Standard Diesel Research Articles

Experimental studies on variable compression ratio engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester biodiesel

This research work investigates the effects of compression ratio on engine performances, combustion characteristics and emission of exhaust gases of variable compression ratio engine fuelled with biodiesel. The cottonseed oil methyl ester is blended with standard diesel and used as fuel in the variable compression ratio single cylinder four stroke multi fuel engine at 1,440 rpm of 80% load with different compression ratios i.e., 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 21:1 and 22:1. The analyses of engine performances, combustion characteristics and emission of exhaust gases were carried out for different proportions of cottonseed oil methyl ester blends (b15%, b30%, b45%, b60%, b75%, b90% and b100%). The investigation reveals that at higher compression ratios, heat release rate, combustion pressure and brake thermal efficiency is higher. The investigation also reveals that the brake power and mechanical efficiency are found to have increased with increase in compression ratios. It is also found that the higher blend proportions with standard diesel reduce the emission of HC and CO2 but increase the emission of NOX. [Received: November 5 2013; Accepted: October 4 2014]

Reduction of harmful nitrogen oxide emission from low heat rejection diesel engine using carbon nanotubes

In this study, lanthanum aluminate is used as thermal barrier coating material for the first time in the internal combustion engine to convert the standard engine into low heat rejection engine. Initially, the biodiesel is prepared from sunflower oil by using trans-esterification process. The piton crown, cylinder head and valves of the engine is coated with lanthanum aluminate for a thickness of around 200 microns. However, the analysis of performance and emission characteristics of a standard diesel is carried out with diesel/biodiesel to compare with the low heat rejection engine. The lanthanum aluminate coated engine fueled with sunflower methyl ester shows better performance and emission. But the emission of NOx founds to be higher in the coated engine. Further, a small quantity of carbon nanotubes is added onto the biodiesel to carry out the experiments. Based on the results, the carbon nanotubes are added with the biodiesel to reduce the emission of NOx.

Performance Evaluation of Ethanol-Diesel Blend in Compression-Ignition Engine

Ethanol was produced from saw dust of Masonia wood by means of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. The Ethanol produced was blended with Diesel in different proportions. The fuel properties of the Ethanol-Diesel (ED) blends at different temperatures and load conditions were experimentally investigated. The properties determined were relative density, cloud point, pour point, flash point, viscosity and the calorific value. The Diesel Engine Test Bed (Petter: PJ2W-type, 7227/22.5 BS) was used with ED blends having 5, 10, 15 and 20% ethanol with respectively 95, 90, 85 and 80% diesel on a volume basis to know the performance of the blends. The experimental results of the engine’s performance which include the brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency for the fuel blends were analyzed to know the suitability of using ED blend in Compression Ignition engine. The results show that both the relative density and viscosity of the blends decreased as the ethanol content in the blends was increased. All the blends were found to have the same cloud point of 5°C with that of diesel while their pour points vary and differ from that of diesel. All the blends have flash points 65% lower than that of diesel. The calorific values for ED5, ED10, ED15 and ED20 blends were 2, 3, 4 and 6% respectively less than that of diesel. The engine’s performance analysis indicated that there was an increase in brake thermal efficiency of the engine with increased proportion of ethanol in the fuel blends. The ED20 gave higher brake thermal efficiency than the diesel fuel at all load conditions. It was observed that at all loads conditions; the mass flow rate of ED20 was low so, resulting in decreased in specific fuel consumption. At all loads conditions, carbon dioxide emissions increased while hydrocarbon emissions decreased with increased amount of ethanol in the fuel blends, with ED20 showing the least emissions levels. Also, at all loads conditions, NOX emission of the blends was found to be higher than that of standard diesel due to the oxygen concentration and combustion timing. The results found showed that the ED20 (20% ethanol and 80% diesel) can be used in CI engine without any modification.

