Sample Standard Deviation Research Articles

Beta-binomial meta-analysis of individual differences based on sample means and standard deviations: Studying reliability of sum scores of binary items.

Individual differences are studied with a multitude of test instruments. Meta-analysis of tests is useful to understand whether individual differences in certain populations can be detected with the help of a class of tests. A method for the quantitative meta-analytical evaluation of test instruments with dichotomous items is introduced. The method assumes beta-binomially distributed test scores, an assumption that has been demonstrated to be plausible in many settings. With this assumption, the method only requires sample means and standard deviations of sum scores (or equivalently means and standard deviations of percent-correct scores), in contrast to methods that use estimates of reliability for a similar purpose. Two parameters are estimated for each sample: mean difficulty and an overdispersion parameter which can be interpreted as the test's ability to detect individual differences. The proposed bivariate meta-analytical approach (random or fixed effects) pools the two parameters simultaneously and allows to perform meta-regression. The bivariate pooling yields a between-sample correlation of mean difficulty parameters and overdispersion parameters. As a side product, reliability estimates are obtained which can be employed to disattenuate correlation coefficients for insufficient reliability when no other estimates are available. A worked example illustrates the method and R code is provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Serum soluble alpha-klotho klotho and cognitive functioning in older adults aged 60 and 79: an analysis of cross-sectional data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2014

ObjectivesKlotho, consisting of membrane klotho and soluble alpha-klotho, is found to be associated with better cognitive outcomes in small samples of the aged population. We aimed to examine the association of serum soluble alpha-klotho with cognitive functioning among older adults using a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults.MethodA total of 2,173 U.S. older adults aged 60–79 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2014 were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Serum soluble alpha-klotho was measured in the laboratory and analyzed with an ELISA kit. Cognitive function was measured using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word Learning subtest (CERAD-WL) immediate and delayed memory, the Animal fluency test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Test-specific and global cognition z-scores were calculated based on sample means and standard deviations. Multivariable linear regression models were applied to examine the association of quartiles and continuous value of serum soluble alpha-klotho with test-specific and global cognition z-scores. Subgroup analysis was conducted by sex. The following covariates were included in the analysis- age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, depressive symptoms, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, stroke, prevalent coronary heart disease, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure. All the information was self-reported or obtained from health exams.ResultsSerum soluble alpha-klotho level in the lowest quartile was associated with lower z-scores for DSST (beta [β] =-0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.25, -0.01). For subgroup analysis, serum soluble alpha-klotho level in the lowest quartile was associated with lower z-scores for DSST (β=-0.16, 95% CI: -0.32, -0.003) and global cognition (β=-0.14, 95% CI: -0.28, -0.01) among female participants. No association was found between continuous serum soluble alpha-klotho and cognitive functioning among the participants.ConclusionsLower serum soluble alpha-klotho quartile was associated with poorer cognitive functioning among older women. Future studies are expected to examine the longitudinal association between klotho levels and cognitive outcomes.

Evaluating Bitcoin Price Volatility Forecasting Models: A Comparative Analysis

This paper conducts an extensive analysis of Bitcoin return series, with a primary focus on three volatility metrics: historical volatility (calculated as the sample standard deviation), forecasted volatility (derived from GARCH-type models), and implied volatility (computed from the emerging Bitcoin options market). These measures of volatility serve as indicators of market expectations for conditional volatility and are compared to elucidate their differences and similarities. The central finding of this study underscores a notably high expected level of volatility, both on a daily and annual basis, across all the methodologies employed. However, it's important to emphasise the potential challenges stemming from suboptimal liquidity in the Bitcoin options market. These liquidity constraints may lead to discrepancies in the computed values of implied volatility, particularly in scenarios involving extreme money or maturity. This analysis provides valuable insights into Bitcoin's volatility landscape, shedding light on the unique characteristics and dynamics of this cryptocurrency within the context of financial markets.© 2024 The Author(s). Published by RITHA Publishing. This article is distributed under the terms of the license CC-BY 4.0., which permits any further distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Association between serum estradiol levels and cognitive function in older women: a cross-sectional analysis.

