Standard Diesel Research Articles

Experimental study of the combustion and emission characteristics of oxygenated fuels on a heavy-duty diesel engine

Bio-derived alcohol fuels and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons are interesting alternative fuels applicable in low temperature combustion concepts due to their low reactivity. In this paper, three oxygenated fuels are mixed with n-heptane respectively as binary fuel blends to investigate combustion and emission characteristics of the oxygenated fuels with different molecular structures. The n-butanol/n-heptane blend has an identical stoichiometric air/fuel ratio as benzaldehyde/n-heptane blend while anisole is used to assess the importance of the aromatic structure. Standard diesel is also used as a baseline fuel. Experiments are performed on a single-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine at medium and high loads. It is found that the n-butanol/n-heptane blend presents a higher premixed burn fraction and a higher pressure rise rate at both loads. Increasing injection pressure leads to lower soot emissions and higher NOx emissions are found regardless of fuel type. The n-butanol/n-heptane blend achieves 0.027 g/kWh and 0.2 g/kWh for engine-out soot and NOx emissions with high exhaust gas recirculation rate at high load. For the benzaldehyde/n-heptane blend and diesel, the classical NOx/soot tradeoff is observed under the same operating conditions. The particle size distribution mainly shows accumulation mode particles increase at a high exhaust gas recirculation rate, irrespective of the fuel structure. Only the n-butanol/n-heptane blend emits more nucleation mode particles and much less accumulation mode particles compared to the benzaldehyde/n-heptane and anisole/n-heptane blends. Clearly, the fuel structure influences the soot formation and is therefore not fully determined by the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio of the base fuel.

Comparative evaluation of the performance of rice bran and cotton seed biodiesel blends in VCR diesel engine

In the country like India, it is very advantageous to use the cotton seed oil and rice bran oil as the primary source for producing the biodiesel, as India is known as the larger producer of these seeds in the universe. This current research mainly focuses on the emission and performance of the cotton seed oil and rice bran oil for the effective utilization of biodiesel. The chemical properties of rice bran, cotton seed methyl ester were established and the properties of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% blends known as B5, B10, B15 and B20 are measured. The blends of biodiesel were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 kg of load and at a compression ratio of 15, 16, 17 and 18. Engine performance test results shows that the B20 blends of MECSO (Methyl ester cotton seed oil) and MERBO (Methyl ester rice brown oil) produce slightly less BP and more BSFC values compared to diesel. B20 (MECSO and MERBO) reduces carbon monoxide emission by 18.4% and 17.5% and also hydrocarbon emission by 3.86% and 3.13% compared to diesel. B20 blends of MECSO and MERBO produce low emissions than diesel, thus these fuel blends be the replacement of diesel in the standard diesel engine to cut down the worldwide energy demand and to reduce the environmental pollution hazards.

A review on thermal barrier coating for diesel engine and its characteristics studies

Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) on diesel engine performance was studied with a purpose of improving the thermal efficiency by decreasing Specific fuel consumption (SFC) and reducing exhaust emissions. This review paper gives a comparison of a standard diesel engine over a Low heat rejection engine. The experimental results from the various researchers show a gradual improvement in efficiency and specific fuel consumption rate. Higher operating temperature in combustion chamber gives higher efficiency which by using temperature resistant materials. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic, ZrO2, Al2O3, Aluminium titanium are the coatings used on piston crown, cylinder liners, valves by adopting plasma spray technique. The results of LHR engine shows that, NOx emission is increased, whereas the efficiency and SFC are closer to standard engines at Low loads and noticeable improvements are seen at higher loads.

Integrating multi-criteria analysis with PDCA cycle for sustainable energy planning in Africa: Application to hybrid mini-grid system in Cameroon

Rural communities in Africa are often poorly electrified and rely on polluting fuels for energy. Apart from the attendant health effects and greenhouse gas emissions from these energy sources, these systems are unreliable and more costly especially in long term use. Proposing a renewable energy installation plan for these communities often creates conflicting scenarios; requiring prioritization and opportunity cost. An improved MCDM method is an ideal approach that can solve this problem properly. This paper thus proposes a hybrid model that is based on integrating AHP-VIKOR with the PDCA cycle, for continuous improvement of the planning process. AHP and VIKOR were utilized for multi-criteria ranking to determine the optimal hybrid technology combination. The uniqueness of this model is the management support characteristic of the PDCA cycle that provides coherence between the planning process and the actual project, as well as criticisms and responses for the proposed system. The results show that the selected hybrid energy system does not only guarantee a reliable system configuration with unmet load of 2.45 kWh/year, it also has economic benefits over the least cost system and a standard diesel generator system respectively: income from power sales of 3,816.7$/year and 745.11$/year; and savings from carbon pricing of 68,810.17$/year and 8,323,774.7$/year.

