposures for the 1-year-olds were significantly higher at weekends than on weekdays, whereas for the 2 1/2-year-old children the shoulder exposures were significantly higher at weekends than on weekdays. The median daily total exposure for 1-year-old infants was 0.4 SED (standard erythemal dose) for the chest and 0.4 SED for the shoulder. The median daily total exposure for 2 1/2-year-olds was 0.6 SED for the chest and 0.9 SED for the shoulder. Although the median daily total exposures were comparatively low, the maximum values for the chest and shoulder were 6.5 SED and 2.4 SED, respectively, for the 1-year-old infants, and 20.6 SED and 8.4 SED, respectively, for the 2 1/2-year-olds. While the 2 1/2-year-old children spent most of their time outside between 9 am and 4 pm, the 1-year-old infants spent more time outside before 9 am and after 4 pm. Exposure increases with age in early childhood. Increased mobility and a greater tendency to play outdoors is likely to account for the higher exposure levels in 2 1/2-year-old children, compared to 1-year-old infants.

Estimation of the Annual Solar UVR Exposure Dose of Infants and Small Children in Tropical Queensland, Australia

The solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure of infants and small children was measured for 1 week using UVR-sensitive polysulfone film attached to the shoulder and chest of the subjects. For the infant study, shoulder and chest badges received similar exposures, while the 2 1/2-year-olds received higher exposures on the shoulder than on the chest. Also, the 2 1/2-year-olds generally received higher exposures than the infants. The median total daily exposures for both groups were 39 and 92 J/m2. The maximum total daily exposures measured were 640 J/m2 (chest) and 240 J/m2 (shoulder) for the infants and 2060 J/m2 (shoulder) and 840 J/m2 (chest) for the 2 1/2 year-olds. Using this exposure data, monthly and annual exposure doses were calculated for both groups and compared to similar data from the UK. The annual exposure dose for infants is 8.4 kJ/m2 or 84 standard erythemal dose (SED) for both shoulder and chest. The annual exposure dose for 2 1/2 year-old children is 39.4 kJ/m2 or 394 SED for the shoulder and 28.8 kJ/m2 or 288 SED for the chest. Apart from the generally higher annual exposure doses experienced by the infants and 2 1/2 year-old children in Townsville, the main difference to the UK is the almost nonexistent drop in monthly exposure doses between summer and winter in Townsville compared to the UK. In the UK, the winter-month exposure dose is only 0.5% of the summer-month dose. However, in Townsville it is around 40%.

Isomerization of urocanic acid after ultraviolet radiation is influenced by skin pigmentation

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation may induce erythema, DNA damage and suppression of immune responses. Melanin pigmentation offers protection against the first two of these effects, but immunosuppression seems to occur irrespective of the subject's pigmentation. Cis-urocanic acid ( cis-UCA), produced by isomerization of trans-UCA in the stratum corneum on UV exposure, initiates some of the immunomodulatory effects of UV radiation. In the present study the relationship between skin pigmentation and UCA isomerization has been examined in 28 healthy individuals of skin types I–IV. Pigmentation is measured in five areas of not recently exposed back skin before irradiation with 0, 0.45, 0.9, 1.8 and 3.6 standard erythema dose (SED) of filtered broadband UV-B (1 SED = 10 mJ cm −2 at 298 nm). The concentration of UCA isomers is measured immediately after the irradiation. With 3.6 SED, the relative production of cis-UCA is close to the maximum obtainable, irrespective of skin type. A significant negative correlation is found between pigmentation and relative production of cis-UCA at 0.45 and 1.8 SED, and between pigmentation and absolute production of cis-UCA at 0.45 SED. At doses of 0.45 and 0.9 SED the relative and absolute production of cis-UCA are higher in the group with skin types I and II when compared with the group with skin types III and IV. The higher isomerization in the lightly pigmented subjects than in the more pigmented ones may indicate that people with fair skin are at a relatively higher risk of immunosuppression when exposed to low doses of UV radiation.