Effect of Variant End of Injection Period on Combustion Process of Biodiesel Combustion

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel as a replacement to the standard diesel fuel in combustion diesel engine. The biodiesel fuel has a significantly influences throughout the combustion process and exhaust emission. The purpose of this research is to investigate the combustion process behavior during the End of Injection (EOI) period and operates under variant conditions using Rapid Compression Machine (RCM). Experimental of RCM is used to simulate a combustion process and combustion characteristics of diesel engine combustion. Three types of biodiesel blend which are B5, B10 and B15 were tested at several injection pressures of 80 MPa, 90 MPa and 130 MPa under different ambient temperatures, 750 K to 1100 K. The results of this study showed that the ignition delay slightly reduced with increasing the content of biodiesel blends from B5, B10 and B15 and became more shorten as the injection pressure been enhanced. As the injection pressure increased, the behavior of combustion pressure at end of injection is reduced, radically increased the NOX emission. It is noted that the process of combustion at the end of injection increased as the ambient temperature is rising. In fact, higher initial ambient temperature improved the fuel atomization and mixing process. Under the biodiesel combustion with higher ambient temperature condition, the exhaust emission of CO, O2, and HC became less but increased in NOX emission. Besides, increased in blends of biodiesel ratio are found to enhance the combustion process, resulted a decreased in HC emissions.

Emission Characteristics Study of Environment Friendly Karanja Oil with various Additives in VCR Engine

In order to meet the energy necessities, there has been growing awareness in alternative fuels like biodiesel, biogas, LPG to offer a suitable diesel for internal combustion engine. Due to the lesser amount of carbon content present in the vegetable oil compared to mineral diesel, the vegetable oil produces fewer CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the emission characteristics of variable compression ratio diesel engine fuelled with karanja oil 20% (B20) and diethyl ether, ethanol and methanol as an additives by adding 5% and 10% at constant speed of 1500 rpm with varying loads and the two compression ratios (17 and 18). The suitability of karanja oil with diethyl ether, ethanol, and methanol is established as a biofuel in this analysis. The exhaust emissions like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide got reduced compared to standard diesel.

Results for a Fuel Cell System Consisting of an SOFC Fed by an Adiabatic Pre-Reforming Fuel Processor With European Standard Road Diesel

Abstract In the near future, ships will need more efficient power generation technologies for auxiliary power supply than those used currently. In the project SchiffsIntegration BrennstoffZelle (SchIBZ), a fuel cell system is being developed to increase the electrical efficiency of on-board power supply systems. In order to avoid the limitation of hydrogen storage, the on-site fuel processing of hydrocarbons offered an opportunity for the hydrogen supply of fuel cell systems to be operated in remote locations. As fuel standard European road diesel was processed with the process of adiabatic pre-reforming, a steam-reforming derivate. A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) was coupled with this fuel processor and was fed with standard European diesel fuel. Two flexible test rigs were developed to test the fuel processor and the SOFC either combined or independently. During combined operation, the SOFC modules were fed with feedstock gas from the fuel processor, which ran on standard European diesel fuel. Combined operation of both test rigs at steady state was achieved for more than 1000 h. For the whole experimental runtime, the fuel processor delivered sufficient feedstock quality for the SOFC, and no significant voltage degradation (about 0.5 %) of the SOFC modules was observed over 1000 h of operation. This low value of degradation is known for the operation of SOFC with pure hydrogen and methane without impurities.

Biodiesel Production from Dairy Scum Oil by Using Heterogeneous Catalyst and its Performance Test on CI Engine

Now a days increasing in prices and depletion of fossil fuels, creates very necessary to find out an alternative fuel (biodiesel) from renewable natural resources. This paper deals with the transesterification of animal fat (dairy scum oil) to obtain Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) or biodiesel in presence of calcium oxide catalyst at 65°C. The properties of produced biodiesels and their blend for different ratios (B10, B20, B30 and B100) are comparable with properties of diesel and ASTM biodiesel standards. Tests have been conducted on CI engine for different blends of biodiesel with standard diesel, at an engine speed of 1500 rpm, fixed compression ratio 17.5, fixed injection pressure of 200bar and varying brake power. The performance parameters includes brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, Exhaust gas temperature and emissions parameters as Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbon (HC) and Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) varying against Brake Power (BP).

