Standard Measurement Devices Research Articles

Reconstruction of Single-Bay Buddhist Architecture Based on Stylistic Comparisons in Northeast Fujian, the Core Hinterland of the Changxi River Basin—Using Gonghoulong Temple as an Example

In the Changxi River Basin in eastern Fujian, a few stone elements remain and Buddhist buildings with one bay in width and three bays in depth have been preserved dating from the timespan of the Tang to the Song dynasty. These features are characterized by a regional form of early Buddhist architecture seldom seen in Chinese history. The article focuses on the reconstruction of a Song dynasty Buddhist building at the Gonghoulou Temple site in Huotong Town, Jiaocheng District, Ningde City, and aims to analyze the potential characteristics and rules of single-bay Buddhist architecture. From the styles of the remaining stone columns, the direction of the lotus carving at the column base, and the mortises of the plinth stone, a spatial arrangement is indicated that includes an open front corridor and a closed rear section. A “reconstruction” of the ruler used in the original building reveals the possibility that a local Fujian ruler was used, shorter than the standard measurement device employed elsewhere. The analysis of the frame construction indicates that this hip-gable roof-covered Buddhist hall utilizes the horizontally layered logic of multi-storied palatial-style halls. Key elements include its gentle roof slope, restraint from the practice of shortening the roof ridge, use of the traditional chuji method, and the interior columns use of internal longitudinal architraves secured to beam supporting brackets. This research brings to light a unique architectural type that has disappeared in the course of history and was previously unknown to the academic community. It holds significant importance and value for deepening the understanding of the history of timber frame architecture technology in Fujian.

Development of a Low-Cost Device for Monitoring Ventilation Parameters (Temperature, Humidity and Pressure) in Underground Environments to Increase Operational Safety Using IoT

The important role of ventilation in underground mines is to ensure safety and adequate environmental conditions in all accessible areas of a mine. This research aims to develop low-cost solutions for monitoring ventilation parameters in underground mines using the Internet of Things (IoT). A comparison between standard measuring equipment and a new low-cost wearable monitoring device prototype was performed, and the variables measured in an underground mine were pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. The results in all surveys indicate that the wearable monitoring device prototype can properly be used for continuous monitoring of the underground environment. The standard measurement devices for underground mines should continuously be used by mining companies as requested by local legislation. The low-cost wearable monitoring device developed should be viewed as a redundant measurement device for operators’ safety. The constant innovations in technology can support mining operators in anticipating problems, improving productivity, ensuring safety, and meeting standards at low investments.

Smart Meter Development for Cloud-Based Home Electricity Monitor System

Α cloud-based home electricity data-monitoring system, which is based on an Arduino Mega controller, is proposed for monitoring the electricity consumption (electrical power) and power quality (PQ) in home. This system is also capable of monitoring the fundamental frequency and supply-voltage transients to ensure that the appliances operate in a safe operation range. The measured data (voltage and current) are transmitted through a WiFi device between the Arduino controller and server. The transmission control protocol (TCP) server is set up to acquire the high-data transmission rate. The server system immediately displays the calculated parameters and the waveform of the acquired signal. A comparison with a standard measurement device shows that the proposed system, which can be built at a low cost, exhibits the same functions as a factory product.

Measurement of uni-planar and sport specific trunk motion using magneto-inertial measurement units: The concurrent validity of Noraxon and Xsens systems relative to a retro-reflective system

