Standard English Dictionary Research Articles

Morphological Process of COVID-19 Neologisms: A Study of Compounding

This study investigates the compounding process in COVID-19 neologisms. It focuses on words that coexist with words synonymous with the COVID-19 pandemic and the level of public understanding of neologisms that will enter general acceptance through standard English dictionaries. This research is qualitative research. The data comes from Urban Dictionary as a non-standard dictionary involving the community as neologism makers. Data was collected from the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in China on December 8, 2019 to January 31, 2022. Each neologism that resulted from the compounding process with two constituent words was collected to get the most widely used identical word, then compounding by including these words would be analysed to know the results and also the score. We have been found that the lower the score obtained by neologisms with match results, the greater the expectation that neologisms can be accepted by the general public as a global language through standard English dictionaries. Vice versa, the higher the score obtained by neologisms, the smaller the expectations of neologisms can be accepted. However, neologisms with mismatch results are difficult to accept, and even the resulting scores cannot predict anything. Another fact that was found was the error result as a result of the absence of the definition referred to in the standard dictionary. From the overall analysis, nouns are the most used word class.

Simultaneous Removal of Prefix and Suffix

This work is an attempt to devise a Stemmer that can remove both prefix and suffix together from a given word in English language. For a given input word, our method considers all possible internal [Formula: see text]-grams for detection of potential stems. We frame a hypothesis where the stem length is closest to the half of the length of the input word. A standard English dictionary has been employed to identify morphologically correct [Formula: see text]-grams in the process. We apply our techniques over a random sample of 100 English words, each possessing both prefix and suffix. We also compare our proposed Stemmer with three standard algorithms from the literature. Empirical results exhibit that our technique performs better than the rest of the stemmers.

Editorial

It is an old trick and one most of us get our students to do some time or other: Look up the word “culture” in a standard English dictionary. The usual first two entries are always good for a debate. There is the anthropological one, “as customs, values, etc., ‘especially at a particular time’”; and there’s the lit-crit one “as appreciation of art, literature, etc.” Which is right? How do they connect?—and so on. Then there’s the older meaning, “as improvement and development through care . . . cultivation.”

William Perry’sThe Royal Standard English Dictionary(1775)

SummaryThis paper examines the role of William Perry (1747–post 1805), an active Scottish schoolteacher and lexicographer, in the prescription of norms for a ‘correct’ pronunciation of standard English, being perfectly in line with the language guardians of the time. Although Perry shares a few characteristics with Thomas Sheridan (1719–1788) and James Buchanan (fl. 1753–1773), as he himself maintains in the Preface to hisThe Royal Standard English Dictionary, first published in Edinburgh in 1775, he also reveals a certain dissatisfaction with the way ‘the sounds of words are expressed’ by the other two 18th-century scholars. Therefore, the paper examines the ‘more rational method’ proposed in his attempt to better represent the sounds of the English language.

‘Le Firmament de l’Écriture’: L’hermeneutique augustinienne. By Isabelle Bochet. Pp. 563. (Collection des Études Augustiniennes, Série Antiquité, 172.) Paris: Institut d’Études Augustiniennes, 2004. isbn 2 85121 203 6. Paper €69

The firmament, ‘the solid sphere in which the stars were thought to be fixed: the sky’, as a standard English dictionary puts it, was a source of inspiration for the whole of antiquity. Some took it literally as the eternal, never-changing part of the universe, others as that part of the universe that most strongly resembled the meta-cosmic ‘world’, the world of metaphysics, which was not itself part of ‘this world’, the cosmos, but wholly transcendent. During his lifetime Augustine held both views. Acquiring the latter was an essential aspect of his conversion process and much of his writing is taken up defending his later (Platonist) against his earlier (Stoic–Manichaean) position. With the sky itself understood as a metaphor (in a strong sense), ‘une imitation de l’éternité’ (p. 2), anything compared with it along these lines would a fortiori be a metaphor: philosophy (Gen. Man. 1.43), the Church (Ioh. ev. tr. 18.1), and, of course, Scripture (Conf. 13.18.22; 13.18.15; Enarrat. Ps. 93.5 et al.). Relating these with one another and thereby developing an understanding of the whole became a primary task for Augustine. Therein consists, in a wider sense, his ‘hermeneutics’ (‘hermeneutique’).