Surface tension and rheological behavior of sal oil methyl ester biodiesel and its blend with petrodiesel fuel

The present paper deals with experimental and theoretical investigation of surface tension, apparent viscosity and viscoelastic properties of sal oil methyl ester biodiesel and its blends with petrodiesel at different temperature. Several methods were used to predict surface tension and apparent viscosity of biodiesel–petrodiesel blends. Satri–Rao method based on the corresponding state predicts surface tension of biodiesel–petrodiesel blends very well, whereas UNIFAC–VISCO group contribution method predicts apparent viscosity of blends very accurately. To predict the apparent viscosity of biodiesel, six unknown UNIFAC–VISCO group interaction parameters were determined and proposed parameters were then used to predict viscosities of biodiesel–petrodiesel blends. The recommendation was given which proportion of sal oil biodiesel and normal diesel was to be mixed to get the proper European standard grade diesel fuel. Viscoelastic properties (i.e., structural stability, storage modulus, loss modulus, complex viscosity and loss tangent) of biodiesel–petrodiesel blends were determined as a function of amplitude, frequency and temperature using parallel plates rotational viscometer in linear viscoelastic range. Finally, generalized Cox–Merz parameters were used to establish the relation between apparent viscosity and complex viscosity of blends.

Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine operating on pine oil

Environment pollution, increasing fuel prices and its demand have promoted an interest in development of alternative fuel for petroleum products. Biofuel is preferred as an alternative fuel for IC engines due to its abundant availability and renewable nature. It is renewable, biodegradable, oxygenated, sulfur free and reduces their adverse effects on climate change. This paper evaluates the possibility of using pine oil as an alternative fuel for diesel. The viscosity, flash point and cetane index of pine oil are lower than that of diesel. The calorific value of this oil is higher than that of diesel fuel. In the present work the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, constant speed, DI diesel engine using pine oil and its blends as an alternative fuel were studied. The results are compared with standard diesel fuel. The test results indicates that there is a slight increase in brake thermal efficiency and a decrease in brake specific fuel consumption for all pine blended fuels when compared to that of diesel fuel. The pine oil blends produce a higher heat release than that of diesel fuel. The use of pine oil resulted in lower emissions of CO and HC and increased emissions of CO2 and NOx. The experimental results prove that the use of pine oil and its blends in the compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel.

Combustion and Performance Characteristics of Water-in-diesel Emulsion Fuel

The use of water-in-diesel emulsion fuel has a potential to reduce the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX), particulate matters, and total gaseous hydrocarbons in diesel engines. Physico-chemical properties, combustion, and performance characteristics are the critical factors to implement water-in-diesel emulsion fuel in diesel engines as fuel. In the first phase of this study, it has been observed that the concentration of water in excess of 10% in diesel fails to meet the standard diesel fuel properties requirement to use as fuel in existing diesel engines. In the present study, combustion and performance characteristics of water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (0, 5, and 10% of water-in-diesel) are studied in variable compression ratio (15 to 18), single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine. From the results obtained, it is noted that the emulsion fuel combustion parameters (in-cylinder pressure, net heat release rate, and mass of fuel burned with respect to crank angle) are comparable with base diesel for the compression ratios of 18 and 17 at all load conditions. At low compression ratios (15 and 16), emulsion fuel combustion parameters lead to incomplete combustion and rough engine operation. In addition, significant improvements are found in brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency for water-in-diesel emulsion fuels.

Tailor-made fuels for future engine concepts

Increasing carbon dioxide accumulation in earth’s atmosphere and the depletion of fossil resources pose huge challenges for our society and, in particular, for all stakeholders in the transportation sector. The Cluster of Excellence ‘Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass’ at RWTH Aachen University establishes innovative and sustainable processes for the conversion of whole plants into molecularly well-defined fuels exhibiting tailored properties for low-temperature combustion engine processes, enabling high efficiency and low pollutant emissions. The concept of fuel design, that is, considering fuel’s molecular structure to be a design degree of freedom, aims for the simultaneous optimisation of fuel production and combustion systems. In the present contribution, three examples of tailor-made biofuels are presented. For spark ignition engines, both 2-methylfuran and 2-butanone show increased knock resistance compared to RON95 gasoline, thus enabling a higher compression ratio and an efficiency gain of up to 20% at full-load operation. Moreover, both fuels comprise a good mixture formation superior to the one of ethanol, especially under difficult boundary conditions. For compression ignition engines, 1-octanol enables a remarkable reduction in engine-out soot emissions compared to standard diesel fuel due to the high oxygen content and lower reactivity. This advantage is achieved without sacrificing the high indicated efficiency and low NOX emissions.