Mechanistic effects of Water on Carbon monoxide and propylene oxidation on platinum and palladium bimetallic catalysts

Low temperature combustion (LTC) diesel engines are more fuel efficient and have coincident lower temperature exhaust gas and higher CO and hydrocarbon exhaust gas concentrations than today’s standard diesel engine. To meet regulations, diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) will need to be improved and optimized to handle these higher CO and hydrocarbon concentrations emitted and the simultaneous lower exhaust temperatures. Pt-Pd bimetallic catalysts are often used as oxidation catalysts. Here, the mechanistic effects of water on CO and C3H6 oxidation were studied over model monometallic Pt and Pd catalysts, and a bimetallic 1:1 Pt-Pd/ γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Water in the reaction mixture improved CO oxidation light-off for the monometallic Pd and Pt-Pd catalysts and had a negative impact on light-off over the monometallic Pt catalyst. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) showed that more CO adsorbed on the Pd and Pt-Pd catalysts when water was present, particularly at the particle/support interface, while the opposite occurred on the Pt catalyst. For C3H6 oxidation, water in the reaction showed a negative impact on the light-off temperature for the Pd catalyst and a positive effect for the Pt catalyst. The Pt-Pd catalyst showed intermediate light-off behavior between the two monometallic catalysts. In terms of selectivity, slightly more CO and acetic acid were formed over the Pd and Pt-Pd catalysts when water was in the reaction mixture, while less CO was formed over the Pt catalyst, but overall, the selectivity towards certain partial oxidation products was not greatly affected with the addition of water to the reaction mixture.

Empirical studies upon the performance of the CI working with Stoechospermum marginatum, brown marine algae with nano fluid

Almost all algae-based biofuels have no carbon in their composition, their use as biodiesel could gradually replace the fast depleting fossil fuels. Stoechospermum marginatum macroalgae species were considered for this research due to their growth rate, oil yield, fatty acid composition, cell structure, and ecological location. There is, however, a lack of knowledge on the technology for mass production of biodiesel from macroalgae and the effect of this type of biodiesel on combustion in modern compression ignition engines. The bio-oil had been produced, making use of the soxhlet method through a lipid extraction of 24.4% single stage transesterification was applied because of low free fatty acid content the yield of biodiesel had been optimized through different parameters. Through a transesterification, bio-oils were extracted from macroalgae, and then biofuels were prepared by the mixing method, and biofuel blends of 20% in volume with standard diesel and Al2O3 nanofluids and physicochemical properties were tested.

Characteristics studies on Stoechospermum marginatum, brown marine algae with Al2O3 nanofluid

Almost all algae-based biofuels have no carbon in their composition, their use as biodiesel could gradually replace the fast depleting fossil fuels. Stoechospermum marginatum macroalgae species were considered for this research due to their growth rate, oil yield, fatty acid composition, cell structure, and ecological location. There is, however, a lack of knowledge on the technology for mass production of biodiesel from macroalgae and the effect of this type of biodiesel on combustion in modern compression ignition engines. The bio-oil had been produced, making use of the soxhlet method through a lipid extraction of 24.4% single stage transesterification was applied because of low free fatty acid content the yield of biodiesel had been optimized through different parameters. Through a transesterification, bio-oils were extracted from macroalgae, and then biofuels were prepared by the mixing method, and biofuel blends of 20% in volume with standard diesel and Al2O3 nanofluids and physicochemical properties were tested.

Emission analysis of the diesel engine using Stoechospermum marginatum, brown marine algae with Al2O3 nano fluid

Almost all algae-based biofuels have no carbon in their composition, their use as biodiesel could gradually replace the fast depleting fossil fuels. Stoechospermum marginatum macroalgae species were considered for this research due to their growth rate, oil yield, fatty acid composition, cell structure and ecological location. There is, however, a lack of knowledge on the technology for mass production of biodiesel from macroalgae and the effect of this type of biodiesel on combustion in modern compression ignition engines. The bio-oil had been produced making use of soxhlet method through a lipid extraction of 24.4% single stage transesterification was applied because of low free fatty acid content the yield of biodiesel had been optimised through different parameters. Through a transesterification, bio-oils were extracted from macroalgae and then biofuels were prepared by the mixing method and biofuel blends of 20% in volume with standard diesel and Al2O3 nanofluids were prepared and tested in a direct ignition engine for its emission characteristics below various load circumstances at a constant speed of 1500 rpm.