Abraham Arden Brill, 1874–1948

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Images in PsychiatryFull AccessAbraham Arden Brill, 1874–1948Arnold D. Richards, M.D., and Paul W. Mosher, M.D.Arnold D. RichardsSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., and Paul W. MosherSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Mar 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.386AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail A.A. Brill was one of the most influential American psychiatrists of the past century. His efforts and personal views were major factors in the development of psychiatry, psychotherapy, and psychoanalysis in the United States during the century’s first half. Brill left the Eastern European village of his childhood at the age of 14 and came, alone and without resources, to the United States and New York City to seek his fortune. By the time he was 29, he had graduated from the Columbia University College of Physician and Surgeons and then trained in psychiatry and neurology. In 1907, he traveled to Europe to pursue the latest advances in psychiatry and became acquainted with the work of Sigmund Freud. Upon his return to New York City, he began what was the first private practice of psychoanalysis in the United States (1).Brill became Freud’s first English translator, and Brill’s translations played a major role in the popularization of psychoanalysis in the United States. In 1911, Brill organized a group of 20 physician colleagues to found the first American psychoanalytic organization, the New York Psychoanalytic Society. Brill thought of himself as the father of American psychoanalysis, writing in 1938:Psychoanalysis was unknown in this country until I introduced it in 1908.…[psychoanalytic terminology], some of which I was the first to coin into English expression, can now be found in all standard English dictionaries. Words like abreaction, transference, repression, displacement, unconscious, which I introduced as Freudian concepts, have been adopted and are used to give new meanings, new values to our knowledge of normal and abnormal behavior. (2)Throughout his career, Brill was unalterably opposed to the practice of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy by nonphysicians and worked diligently to promote psychoanalysis as a subspecialty of psychiatry. In 1931, he helped to found the New York Psychoanalytic Institute, devoted to training physicians in psychoanalysis. As a result of almost a decade of Brill’s efforts, the American Psychiatric Association established a Section on Psychoanalysis in 1934 with Brill as its first head. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Mosher, 6 Woodlawn Ave., Albany, NY 12208; [email protected] (e-mail). Figure 1.

William Perry’sThe Royal Standard English Dictionary(1775): A provincial’s attempt to ascertain and fix a standard to the pronunciation of the English tongue

This paper examines the role of William Perry (1747–post 1805), an active Scottish schoolteacher and lexicographer, in the prescription of norms for a ‘correct’ pronunciation of standard English, being perfectly in line with the language guardians of the time. Although Perry shares a few characteristics with Thomas Sheridan (1719–1788) and James Buchanan (fl. 1753–1773), as he himself maintains in the Preface to hisThe Royal Standard English Dictionary, first published in Edinburgh in 1775, he also reveals a certain dissatisfaction with the way ‘the sounds of words are expressed’ by the other two 18th-century scholars. Therefore, the paper examines the ‘more rational method’ proposed in his attempt to better represent the sounds of the English language.

Reconsidering the Use of the Term Student-Athlete in Academic Research

Although the term student-athlete does not appear in any standard English dictionary, it is routinely used in the United States in reference to athletes who participate in secondary and post-secondary school sport programs. Popular usage of the term student-athlete suggests widespread agreement in the culture and among academics that it is a term with either a favorable meaning or, at the very least, a benign or neutral one. In recent years, however, scholars who have explored the evolution and etymology of the term report that its introduction into the language of sport in the United States was an NCAA tactic in the 1950s to counter negative publicity and political pressure created by its newly instituted athletic scholarship policy. The focus of this research perspective is on the history of the term student-athlete, the propaganda mechanism used to encourage and perpetuate acceptance of the term in the United States, and the reasons why scholars might wish to avoid its use when writing about college and high school sport.