BackgroundThere is a range of magneto-inertial measurement unit (MIMU) systems commercially available, however sensor specifications and fusion methods vary considerably between manufacturers. Such variability can influence the concurrent validity of MIMUs relative to reference standard measurement devices. Different MIMUs have been compared during static or low-velocity conditions, with higher-velocity movements assessed in robotic-based studies. However, there is a need for the concurrent validity of higher-velocity movements to be established in human-based studies. Research questionThis study aimed to assess the concurrent validity of two commercial MIMU systems (Noraxon and Xsens), relative to a ‘gold-standard’ retro-reflective motion capture system, when measuring trunk angles during uni-planar range of motion (ROM) and cricket bowling, which involves high-speed, multi-planar movements. MethodsFor this criterion-based validity study, both MIMU systems incorporated comparable sensor specifications and employed Kalman filter sensor fusion algorithms. The MIMU based angles were compared with angles derived from concurrently captured three-dimensional retro-reflective data for 10 fast-medium bowlers. Statistical parametric mapping and root mean squared differences (RMSD) were computed for both MIMU systems. ResultsOne-dimensional statistical parametric mapping showed no significant differences for angles from both MIMU systems when compared with retro-reflective based angle outputs. The MIMU systems produced ROM RMSDs between 1.4 ± 1.0° and 2.6 ± 1.5°. One system displayed RMSDs between 4.6 ± 1.4° and 7.4 ± 1.9° during bowling, indicating functionally relevant differences to retro-reflective derived angles. There were some small but statistically significant differences in RMSDs between the MIMU systems. SignificanceMIMU-based angle accuracy is poorer during high-speed, multi-planar movement than uni-planar tasks. Comparable MIMU systems can produce varying measurements during ROM and bowling tasks. It is likely that varying sample rates and sensor fusion algorithm parameters contributed to the differences.

Performance of two innovative stress sensors imbedded in mortar joints of new masonry elements

Many historical cities enjoy the presence of masonry buildings with inestimable historical, artistic and cultural value. Old masonry buildings often suffer structural deficiencies, design faults and materials aging process. In recent years, many researchers focused their attention on the opportunities that structural health monitoring (SHM) can ensure for the health state of existing masonry structures, where damage can be difficult to be promptly predicted, pontentially causing abrupt collapses, with high risks for the community.This paper presents an experimental study on the effectiveness of two types of stress sensor for SHM of new masonry elements. Ceramic piezoelectric sensors and capacitive sensors were installed in mortar joints of two series of specimens made of calcarenite stone masonry and clay brick masonry. All specimens were tested under uniaxial compression with displacement control, to assess the effectiveness of sensors in recording pressure variation within the different types of masonry and therefore testing their potential use for SHM applications. Even though both the ceramic and capacitive sensors were designed as stress sensors for concrete structures, their installation within mortar joints provided a good response, based on the comparison with standard measurement devices. Results demonstrate the suitability of the sensors even for SHM of masonry structures.

Study on National Technical Specification of the Standard Retroreflectivity Measurement Device

Start your abstract here…The study aims to explore the technical specifications of the standard retroreflectivity measurement devices. Based on the measurement principle of retroreflection coefficient, the metrological characteristics of standard retroreflectivity measurement devices were proposed and the three main metrological indices of light source (color temperature, illuminance and positioning error of incident angle) were experimentally explored. The allowable error range of the retroreflection coefficient measurements was determined to calculate the corresponding ranges of metrological indices. With the entropy weight method, the weight of the influence of each index on retroreflection coefficient measurements was analyzed. The analysis results showed that the illuminance had the most significant influence on the retroreflection coefficient and accounted for 41.30%, followed by color temperature (34.43%) and angle change (24.26%). The study provides the important technical support for the development of technical specifications of standard retroreflectivity measurement devices.

A design of short distance PM2.5 monitoring system using a bluetooth module

This paper presents a design of a PM2 5 monitoring system based on the Samyoung sensor type DSM501A with the HC-05 Bluetooth data communication module. The sensor is integrated into an Arduino Nano. The measured data are not only displayed on an LCD but also are sent to a computer using a Bluetooth module for the storage. The data are stored in the excel data format and viewed by using the PLX-DAQ add-on. The system was calibrated by using a standard PM25 measurement device (Kanomax dust monitor type 3443). The calibration procedure was conducted by measuring the PM2 5 concentration of the sources. The performance of the system is presented in the optimum communication distance, the concentration range, and the system sensitivity. The result shows that the system works well. The optimum distance between the system and the computer is in the range up to 16 m. The sensitivity of the system is found of 600 μg/m3/minute with the range of the concentration measurement up to 1400 μg/m3 at the room temperature and humidity.