Sun Exposure at School

Abstract. There is strong evidence that sun exposure during childhood and adolescence plays an important role in the etiology of skin cancer, in particular cutaneous melanoma. Between the age of 6 and 18, most children and adolescents will spend around 200 days per year at school and may receive a substantial fraction of their daily total solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure while at school. This study estimated the average daily erythemally effective dose of 70 grade 8 students from a high school in Townsville during 5 school days in July 1998. Through UV measurements of shade locations at the school and a combination of frequency counts and a questionnaire of grade 8 students, it was possible to determine the fraction of solar UVR reaching under the shade structures during lunch breaks and routine outdoor activities. Also, a routinely operating UV-Biometer provided the annual variation of the daily dose that was used to calculate exposure levels for the 70 students. Our results suggest that up to 47% of the daily total dose fell within the time periods where students were outdoors during school hours. For students not seeking shade structures during the breaks (which usually was the case when involved in sport activities such as basketball or soccer), the average daily dose could have been as high as 14 SED (standard ery-themal dose). Using results from the questionnaire of 70 grade 8 students, their average annual dose while at school was 414 SED or 2 SED per schoolday. However, the distribution of average daily erythemal effective dose per grade 8 student over the whole year showed that on 31 % of all school days in 1998, this dose was exceeded. Because most previous attempts to change arguably poor sun-protective behavior of young Australian children and adolescents at school showed little success, one way of decreasing the amount of harmful UVR reaching unprotected skin is the more careful design of shade structures at schools.

Estimation of the Annual Solar UVR Exposure Dose of Infants and Small Children in Tropical Queensland, Australia

Abstract— The solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure of infants and small children was measured for 1 week using UVR-sensitive polysulfone film attached to the shoulder and chest of the subjects. For the infant study, shoulder and chest badges received similar exposures, while the 2%-year-olds received higher exposures on the shoulder than on the chest. Also, the 2Vi-year-olds generally received higher exposures than the infants. The median total daily exposures for both groups were 39 and 92 J/m2. The maximum total daily exposures measured were 640 J/m2 (chest) and 240 J/m2 (shoulder) for the infants and 2060 J/m2 (shoulder) and 840 J/m2 (chest) for the 2% year-olds. Using this exposure data, monthly and annual exposure doses were calculated for both groups and compared to similar data from the UK. The annual exposure dose for infants is 8.4 kj/m2 or 84 standard erythemal dose (SED) for both shoulder and chest. The annual exposure dose for 2V2 year-old children is 39.4 kj/m2 or 394 SED for the shoulder and 28.8 kj/m2 or 288 SED for the chest. Apart from the generally higher annual exposure doses experienced by the infants and 2% year-old children in Townsville, the main difference to the UK is the almost nonexistent drop in monthly exposure doses between summer and winter in Townsville compared to the UK. In the UK, the winter-month exposure dose is only 0.5% of the summer-month dose. However, in Townsville it is around 40%.

Clinical Radiation Dosage

A clinical unit of radiation dosage (the rec or rontgen equivalent clinical) based on the rontgen under standard treatment conditions, is described. The relative biological effects of specific ion-density, over-all time, and field size are calculated so that equivalent dosage can be obtained under all treatment conditions. Absolute lethal tumour doses and tissue tolerances can be expressed in this unit and remain valid under all treatment conditions. One Kilorec is equivalent to 1 standard erythema dose under all treatment conditions.

THRESHOLD ERYTHEMA DOSE OF ROENTGEN RAYS

During the past few years the differences in values of the erythema dose reported in the medical literature have varied so much that one of us (Belisario) began in 1937 to investigate the reasons for these discrepancies. This work led finally to an experimental program which resulted in the formulation of a standard threshold erythema dose which can be recognized by workers throughout the world with greater accuracy than any value employed in the past. Although begun in Australia, the investigation finally included personal visits to many dermatologic centers in Great Britain and in the United States and correspondence with members of many more. In order to correlate properly the erythema values in use in the three countries, it was considered necessary to talk to the dermatologists personally, see their machines and tubes in action and observe at first hand the type and degree of reactions that were called erythema

Calculation of Dosage from Intracavitary Radiation

Prior to the acquisition of radium element in tubes 15.5 and 21.5 mm. long, it was customary at the State Institute to use single or tandem tubes of emanation for intracavitary radiation. The emanation was contained in a bulb with a short stem, which in turn was incased in a metal tube, the walls of which were 0.5 mm. gold and 0.5 mm. brass. The distribution of radiation around tandem tubes of this type is given in an isodose curve by Mattick (1) and by Mattick and Stenstrom (2). When calculating tissue dosage at 3 cm. from tubes of this type, factors were employed in connection with the curves in order to obtain the intensity in per cent of a skin erythema dose. These factors, .06 for one tube of emanation and .04 for two emanation tubes, when multiplied by the total millicurie hours, gave the intensity at the 3 cm. distance. Since the new radium, as the element, was evenly distributed throughout the length of the tube, instead of being concentrated at the ends as in the case of the radon tubes, and since combinations were to be used of one to five 50 mg. tubes and one to three 100 mg. tubes in tandem formation, it was necessary to establish intensity distribution curves for these combinations and also to relate the intensity at 1 cm. distance from each of these combinations to our standard erythema dose. Isodose curves for this type of work have been published by several authors, the extensive work of Friedrich and Glasser being especially comprehensive (3, 4).