Dictionary Etymologies of South Asian Loanwords into English: Some Suggestions for Improvement

Dictionary Etymologies of South Asian Loanwords into English: Some Suggestions for Improvement T! Michael C. Shapiro mat the English language contains many loanwords of South Asian origin is hardly a well-kept secret. R. E. Hawkins, in Common Indian Words in English (1984), a publication compiled as a supplement to the Indian edition of the Little Oxford Dictionary , and which mines the OED, Yule and Burnell's Hobson-Jobson (1886, 1903), and Whitworth's Anglo-Indian Dictionary (1885) for material, contains some two thousand lexical entries, not all of which, however, if the truth be told, can be thought of as "common" English words (e.g., husbulhookum 'official order, passport' or tindal 'boatswain'). The Indian words in English are of diverse etymology, comprising words from Old1 (dharma, avatar, yoga), Middle (Theravada), and New IndoAryan (NIA) (shampoo, mongoose, thug), Dravidian (catamaran, pariah, cheroot), and Tibeto-Burman (polo, lama). In many cases South Asian languages have been the conduits through which words ultimately of non-South Asian pedigree (particularly of Turkic [Urdu, begum (?)], Persian [khaki, purdah] or Arabic [sahib] origin) have made their way into English. Conversely, some words ultimately of South Asian origin have been borrowed into English via non-South Asian intermediaries (mandarin [fr. Sanskrit mantrin/mantrï 'minister of state, advisor' via 1In this paper the designation "Old Indo-Aryan" is used interchangeably with "Sanskrit," the most well-known exemplar of the Old Indo-Aryan stage of development of Indo-Aryan as a whole. Dictionaries:Journal ofthe Dictionary Society ofNorth America 22 (2001) 146Michael C. Shapiro Portuguese and perhaps other languages]). English loanwords of South Asian lexical items have included words whose "Indianness" is intrinsic to the semantics of items (e.g., pandit, ashram, sepoy, parcheesi, yeti, nirvana, curry) , words that have been more thoroughly nativized to English and where an Indian provenance may not be entirely obvious (punch, bungalow, cheetah, thug, dungarees, cheese [as in "a big cheese in the stock market"] , juggernaut) , and items whose Indian pedigree is contested or ultimately undeterminable (e.g., coolie or the damn of "I don't give a damn"). Over the past three decades, during which I have taught Hindi and related things at the University of Washington, I often have had occasion to consult standard monolingual English dictionaries in order to look up the putative etymologies given for English words of South Asian provenance. More often than not, I do this because I have been telling my students that such and such a word in English is actually derived from Hindi and that they should check this out for themselves in a standard English dictionary. I generally check, however, to make sure that what the dictionaries say matches what I've told the students . Often what I find surprises me. Over the years I have often been struck, not by outright inaccuracies in which I read about the Indie sources of South Asian words, for in few cases are etymologies flat out wrong, but rather by subtle inaccuracies or misleading statements. All too often, I have found, the etymological sections of these lexical entries don't get things quite right. However, in order to explain why many such etymological statements are subtly inaccurate, I need to present some background information about the complexities of lexicons of South Asian languages. These complexities have ramifications for the ways in which the etymologies of Indian loan vocabulary in English ought properly to be stated. I have no desire to make high-handed (and cheap) criticisms of distinguished works of English lexicography, but wish merely to offer some modest, practical suggestions as to how etymologies of South Asian loan words into English might be written in the future, so as to be in greater accord with the known facts of the histories of South Asian languages. Consider guru, an almost totally acculturated English lexeme that has made it into such expressions as "mega vitamin guru" and "IMF currency restructuring guru." The Random House Webster's College Dictionary (RHWCD) (1991), after giving an earliest citation date of 1820-30, derives the form from Hindi gurú, which is said to be from Sanskrit guru 'venerable, weighty'. Merriam-Webster's New Collegiate Die- Dictionary Etymologies of South Asian...

Turkish and Persian Loans in English Literature

Of the 600 Persian and 284 Turkish loans collected from standard English dictionaries, at least 319 have been used by 98 significant literary figures throughout the centuries. These demonstrate that literary writers directly affect the English language by providing the first known record of a given loan, or by creatively using a previous borrowing to introduce a new sense, a different form as in a derivation or compound, or a different form class (as in Jonson's noun chouse, from Shirley's original verb). Literature and linguistics are thereby more closely, naturally linked in interdisciplinary research. Sir William Jones, Gibbon, Byron, and a few others provided rich raw materials for later literature. The data reveal a progression toward greater accuracy and authenticity, which add to the reputation and stature of the work. Poets like Byron, utilizing rhyme and subtle internal definitions to explain exotic words, enhanced their literary artistry and charm by employing actual Oriental words. Without the words, the writers might never have gained fame in Oriental aspects of Romanticism and Victorianism. The numerical rank is surprising, led by Byron with 94 different words, followed by James Morier, Thomas Hope, Thackeray, Thomas Moore, Jones, Purchas, Disraeli, Gibbon, William Beckford, Scott, and Kipling with 34.