Estradiol is a sex steroid hormone, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between serum estradiol levels and cognitive performance in older American women. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014. A total of 731 women aged ≥60 years who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Serum estradiol levels were measured using the isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) method developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for routine analysis. All measured serum levels were further divided into three parts: T1, <3.68 pg./mL; T2, 3.68-7.49 pg./mL; T3, >7.49 pg./mL, and analyzed. Participants' cognitive abilities were tested using the Vocabulary Learning Subtest (CERAD), Animal Fluency Test (AFS), and digital symbol substitution test (DSST). Scores for each test were calculated based on the sample mean and standard deviation (SD). To examine the relationship between serum estradiol level tertiles and cognitive scores, multiple linear regression models were developed, controlling for race/ethnicity, education level, hypertension, diabetes, and insomnia. The mean age of the participants was 69.57 ± 6.68 years. The non-Hispanic whites were 78.95%, and those who had completed at least some college-level education were 60.62%. The mean BMI of the participants was 29.30 ± 6.79, and 10.85% had a history of smoking. Further, 73.41% did not have a history of alcohol consumption, and 63.03% had hypertension (63.03%). In addition, 81.81 and 88.3% did not have a history of diabetes mellitus and did not have sleep disorders, respectively. The mean serum estradiol level was 8.48 ± 0.77 pg./mL. Multivariate linear regression of the reference group consisting of participants in tertiles of serum estradiol levels revealed that one unit increase in serum estradiol levels increased DSST scores by 0.61 (0.87, 6.34) in the T3 group. However, no significant correlation was found in the CERAD and AFS tests. Participants with higher estradiol levels had higher DSST scores and better processing speed, sustained attention, and working memory, suggesting that serum estradiol may serve as a biomarker for cognitive decline in older women.

Optimal estimation of reliability parameter for inverse Pareto distribution with application to insurance data

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop optimal estimation procedures for the stress-strength reliability (SSR) parameter R = P(X > Y) of an inverse Pareto distribution (IPD).Design/methodology/approachWe estimate the SSR parameter R = P(X > Y) of the IPD under the minimum risk and bounded risk point estimation problems, where X and Y are strength and stress variables, respectively. The total loss function considered is a combination of estimation error (squared error) and cost, utilizing which we minimize the associated risk in order to estimate the reliability parameter. As no fixed-sample technique can be used to solve the proposed point estimation problems, we propose some “cost and time efficient” adaptive sampling techniques (two-stage and purely sequential sampling methods) to tackle them.FindingsWe state important results based on the proposed sampling methodologies. These include estimations of the expected sample size, standard deviation (SD) and mean square error (MSE) of the terminal estimator of reliability parameters. The theoretical values of reliability parameters and the associated sample size and risk functions are well supported by exhaustive simulation analyses. The applicability of our suggested methodology is further corroborated by a real dataset based on insurance claims.Originality/valueThis study will be useful for scenarios where various logistical concerns are involved in the reliability analysis. The methodologies proposed in this study can reduce the number of sampling operations substantially and save time and cost to a great extent.

Issues in assessing analytical performance specifications in healthcare systems assembling multiple laboratories and measuring systems.

Analytical performance specifications (APS) are usually compared to the intermediate reproducibility uncertainty of measuring a particular measurand using a single invitro diagnostic medical device (IVD MD). Healthcare systems assembling multiple laboratories that include several IVD MDs and cater to patients suffering from long-term disease conditions mean that samples from apatient are analyzed using a few IVD MDs, sometimes fromdifferent manufacturers, but rarely all IVD MDs in thehealthcare system. The reproducibility uncertainty for results of a measurand measured within a healthcare system and the components of this measurement uncertainty is useful in strategies to minimize bias and overall measurement uncertainty within the healthcare system. The root mean squares deviation (RMSD) calculated as the sample standard deviation (SD) and relative SD includes both imprecision and bias and is appropriate for expressing such uncertainties. Results from commutable stabilized internal and external control samples, from measuring split natural patient samples or using big-data techniques, are essential in monitoring bias and measurement uncertainties in healthcare systems. Variance component analysis (VCA) can be employed to quantify the relative contributions of the most influential factors causing measurement uncertainty. Such results represent invaluable information for minimizing measurement uncertainty in the interest of the healthcare system's patients.

Relief of Residual Stress in Bulk Thermosets in the Glassy State by Local Bond Exchange.

The covalently cross-linked network gives thermosets superior thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties, which, however, squarely makes the large residual stress that is inevitably induced during preparation hardly relieved in the glassy state. In this work, an incredible reduction in residual stress is successfully achieved in bulk thermosets in the glassy state through introducing highly dynamic thiocarbamate bonds by "click" reactions of thiols and isocyanates. Due to the excellent dynamic behaviors of thiocarbamate bonds, local network rearrangement is achieved through thermal stimulation, while the strong 3D cross-linked network is well maintained. Ultimately, a decrease by 44% in residual stress is detected by simply annealing samples at 30°C below glass transition temperature (Tg), during which they could well maintain more than 98.4% of the storage modulus. After the annealing, more uniform residual stress distribution is also observed, showing a 32% decline in sample standard deviation. However, the residual stress of epoxy resin, a typical thermoset as a reference, changes little even after annealing at Tg. The results prove it a feasible strategy to reduce residual stress in bulk thermosets in the glassy state by introducing proper dynamic covalent bonds.

Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention of the Senior High School Students

Entrepreneurial intention is the foundation for any decision to start a business or endeavor, making it a more significant predictor of future entrepreneurial participation. Since it is the most critical predictor of entrepreneurial behavior and a crucial component in comprehending the process of launching new business ventures, this study aimed to identify the factors that influence the entrepreneurial intentions of the Senior High School Students of St. Paul University Surigao. This study applied the quantitative research design employing a descriptive survey technique with 275 respondents. The main instrument employed in gathering necessary data was the researcher-made questionnaire. The collected data were treated using sample percentage, mean and standard deviation, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed a significant difference in the factors influencing the entrepreneurial intention of the senior high school students when grouped according to their family business and strand. The research results could serve as background knowledge and a framework for future researchers doing deeper investigations similar to this study.

Adjusting for false discoveries in constraint-based differential metabolic flux analysis

One of the critical steps to characterize metabolic alterations in multifactorial diseases, as well as their heterogeneity across different patients, is the identification of reactions that exhibit significantly different usage (or flux) between cohorts. However, since metabolic fluxes cannot be determined directly, researchers typically use constraint-based metabolic network models, customized on post-genomics datasets. The use of random sampling within the feasible region of metabolic networks is becoming more prevalent for comparing these networks. While many algorithms have been proposed and compared for efficiently and uniformly sampling the feasible region of metabolic networks, their impact on the risk of making false discoveries when comparing different samples has not been investigated yet, and no sampling strategy has been so far specifically designed to mitigate the problem.To be able to precisely assess the False Discovery Rate (FDR), in this work we compared different samples obtained from the very same metabolic model. We compared the FDR obtained for different model scales, sample sizes, parameters of the sampling algorithm, and strategies to filter out non-significant variations. To be able to compare the largely used hit-and-run strategy with the much less investigated corner-based strategy, we first assessed the intrinsic capability of current corner-based algorithms and of a newly proposed one to visit all vertices of a constraint-based region.We show that false discoveries can occur at high rates even for large samples of small-scale networks. However, we demonstrate that a statistical test based on the empirical null distribution of Kullback–Leibler divergence can effectively correct for false discoveries. We also show that our proposed corner-based algorithm is more efficient than state-of-the-art alternatives and much less prone to false discoveries than hit-and-run strategies. We report that the differences in the marginal distributions obtained with the two strategies are related to but not fully explained by differences in sample standard deviation, as previously thought. Overall, our study provides insights into the impact of sampling strategies on FDR in metabolic network analysis and offers new guidelines for more robust and reproducible analyses.

A robust alternative to the Lilliefors test of normality

The Lilliefors test of normality is a popular and easy-to-explain method for testing whether a sample comes from a normal distribution. Unfortunately, since it relies on the sample mean and sample standard deviation for estimating the parameters of the normal distribution, the Lilliefors test is quite sensitive to the presence of outliers. Contrarily to what could be expected, the substitution of the estimators of location and scale by robust alternatives still does not suffice for obtaining a robust method when either the number of outliers or the sample size is large. In this paper, we propose an actual robust alternative relying on classical and data-driven trimming techniques. The presented test depends on the choice of a subsetting technique, of which we explore three possibilities, and of one parameter, which models the robustness of the test in the presence of outliers. As expected, the choice of parameter is a delicate issue since the gain in robustness comes at the price of a reduced power against some types of alternatives.

A112: Effects of Healthy Physical Education Curriculum Model of China on Student Physical Fitness

Purpose: The development of Healthy Physical Education Curriculum Model of China (HPE-C) was aimed for students’ physical and mental health. Some studies have proved that the application of HPE-C can effectively improve Chinese primary and secondary school students' physical fitness. However, the results of these studies were not uniform due to the differences in intervention methods, experimental periods, and regions. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to specifically synthesize the evidence for HPE-C for Chinese primary and secondary school students’ physical fitness. Methods: An extensive online search, utilizing keywords such as 'Healthy Physical Education Curriculum Model of China,' 'Primary school,' 'Middle school,' 'High school,' 'Application effect,' and 'Experimental study,' yielded over 80 published studies within the past 7 years. The databases employed for the search included CNKI, CQVIP, and the WanFang database. The eligibility criteria required that the research: (a) had full-text availability, (b) involved primary and secondary students aged 7-18 years in China, (c) conducted a randomized controlled trial or quasi-experiment, and (d) reported essential parameters such as sample size, mean difference, and standard deviation. Since the outcome measures were continuous variables, mean difference or standardized mean difference was utilized. Effect sizes, along with 95% confidence intervals, were calculated using Review Manager 5.4 software, and the heterogeneity among effect sizes was assessed through I² statistics. Results: A total of 81 studies and articles were considered for inclusion and 11 studies qualified for this review. Seven studies used 50-meter running to test the speed quality of students, had an effect size of -0.24, 95%CI[-0.30,-0.18], Z=7.73 (p &lt; 0.00001). Five studies used sit and reach to test the flexibility quality of students, had an effect size (mean difference) of 0.59, 95%CI[-0.03,1.20]， Z=1.87(p=0.06). Four studies used stand long jump to test the strength quality of students with an effect size (mean difference) of 4.66, 95%CI[2.16,7.17], Z=3.65(p=0.0003). Five studies tested the student’s endurance quality with 1000-meter running for male students and 800-meter running for female students, had an effect standardized mean difference of -12.56, 95%CI[-20.47,-4.65], Z=3.11(p=0.002). Conclusions: This meta-analysis shows that the application of HPE-C had an significant effect on the speed, strength and endurance of Chinese primary and secondary school students, but the effects on flexibility is not significant. Teachers should attach importance to the exercise of students' flexibility in order to promote the all-round development of students' physical fitness when applying HPE-C.