A Review on Microalgae Biodiesel Production and its Usage in Direct Injection Diesel Engines as Alternate Fuel

Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative fuels for automotive engines due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources, increasing energy demands and environmental concerns. The biodiesel can be obtained from various bio energy resources such as edible and non-edible vegetable oils and animal fats. However, the use of biodiesel derived from edible oils such as palm oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil has negative impact on global food market. Biodiesel from microalgae is considered as a third generation biofuel derived from non-edible resources and best suited for internal combustion engines. Microalgae have the potential to provide sufficient fuel for global consumption due to its high oil content and fast growing ability. This paper provides a brief overview of biodiesel production from microalgae biomass and its suitability as alternate fuel in diesel engines. This review highlights the selection of suitable algae species for oil production, fuel properties in comparison with standard diesel and other biodiesel fuels, performance, combustion and emission characteristics when used in engines, and the economical aspects. Further, the research and development aspects of biodiesel from microalgae as fuel for automobile diesel engines are also reviewed.

Spectroscopic analysis of crude rapeseed oil flame

Utilizing crude vegetable oils in all types of heat engines can be a part of a sustainable economy in the future. Focusing on their local usage, they can possibly compete with fossil fuels. Furthermore, to keep the pollutant emissions at the lowest possible level, the feedback control of the equivalence ratio is essential. Regarding the harsh environment of the combustion chambers, optical flame diagnostics is a potential tool. Therefore, in order to examine its feasibility, the comparison of flame emission spectroscopy (FES) of rapeseed oil with standard diesel oil was carried out at atmospheric conditions in a lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) burner at 15kW of firing power. The well-known chemiluminescence intensity ratios of OH*, CH*, and C2* at 516nm (C2, 516*) were investigated. A further significant peak was found at 554nm in case of rapeseed oil firing, which probably corresponds to C2* (C2, 554*). The corrected chemiluminescence intensity ratios as a function of air–fuel equivalence ratio are shown in the current work. It was found that these ratios involving C2* at either 516 or 554nm show less sensitivity to the pressure of atomizing air than OH*/CH*, therefore they are more suitable for diagnostics and for the control of the equivalence ratio of liquid fired burners.

Emissions and Performance Evaluation of DI CI - VCR Engine Fuelled with Honne oil Methyl Ester /Diesel Blends

The present work investigates the emission and thermal performance of DI CI variable compression ratio engine using blends of biodiesel and standard diesel as a fuel at compression ratios of 15,16,17 and 18. The biodiesel derived from non edible Calophyllum Inophyllum linn oil is used on the engine. The blends of biodiesel and diesel used were B20, B40, B60, B80 and 100% biodiesel. At 18 CR the brake thermal efficiency of the engine operated with 100% biodiesel is 8.9% less than Diesel and the brake specific fuel consumption for biodiesel found to be more than that of diesel. There is major reduction in Carbon monoxide and Hydrocarbon emissions with 100% biodiesel as a fuel compared to diesel at compression ratio of 18.

Comparative Study on Biodiesel-methanol-diesel Low Proportion Blends Operating with a Diesel Engine

In this study, biodiesel (20%)-methanol (5%)-diesel (75%), biodiesel (20%)-methanol (10%)-diesel (70%), biodiesel (20%)- diesel (80%), and standard mineral diesel as a baseline fuel are tested in a multi-cylinder diesel engine. Those biodiesel-alcohol low proportion blends are investigated under the same operating conditions at 20%, 40% and 60% of engine loads to determine the engine performance and emission of the diesel engine. Overall, biodiesel-methanol-diesel blends show higher brake specific fuel consumption than mineral diesel. As methanol proportions in blends increase, NO emissions increase, while CO emissions are reduced. Also, biodiesel-diesel blend with 5% of methanol is more effective than biodiesel blend with 20% for reducing CO emissions.

Analysis of Pollutant Emissions of Diesel Engine Operating with Mixture of Diesel, Biodiesel and Natural Gas

The aim of this research is to study the pollutant emissions of the commercial diesel engine, operating with B5 (commercial diesel), B70, B80, B90 and natural gas. The fuel used in the engine consists of a mixture of 15% diesel and biodiesel (liquid fuel) and 85% natural gas. Experiments were made using 40, 60 and 80 kW load. The engine was instrumented to obtain the temperature, air, gas and diesel (plus biodiesel) flow rates, the air pressure at the entrance of the engine, the lubricant oil temperature, and the concentration of exhaust gases during each experimental test. It was verified that the emission of NOx, NO and CO2 had decreased while the emissions of CO and SO2 had increased, when compared to the conditions using standard diesel (B5) alone.