Evaluation of the Oleaginous Rhizopus stolonifer capability for Lipid Production Using Agricultural Wastes as cheap nutritional sources for Biodiesel production.

Depletion of fossil fuels and increasing the environmental concerns against pollution accelerate the research in renewable energy with much efforts directed for the production of biodiesel by the promising oil-rich biomass, like oleaginous fungi, growing on inexpensive agricultural and industrial wastes. Rhizopus stolonifer was found to be the most potent lipid producer among the tested fungi in the present study; its growth was optimized at pH=6, glucose as C-source, NaNO3 as N-source, with agitation rate of 120 rpm, incubation temperature of 28 C after 6 days growth; which gave an observable lipid content of 57.9% dry wt. on non-detoxified liquid hydrolysate (NDLH) medium with saturated aliphatic long chains as revealed by GC-MS analysis. R. stolonifer gave noticeable activity of released sugar consumption (92.2%) on flax straw as a row material higher than rice, wheat straws and orange peel, forming high lipid content (54.33%) on flax; that was transesterified into biodiesel with cetane number of 61.48, that was higher than cetane number of the standard non-processed liquid diesel (< 47). So R. stolonifer can be considered as a good lipid producer on the depolymerized flax straw as a cheap source for biodiesel production.

Combustion analysis of CI engine using pilot dual fuel blends

Ever growing requirement for energy results in the growth of addiction over fossil fuels. The depleting nature of these sources of energy and improving the nature of energy needs are causing serious energy problems with the long term energy protection. An important objective of current research is by using the blend of microalgae oil to lower emissions and also to enhance fuel performance of dual-fuelled diesel engines by high viscosity neat Chlorella Vulgaris oil and low viscosity Turpentine oil. This particular research article reveals the outcomes of investigation performed to measure the advancement in combustion, the character of the diesel engine operated with Chlorella Vulgaris oil and Turpentine oil blends were used as fuels. Outcomes revealed that usage of pilot fuel could provide adequate performance within a standard diesel engine without having any twisting within the engine. As a result of all the used fuel blends, the outcome shows that a blend of 50% Chlorella Vulgaris oil −50% Turpentine oil used fuel blend had been seen to be an optimum blend for the diesel engine. The combustion characteristics for the engine-powered with pilot fuel were revealed virtually consistent with diesel.

Performance characteristics of CI engine using Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae oil as a pilot dual fuel blends

Ever growing requirement for energy results in the growth of addiction over fossil fuels. The depleting nature of these sources of energy and improving the nature of energy needs are causing serious energy problems with the long term energy protection. An important objective of current research is by using the blend of microalgae oil to lower emissions and also to enhance fuel performance of dual-fuelled diesel engines by high viscosity neat Chlorella Vulgaris oil and low viscosity Turpentine oil. This particular research article reveals the outcomes of investigation performed to measure the advancement in combustion, the character of the diesel engine operated with Chlorella Vulgaris oil and Turpentine oil blends were used as fuels. Outcomes revealed that usage of pilot fuel could provide adequate performance within a standard diesel engine without having any twisting within the engine. As a result of all the used fuel blends, the outcome shows that a blend of 50% Chlorella Vulgaris oil − 50% Turpentine oil used fuel blend had been seen to be an optimum blend for the diesel engine. The combustion characteristics for the engine-powered with pilot fuel were revealed virtually consistent with diesel.

Analysis of combustion, emission and performance attributes of hemp biodiesel on a compression ignition engine

The increasing pollution problems caused by conventional fuels and fuel scarcity are forcing the scientists all over the world to look for sustainable fuel alternatives. The suitability of hemp biodiesel derived from non-edible industrial grade hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed as a biofuel in C.I engines is discussed in this paper. The performance, emission and combustion attributes of different hemp biodiesel combinations are tested on a Kirloskar VCR engine at a standard compression ratio 17.5:1 and the outcomes are contrasted with those of standard diesel fuel. Hemp biodiesel blends exhibit an average increment of 7.35% in the mechanical efficiency in comparison to neat diesel. Hemp biofuel blends also results in a moderate decrement in CO and HC emissions by 20.83% and 24.5% accordingly at peak load. The experimental findings show the suitability of hemp biodiesel blends as a nature-friendly alternate fuel.