An accurate dynamic method for determining pyroelectric coefficient of ferroelectric materials

A lot of methods for pyroelectric coefficient measurement have been developed in literatures which, however, are not accurate enough, as a result, there is no standard device for pyroelectric coefficient measurement hitherto. In this work, a dynamic method has been reported and successfully applied back propagation neural network (BPNN) to the control of thermo electric cooler (TEC). It averts poor calculative ability of monolithic computing machine by taking advantage of powerful calculative ability of Matlab on PC and therefore realizes sinusoidal-wave and triangular-wave temperature control with high accuracy. Practical p measurement results for classic ferroelectric materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), lithium tantalate (LT) and lead zirconium titanate (PZT) samples revealed that relative measurement error with sinusoidal-wave temperature control was less than 10%, implying its good accuracy and practical ability.

Stability, variation, and application of AFIS fiber length distributions

BackgroundFiber length is one of the primary quality parameters for the cotton industry when considering the textile performance and end-use quality of cotton. Currently, many decisions regarding cotton fiber length utilize the industry standard measurement device, i.e., the High Volume Instrument (HVI). However, it is documented that complete fiber length distributions hold more information than the currently reported HVI length parameters, i.e., upper half mean length (UHML) and uniformity index (UI). An alternative measurement device, the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), is able to capture additional information about fiber length distribution. What is currently not known is how much additional information the AFIS length distribution holds.ResultsThe stability of differences in within-sample variation in fiber length captured by the AFIS length distribution by number characterizing differences between samples was deemed stable across the extended testing period. A diverse breeding population was evaluated and four significant sources of within sample variation in length were identified. A comparison of the ability between HVI length parameters and AFIS fiber length distribution to correctly categorize breeding lines to their family was performed. In all cases, the AFIS fiber length distribution more accurately identified germplasm families.ConclusionsThe long-term stability test of the AFIS fiber length distribution by number shows that the measurement is stable and can be used to assess differences across samples. However, more information about within-sample variation in fiber length than that can be captured by length parameters is needed to assess differences across samples in many applications. Four length parameters outperform two length parameters when trying to identify the familial background of the samples in this set. These parameters characterize distributional shape differences that are not captured by the standard AFIS length parameters, UQL and short fiber content by number (SFCn). These findings suggest that additional types of variation in cotton fiber length are not captured and are therefore not currently used in most cotton breeding programs.

On the Application of Replica Molding Technology for the Indirect Measurement of Surface and Geometry of Micromilled Components

The evaluation of micromilled parts quality requires detailed assessments of both geometry and surface topography. However, in many cases, the reduced accessibility caused by the complex geometry of the part makes it impossible to perform direct measurements. This problem can be solved by adopting the replica molding technology. The method consists of obtaining a replica of the feature that is inaccessible for standard measurement devices and performing its indirect measurement. This paper examines the performance of a commercial replication media applied to the indirect measurement of micromilled components. Two specifically designed micromilled benchmark samples were used to assess the accuracy in replicating both surface texture and geometry. A 3D confocal microscope and a focus variation instrument were employed and the associated uncertainties were evaluated. The replication method proved to be suitable for characterizing micromilled surface texture even though an average overestimation in the nano-metric level of the Sa parameter was observed. On the other hand, the replicated geometry generally underestimated that of the master, often leading to a different measurement output considering the micrometric uncertainty.

Closed-loop control of extracorporeal oxygen and carbon dioxide gas transfer

Additional extracorporeal gas transfer facilitates ultra-protective mechanical ventilation during treatment of severe lung disease. The proposed automation contributes to both patient safety and therapeutic success. A decentralized control system set the oxygen and carbon dioxide gas transfer rates. The controlled variables are estimated using standard measurement devices without direct blood contact. To reduce patient stress, an outer-loop integral controller adjusts the extracorporeal blood flow. The control system was first evaluated in silico and then in vivo using an animal model. Finally, the method is shown to be feasible and its response time is sufficient to meet patients' clinical needs.

Design, construction, and evaluation of a binaural dummy head

Binaural-dummy-heads are often used as standard measurement devices where modeling of the human binaural hearing system is desired. The binaural-dummy-head imitates a human head (and torso) which is used in binaural recording as well as research areas such as hearing aids, sound localization, noise measurements, etc. Commercially available binaural heads are not economically efficient for some purposes. This paper outlines a less expensive binaural dummy head built using ANSI/ASA S3.36-2012 standard as a reference as part of an independent coursework. A hard plastic mannequin was used as head and torso, and the two ears were real human ear replicas casted out of water-based alginate gel. The complex Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTF) of our dummy head were measured in an anechoic chamber to evaluate its spectral and directional properties and were compared to the same properties of the standard commercial dummy head.