Post-1949 German loans in written English

This is the fourth in a series of articles on post-1949 loans (a term that includes both loanwords and loan translations) which are recorded in standard English dictionaries, with the articles on Japanese, Spanish, and Arabic already published (Cannon 1994b, 1996a, 1997). This study on German is quite different because it contains numerous originally technical German coinings that, though utilizing classical rather than Germanic elements, should be considered as German items because they usually exhibit German spelling, pluralization, gender, articles, and noun capitalization, which have been adapted into English. The first known appearance of the total 253 items dates from 1950 to 1993, with considerable diminution since the 1960s. The leading semantic fields represented are, in order, politics, business, geology, food, health, and zoology. Only 42 are partial or loan translations; the others are loanwords, including a few abbreviations and other shortenings. There are 12 reborrowings, some of which supply the loanword for what was originally a loan translation in English. The collecting also turned up 326 post-1949 English neologisms built from German loans (including 55 from the 253 new items), as functional shifts, derivations, compounds, etc. All these data hold interesting implications for language, language contact, and language change, with reciprocal influences of English on German that have the potential for affecting the German system of grammatical gender.

90 post-1949 Arabic loans in written English

This is the third in a series of articles on post-1949 loans in English that are recorded in standard English dictionaries, with the Japanese and Spanish articles already published (Cannon 1994b and 1996a), and the German one completed. The first known appearance of the 90 Arabic loans is in the period 1950–93, with fairly even distribution in the four completed decades, and baba ghanoush the newest. The leading semantic fields represented are, in order, politics, military, food, Islam, money, and clothing. The scale of naturalization used in the Japanese and Spanish articles is expanded here to include a top layer within degree [4] to accommodate household words (such as art and the old Arabic loanword sultan). Fifteen of the 90 Arabic loans (listed and briefly glossed in Appendix 1) have inspired 15 English neologisms like pop rai, with another 26 items based on pre-1949 Arabic loans, as listed in Appendix 2. There are 9 reborrowings, as well as some Swahili transfers that transmit the Arabic form almost intact. Arabic now seems to be in eighth place among major modern word-suppliers to written English, with French still first, and Japanese drawing closer, in second place.

Glossary of the Third World: words for understanding Third World peoples & cultures

This reference work defines over 10,000 words dealing with the politics, culture, arts, festivals, legal systems, agriculture, transportation, commerce and customs of Third World countries. It has been designed both to help Westerners understand the basic terms used by various cultures and to act as a guide to the rich diversity of Third World culture. The glossary has been intended as an aid to a broad range of studies and professions, and contains numerous words not featured in standard English dictionaries. The text will be of benefit to scholars and students, diplomats, journalists, businessmen and travellers.

Proposal for the Publication of a New English Dictionary by The Philological Society