The effects of neat biodiesel and biodiesel and HVO blends in diesel fuel on exhaust emissions from a light duty vehicle with a diesel engine.

The influence of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) diesel blends on the exhaust emissions from a passenger car was examined. The impact of FAME for the cold urban phase (UDC) was increased CO and HC emissions, probably due to blend physical properties promoting incomplete combustion. The HVO blend caused the lowest CO and HC emissions for the UDC. NOx emissions did not change significantly with the fuel used, however the UDC was characterized by lower NOx emission for FAME blends. Particle emissions were highest with standard diesel. Emissions of carbonyl compounds increased as fuel biodiesel content increased, especially during the UDC. HVO in diesel fuel decreased carbonyl emissions. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds in the exhaust gas. Total particle-bound PAH emissions were variable, the emission of heavier PAHs increased with blend biodiesel content. The HVO blend increased emission of lighter PAHs. Nitro-PAHs were identified only during the UDC and not for all blends; the highest emissions were measured for pure diesel. The results showed that emission of nitro-PAHs may be decreased to a greater extent by using biodiesel than using a HVO blend.

Assessing the impact of China's vehicle emission standards on diesel engine remanufacturing

The remanufacturing industry is one of the strategic emerging industries in China that are changing the traditional economic growth mode, developing a circular economy, as well as promoting development toward becoming a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society. Based on the current development of China's engine remanufacturing industry and government policy, this study analyzed the characteristics and development trend of the engine remanufacturing industry. Diesel engine remanufacturing is the earliest remanufacturing business in China and is the key to the development of the remanufacturing industry. Diesel remanufacturing mostly involves different stages of the vehicle exhaust emission standard implemented in China. A life-cycle assessment model was developed to investigate pollution prevention achieved in China by remanufacturing a China 2 standard heavy-duty diesel engine compared with a new one that has similar specifications and manufactured by the same OEM but meets the China 4 standard. Qualitative analysis indicates that a different remanufacturing strategy needs to be adopted for an engine in a different exhaust emission standard stage. The principle of remanufacturing is “Remanufacturing restores used automotive engines to like-new condition”. However, remanufacturing a China 2 or 3 engine increases emissions. Therefore, the principle of remanufacturing does not always achieve the goal of remanufacturing development in China.

Thermodynamical evaluation of usefulness of future hydrocarbon fuels for use in compression ignition engines

The paper discusses the issues of the influence of the fuel spray formation on the generation of self-ignition spots and the development of pre-flame processes in the cylinder of a model diesel engine. The investigations were carried out for a standard diesel fuel and two other types of fuel that were mixtures of ethanol, butanol, and diethylether in a variety of proportions. By applying optical methods of analysis, the authors determined the geometrical indexes of the injected fuel spray as well as fuel mass distribution in the longitudinal and transverse cross section of the fuel spray during the injection process. The location and number of the self-ignition spots in the combustion chamber were evaluated on the basis of a comparison under various conditions: in presence of the charge swirl and at the lack of it. Research conducted for the single-cylinder engine confirmed the possibility of the use of diesel-like fuels for compression ignition engines.

Combustion Analysis of a Diesel Engine Running on Different Biodiesel Blends

Rape-seed biodiesel is an interesting option to address the problem of decreasing availability of conventional fossil fuels, as well as to reduce the CO2 emissions of internal combustion engines. The present paper describes an experimental campaign carried out on a current production 4-cylinder, 4-stroke naturally aspirated diesel engine, running on standard diesel fuel and on three different blends of rape-seed biodiesel (20%-50%-100%). Performance, emissions and in-cylinder pressure traces were measured at full load. It was found that the influence of rape-seed biodiesel in the fuel blend is not constant at each operating condition. However, as the biodiesel content increases, full load performance tends to drop, in particular brake specific fuel consumption (maximum worsening: +18%), while soot emission goes down. The maximum improvement observed in terms of soot concentration is 37.5%, at 1200 rpm. The combustion analysis revealed that the main differences among the fuels occur in the first phase of combustion: the burn rate is slower for biodiesel blends at low speeds, and faster at high.