Potential of GPS Common Clock Single-differences for Deformation Monitoring

AbstractGlobal satellite navigation systems (GNSS) are a standard measurement device for deformation monitoring. In many applications, double-differences are used to reduce distance dependent systematic effects, as well as to eliminate the receiver and satellites clock errors. However, due to the navigation principle of one way ranging used in GPS, the geometry of the subsequent adjustment is weakened. As a result, the height component is generally determined three times less precisely than the horizontal coordinates. In addition, large correlations between the height and elevation dependent effects exist such as tropospheric refraction, mismodelled phase center variations, or multipath which restricts the attainable accuracy. However, for a kinematic analysis, i. e. for estimating high rate coordinate time series, the situation can be significantly improved if a common clock is connected to different GNSS receivers in a network or on a baseline. Consequently, between-station single-differences are sufficient to solve for the baseline coordinates. The positioning geometry is significantly improved which is reflected by a reduction of the standard deviation of kinematic heights by about a factor 3 underlining the benefits of this new approach. Real data from baselines at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt campus at Braunschweig where receivers are connected over 290 m via an optical fiber link to a common clock was analysed.

Quantity transmission and traceability methods of heavy dc standard measurement device

Operation principle, quantity transmission and traceability methods of heavy dc standard measurement device are described. The uncertainty evaluation of the calibration methods and the current ratio accuracy is emphasised. The aim of the study is to establish a quantity transmission and traceability system of heavy direct current. The system consists of the laboratory reference standard device whose accuracy is 0.0005%, the field transfer standard device whose accuracy is 0.02%, the field working standard device whose accuracy is 0.05% and testing, evaluation and traceability method of the value of quantity. The method covers the whole process of self-calibration, inter-calibration and the comparison with some other standard measurement device. The research provides a scientific approach to accurate measurement of dc energy consumption, and has broad prospects in energy-saving and emission-reduction.

Heavy DC Current Calibration Method Based on High-Precision Current Adder

Traditional calibration method of the main sensor measuring the total dc current in the electrolysis industry is that the main sensor is calibrated by the standard measurement device for high dc current. However, as the total dc current has increased to hundreds of thousands amperes, the standard measurement device is troubled by problems of its size, complexity, and expense. To solve these problems, a novel method of calibrating the main sensor is presented. This method is based on high-precision dc current adder, which can add all the output currents of branch dc current sensors directly with the accuracy of 0.005%. The error compensation principle and the common divisor principle are presented to solve the problems caused by the measurement errors and different ratios of the branch sensors. At last, through the self-calibration experiment of the dc current adder, the accuracy of the adder is proved to be better than 0.005%.

The Portable Measurement Instrument of Dynamic Magnetic Properties for the Soft Magnetic Materials

The portable measurement instrument is designed and built to measure the dynamic magnetic properties of the soft magnetic materials. The measurement principle and sampling method are presented. The study shows the instrument can measure the different types of soft materials accurately at frequencies in the range of 20 Hz – 200 kHz. The standard deviations of the specific total loss (Ps) and amplitude permeability (μa) are less than 0.3%. The errors of Ps and ua are not larger than 0.3% between the measurement results of the instrument and the standard measurement device of National Institute of Metrology (NIM) of China NIM.

Using Consumer Electronic Devices to Estimate Whole-Body Vibration Exposure

The cost and complexity of commercially available devices for measuring whole-body vibration is a barrier to the systematic collection of the information required to manage this hazard at workplaces. The potential for a consumer electronic device to be used to estimate whole-body vibration was assessed by use of an accelerometer calibrator, and by collecting 42 simultaneous pairs of measurements from a fifth-generation iPod Touch and one of two gold standard vibration measurement devices (Svantech SV111 [Svantech, Warsaw, Poland] or Brüel & Kjær 4447 [Brüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S, Nærum, Denmark]) while driving light vehicles on a variety of different roadway surfaces. While sampling rate limitations make the accelerometer data collected from the iPod Touch unsuitable for frequency analysis, the vibration amplitudes recorded are sufficiently accurate (errors less than 0.1 m/s2) to assist workplaces manage whole-body vibration exposures.