PROPOSAL FOR THE PUBLICATION OF ANEW ENGLISH DICTIONARY BY THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY In the year 1857 the Philological Society determined to form a collection of words hitherto unregistered in the Dictionaries of Johnson and Richardson, with a view of publishing a supplementary volume, which might be used with either of those works. A committee was appointed, circulars were issued, and the public as well as members of the Society were invited to take part in the work. The success of the experiment was so encouraging, that some members of the Society, unwilling that the energies thus brought into play should be expended in the production of a work necessarily of a subordinate and imperfect character, strongly urged the propriety of extending the scheme to the compilation of a new and more Scientific Dictionary than any at present existing. This proposal was, after much deliberation, entertained and accepted, and the Philological Society, at its meeting of January 7, 1858, resolved that, instead of the Supplement to the standard English Dictionaries, then in the course of preparation by the Society's Unregistered Words Committee, a New Dictionary of the English Language should be prepared under the authority of the Philological Society. The work has been placed by the Society in the hands of two Committees; the one Literary and Historical, consisting of the Very Rev. the Dean of Westminster, F. J. Furnivall, Esq., and H. Coleridge, Esq., Secretary; and the other Etymological, consisting of Hensleigh Wedgwood, Esq., and Professor Maiden; and the former of these Committees will edit the Dictionary and direct the general working of the scheme. Arrangements for the publication of the work in 5i. Parts have been made with Messrs. Trübner and Co., of Paternoster Row. The object of the present Prospectus is twofold: first, to lay before the public, as concisely as possible, the main outlines of 179 180Proposal for A New English Dictionary the plan upon which the New Dictionary will be constructed, and to ask from that public such further help in the reading and noting of books as will enable the plan to be carried out satisfactorily; and, secondly, to furnish our contributors with such a system of mies as will direct them to the principal points to be attended to in perusing and analysing the books they may undertake, and also ensure general uniformity in the results arrived at. It will of course be understood that we cannot, within the limits of a mere circular like the present, do more than state the conclusions at which we have arrived, without attempting to enter into any arguments in their behalf, or any refutations by anticipation of possible objections. The whole subject will be most naturally and conveniently discussed in the preface to the work itself, and we must reserve our defence, if any be thought necessary, until that appears. Those who may wish for further satisfaction as to our lexicographical creed, than what can be gathered from this Prospectus, are referred to the Dean of Westminster's Essay "On some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries," which leaves no important portion of the subject unnoticed. I. We may begin then by stating that, according to our view, the first requirement of every lexicon is, that it should contain every word occurring in the literature of the language it professes to illustrate. We entirely repudiate the theory, which converts the lexicographer into an arbiter of style, and leaves it in his discretion to accept or reject words according to his private notions of their comparative elegance or inelegance. In the case of the dead language, such as Greek, no lexicon of any pretensions would omit the ?pa? ?e??µe?a of Lycophron, or the experimental coinages of Aristophanes and the other comedians; and as we are unable to perceive any difference between a dead and living language, so far as lexicographical treatment is concerned, it follows that we cannot refuse to admit words into the Dictionary which may not be sanctioned by the usage of more than one writer, or be conformable in their structure to our ideas of taste. However worthless they may be in themselves, they testify to a tendency of language, and on...

On the Pronunciation of "Either" and "Neither"

INCE AMERICAN SPEECH, now in its seventh volume, was established, many contributors have suggested to me, in private letters or in contributions submitted for print, that the pronunciations eyether and nyether, alongside the older eether and neether and the Irish ayther and nayther, were introduced by British royalty, i.e., by the Georges, who were Hanoverians and pronounced English in the German fashion. The last article reaching me that suggested this origin had: Whereas we in America pronounce either and neither as if the first syllable were spelled with long e's as did the London literati in 1777 (see William Perry's Royal Standard English Dictionary of that date), the English at the present day say eyether and nyether. Is it not possible that in changing the pronunciation of these words they were simply following the German usage in pronouncing ei? The early Georges were very German.

Turkish Pala "Sword" and Its Derivatives

IN THREE of the standard English dictionaries 1 there appears word balas, which seems never actually to have existed in English or in any other language, and which therefore ought, for the sake of lexicographical accuracy, to be killed . In order to kill the word properly it has been necessary to determine the manner in which it came into the English dictionaries and also, incidentally, into an Arabic dictionary, and to follow the etymological history of foreign word to which the mistake is ultimately to be traced. word balas is defined variously as long dagger intended for thrusting rather than cutting, used by the Turks , Turkish yataghan , a short sabre or dagger-like weapon etc. It appears to have been taken from Captain Sir Richard F. Burton's writings,2 and defined and etymologized apparently on his authority alone. The author uses the word in describing the purchases that travellers from Medina to Stamboul used to make with certain money allowed them as privileged personages on their arrival in the latter city. He says, This gift is sometimes squandered in pleasure, more often profitably invested either in merchandise or in articles of home-use, presents of dress and jewellery for the women, handsome arms, especially pistols and Balas (yataghans), silk tassels, amber pipe-pieces, slippers, and embroidered purses. 3 A foot-note on Balas reads, The Turkish ' yataghan '. It is long dagger, intended for thrusting rather than cutting, and has curve, which, methinks, has been widely copied by the Duke of Orleans, in the bayonet of the Chasseurs de Vincennes. Burton, therefore, gave the lexicographers word balas supposedly of Turkish origin, sometime after 1855 (when the story of his Pilgrimage was first pub-