Emission analysis of CI engine fueled by pilot dual fuel blends

Ever growing requirement for energy results in the growth of addiction over fossil fuels. The depleting nature of these sources of energy and improving the nature of energy needs are causing serious energy problems with the long term energy protection. An important objective of current research is by using the blend of microalgae oil to lower emissions and also to enhance fuel performance of dual-fuelled diesel engines by high viscosity neat Chlorella Vulgaris oil and low viscosity Turpentine oil. This particular research article reveals the outcomes of investigation performed to measure the advancement in combustion, the character of the diesel engine operated with Chlorella Vulgaris oil and Turpentine oil blends were used as fuels. Outcomes revealed that usage of pilot fuel could provide adequate performance within a standard diesel engine without having any twisting within the engine. As a result of all the used fuel blends, the outcome shows that a blend of 50% Chlorella Vulgaris oil −50% Turpentine oil used fuel blend had been seen to be an optimum blend for the diesel engine. The emission characteristics study for the engine powered with pilot fuel was revealed virtually consistent with diesel. The exhaust emissions carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon and smoke had been seen to be lower while nitrogen oxides emission was seen to be virtually comparable with diesel.

MIXTURE FORMATION ANALYSIS OF POLYOXYMETHYLENETHER INJECTION

Polyoxymethylenether (OME) is a promising fuel for CO2 reduction and a prospective change in the transportation sector. To see the effects of different fuel properties on mass flow rate and mixture formation, OME 3, OME 4, and a mixture of OME 3 and OME 4 (called OME Mix) are compared to European standard diesel fuel. They are investigated for a passenger car and two different commercial vehicle injectors with different nozzle hole diameters at engine relevant conditions of 5 MPa ambient pressure and 873 K ambient temperature. Mass flow rate measurements and optical measurement techniques like Mie scattering and Schlieren imaging are applied feeding the spray model of Musculus and Kattke to investigate the mixture formation. Additionally, a hydraulic and a computational fluid dynamic simulation of the internal nozzle flow are conducted to derive the fuel influence on the needle motion. The results show a strong influence of OME on the mass flow rate development via the correlated needle motion for commercial vehicle nozzle sizes. Depending on the fuel properties, the mass flow rate of OME is retarded in comparison to diesel under equal boundary conditions. The fuel-dependent needle opening impresses different initial momentum fluxes onto the spray. This hydraulic difference cannot be compensated in the upstream flow whereas the stream outside the hole follows the classical momentum conservation. For passenger car nozzle sizes the differences in mass flow rate and needle motion between OME and diesel fuel are not that distinctive, which lead to less deviations of the initially momentum fluxes.

Performance and emission characteristics of engine using Naviculla Sp. algae oil methyl ester with MgO nanoparticles

Standard diesel fuels have developed the application in several domains like agriculture, transportation as well as commercial sectors performing due to its reduced specific fuel consumption and hydrocarbon emissions. In the present research, the biodiesel from Naviculla Sp. algae oil was prepared by transesterification process, and essential material and chemical properties were measured. The performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder Diesel engine fueled with Naviculla Sp. algae oil methyl ester and its diesel blends with MgO nano additives of B20, B20 + 25 ppm, B20 + 50 ppm B20 + 100 ppm on a volume basis were evaluated with the variation of load and compression ratio. The chemical as well as physical properties of NAME [Naviculla algae methyl ester] blends with MgO nano additives are determined and compared to fulfill the ASTM standards. The empirical outcomes expose that the use of biodiesel with nano-additives in compression ignition engine has revealed the improve in engine performance and reduction in exhaust emissions.

Lipid production and molecular studies of Anabaena torulosa treated with different types of stress

Lipid production in terms of oil percentage and fatty acid composition of Anabaena torulosa which was identified morphologically and genetically was studied to determine its ability for biodiesel production in response to salinity, nitrogen and phosphorus starvation stress; salinity ranging from 50 to 250mM NaCl, nitrogen and phosphorus regime (50%, NO(3)-N , 50% PO(4)-P of BG11 media). The results indicated that there was change in physiological behavior under these different stresses and illustration of these differences genetically. The results of oil analysis revealed that the lipid production increased when nitrogen and phosphorus decrease (68.83% and 160.97% respectively) and 200mM of NaCl increase oil content by 120%. GC/MS analysis of fatty acid composition revealed that methyl linoleate is the main constituent of fatty acids ester 57.9% which classified as a biodiesel due to its long methyl ester chain and is also used as a fuel in standard diesel engines. All these results explained genetically by using RAPD technique which revealed new bands appeared and other bands disappeared. DNA sequence was changed leading to DNA polymorphism 41.25%. Also, the DNA pattern indicated that stress of nitrogen and phosphorus were more related to control, While the other stresses (salinity and combined stresses) caused more changes comparing to control. So that stress changes in physiology was confirmed genetically.