Model predictive control made accessible to professional automation systems in fermentation technology

The objective of this paper is showing how model predictive control can easily be implemented directly into industrial bioreactor automation systems and thus making this control technology accessible to the fed-batch fermentation processes. By means of a practical example it is shown how to keep the biomass concentration exactly on its predefined path taking the substrate feed rate as the only action variable in a bioreactor that is conventionally equipped with standard measurement devices. The model predictive control algorithm uses a very simple general process model the parameters of which are adapted during the cultivation process. Additionally the feed rate profile corresponding to the desired biomass profile is used as a scheduling variable to adapt to changes in the process dynamics and at the same time for safeguarding

Measurement of blood pressure

Objectives: Hypertension (HTN) is a silent disease and can be diagnosed only by accurate Blood Pressure (BP) measurement. Methods: Technique of BP measurement and patient, equipment and examiner related standards will be described in detail after reviewing the literature and the recommendations of the hypertension guidelines. Results: The gold standard device for accurate office BP measurement is a calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer. Other non-mercury devices: aneroid (mechanical), semiautomatic and automatic (electronic, digital) devices can be used and will regrettably become increasingly important because of the progressive restriction on mercury use.

정적형 유량계를 이용한 소닉노즐 유출계수 교정 방법에 관한 연구

진공용 기체 유동측정 표준기로 사용하고자 소닉노즐을 ISO 9300에서 제시한 사양에 맞추어 목직경 0.03 mm와 0.2 mm의 소닉 노즐을 제작하였다. 한국표준과학연구원에서 진공용 유량측정 장치로 개발된 정적형 유량계를 이용하여 제작된 2종의 소닉노즐의 유출계수를 확장불확도 3% 이내로 교정하였다. 교정된 소닉노즐의 유량 측정범위는 약 0.6~1,800 cc/min 범위를 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 사용유동 조건에 해당되는 레이놀드 수(Reynolds number) 범위는 26~12,100으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 교정된 소닉노즐을 이용하여 진공공정에서 필요한 극 미세 유량의 정밀측정을 가능하게 한 새로운 연구결과로 판단된다. 교정된 소닉노즐을 이용하여 진공펌프의 배기속도 측정결과는 기 구축된 정적법을 이용한 배기속도 측정결과와 1% 이내의 오차범위내로 매우 잘 일치함을 보였다. 교정된 소닉노즐은 향후 반도체 및 디스플레이 공정에 사용되는 다양한 건식 진공펌프들의 배기속도를 현장에서 간단하게 평가할 수 있는 현장 성능평가 장치에 활용할 예정이며, 현재 공정현장에서 배기속도 측정에 널리 사용중인 MFC를 대체할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. Sonic nozzles have been a standard device for measurement of steady state gas flow, as recommended in ISO 9300. This paper introduces two sonic nozzles of diameter <TEX>${\Phi}$</TEX> 0.03 mm and <TEX>${\Phi}$</TEX> 0.2 mm precisely machined according to ISO 9300. The constant volume flow meter(CVFM), readily set up in the Vacuum center of KRISS. was used to calibrate the discharge coefficients of both nozzles. The calibration results were shown to determine them within the 3% expanded measurement uncertainty. Calibrated sonic nozzles were found to be applicable for precision measurement of steady state gas flow in the vacuum process in the ranges of 0.6~1,800 cc/min. Those flow conditions are equivalent to the fine gas flow with Reynolds numbers of 26~12,100. Those encouraging results confirm that calibrated sonic nozzles enable precision measurement of extremely low gas flow encountered very often in th vacuum processes. Both calibrated sonic nozzles are proven to provide the precision measurement of the volume flow rate of the dry vacuum pump within one percent difference in reference to CVFM. Calibrated sonic nozzles are applied to a new 'in-situ and in-field' equipment designed to measure the volume flow rate of vacuum pumps in the semiconductor and flat display processes. Furthermore, they can provide other applications to flow control devices in vacuum, such as MFC, etc.