A comprehensive study on the effect of pilot injection, EGR rate, IMEP and biodiesel characteristics on a CRDI diesel engine

Although many studies have concerned effect of different kind of biodiesel fuel on engine, there are no information about the comparison between different biodiesels in a comprehensive study and with consideration of pilot injection and EGR system. Therefore, the aim of this study is to have a comprehensive investigation of the effect of pilot injection timing and EGR system, as common ways to reduce engine emissions, on engine combustion, emissions and performance while using of different kind of the biodiesel. The brassica, cardoon, coffee, waste cooking oil biodiesels and standard diesel fuels were evaluated fuels. However, the results of the study depicted that different characteristics of the considered fuels had changed the engine response to variation of injection strategy and EGR application. The maximum reduction of combustion duration compare to diesel fuel (17.7%) was related to coffee biodiesel. Moreover, Coffee biodiesel has lowest pressure rise rate. On the other hand, cardoon had shortest ignition delay and highest combustion temperature. In addition, maximum retardation of combustion position was for brassica biodiesel fuel (19.07%). Although the NOx emission has decreased due to application of EGR (up to 86%) and pilot injection (up to 29.3%), high EGR rate in high IMEP has changed the combustion quality due to sewer changes in the combustion quality. In this condition, CO and THC emission increased severely. Higher viscosity and lower oxygen content of the coffee and cardoon biodiesel than diesel fuel decreased combustion quality and caused the higher THC, CO and soot emissions and lower NOx emissions than brassica and WCO biodiesel fuels in higher EGR rates and IMEPs. It can be stated that pilot injection and EGR are two parameters which are effective significantly on the engine characteristics and the adjusting of these parameters should be done properly specially according to the used fuel properties.

Experimental investigation on pumpkin seed oil methyl ester blend in diesel engine with various injection pressure, injection timing and compression ratio

The present work reports the experimental outcomes of a single cylinder diesel engine concerning performance, combustion and emission characteristics using 25% of Pumpkin seed oil methyl ester. The physical and chemical properties of diesel, prepared biodiesel and blended fuel were determined based on ASTM standards. GC–MS analysis was carried out for prepared biodiesel to determine the fatty acid compositions. Kirloskar make TV1 model single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engine with standard compression ratio: 17.5:1, Injection timing: 21° bTDC and injection pressure: 210 bar was used for experimentation. An attempt has been made to use 25PSOME in diesel engine at varying compression ratio (CR), injection pressure (IP) and injection timing (IT) by retarding and advancing the standard condition and compared with standard diesel operation. High performance characteristics were observed with high CR (19.5:1), IP (250 bar) and IT (25°bTDC) operating conditions. Also, notable reduction in exhaust emissions like CO, HC and smoke were noticed at high engine operating condition except NOx emission. The research verdicts showed that the 25PSOME offered good performance, combustion and emission characteristics which allow it to be a promising alternative to traditional fuel with engine operating parameters modification.

Power affects to the sound pressure of a four-stroke engine

The noise generated by the four-stroke S320 Andoria internal combustion engine is a complex field of study because the total sound pressure is the sum of the sound pressures produced by each engine component. The noise level and sound frequency of diesel engines used in agricultural machinery are highly dependent on fuel combustion. The standard diesel fuel conforming to EN 115 was used in the tests. Sound pressure was measured with the Bruel &amp; Kjear equipment. Investigations show the dynamics of the dynamic parameters of the four-stroke engine, which must be evaluated when operating agricultural machinery. Experimental research of power influence on sound pressure of four-stroke diesel engine was performed. The dependence of the sound pressure level on the variation of the motor power was determined. Studies have shown that as the engine power increases from 2.63 to 9.48 kW, the sound pressure standard deviation increases by about 0.041 Pa.

Optimisation of biomass catalytic depolymerisation conditions by using response surface methodology.

The aim of this study is to present the optimum operating conditions for reducing energy consumption in the process of obtaining bio-oil from the mixture of sawdust, waste lubricating oil, lime, and commercial catalyst. In the study where the catalytic pressureless depolymerisation (also called Katalytische Drucklose Verölung - KDV) was applied, the operating conditions were analysed with response surface methodology. According to the analysis of variance results, a mathematical model was obtained for specific product yield (bio-oil amount/energy consumption g kWe-1). Effects of temperature (260°C-290°C), catalyst rate (1-2 wt.%) and reaction time (0.5-1 h) were investigated. The optimum conditions for the three independent variables (temperature, catalyst rate, reaction time) were 279 ± 2°C, 2 wt.% and 0.5 h, respectively. Maximum specific product yield was obtained as 970.17 g kWe-1. While the reaction time was the most effective regarding the amount of bio-oil obtained at 1 kWe energy consumption, the temperature was found to be the least effective. In addition to these, bio-oil obtained under optimum conditions were characterised and compared with standard diesel specifications.