Safety assessment in dams due to downstream slope anomalies

Recent cases of tailings dam failure in Brazil have demonstrated in the current methods of safety assessment of these structures. One of the most employed methods is the evaluation through routine inspections and audits, but this method is considered non-deterministic and affected by the expertise of the evaluator. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of anomalies commonly found in safety inspections to measure the impact of these anomalies on the dam safety factor. The study was limited to numerical simulations of five types of dams (three downstream and two upstream dams), with varying embankment and tailings strength parameters, simulating different magnitudes of downstream slope anomalies (cracks, scour, and resurgence), totaling a sample space of 270 analyses. The results show that there were average reductions in safety ranging from 4% to 10% for scour simulations, 8% to 25% for resurgence, and 9% to 24% for cracking. The sample standard deviation of the analyses ranged from 8 to 12%. It was also observed that the combined effect of the anomalies showed proportional overlapping effects in reducing the range of safety. It was concluded that the simulated failures are important variables to be evaluated in inspections, not only for demonstrate deviations in the operation and maintenance of structures, but also to predict the magnitude of these failures in dam designs.

Meta-Analisis : Efektivitas Multimedia Interaktif terhadap Peningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of interactive multimedia on student learning outcomes by analyzing 15 articles that can be accessed from Google Scholar, Garuda, and Mendeley. These articles were published in non-accredited journals, accredited Sinta, and indexed by Copernicus or Scopus with 5 different sample levels, namely: Elementary School, Middle School, High School, Vocational High School, and College. The use of interactive multimedia contains text, graphics, audio and moving images (video) which can be displayed via projector and laptop screens. This research method uses a meta-analysis method, namely by comparing research data from control and experimental groups in the form of sample size (N), Standard Deviation (SD), and learning outcomes (X). The data was analyzed statistically to see the effect size value. Based on the results of the analysis test, it was found that from the 15 articles analyzed, the average effect size was 1.146 with a P-Value &lt; 0.001 (P-Value &lt; 0.05), which means that learning using multimedia is very effective or has an influence on student learning outcomes. Next, to see at which level the effectiveness value is higher, the analysis results found that the estimated value at the elementary school level was 1.719 (more effective), followed by the tertiary level with an estimate of 1.707.

Variability of N-SPT-Correlated Undrained Shear Strength of Alluvial Deposit in Doplang Region, Central Java, Indonesia

The need to better quantify the variability of soil shear strength and its relations with the factor of safety is increasing in Indonesia. However, this aspect has not yet been studied thoroughly. This paper presents an attempt to quantify the variability of undrained shear strength in relation with the factor of safety of an alluvial deposit in the Doplang region, Central Java, Indonesia. A relationship between the undrained shear strength, su, and N-SPT for the deposit was found as su = 3.4 N-SPT. The variability of the undrained shear strength was quantified utilizing the coefficient of variance, s/m (the sample standard deviation, s over the mean, m) of the N-SPT correlated undrained shear strength. The variability of the undrained shear strength was investigated for the soil near ground surface. The deposit had a value of s/m ranging from 0.15 to 0.25 near ground surface. The variation of s/m tended to follow normal and lognormal distributions. Relationships among the coefficient of variance, the probability of failure, and the factor of safety in terms of soil strength for normal and lognormal distributions were developed. For the value of s/m near ground surface, the relationship between the probability of failure and factor of safety was obtained.

Effect of SETS Based Problem Based Learning on Student's Creative Thinking Ability

This study aims to determine the effect of the size of the influence of the SETS-based Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on students' creative thinking ability. This research is Quantitative research with meta-analysis method. Data sources come from national and international journals. The inclusion criteria in the research are research obtained through the google Scholar, IEEE, ERIC, ScienceDirect and ProQuest databases, research published in 2019-2023, research indexed by SINTA, Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus, Research related to Sports and Health Physical Education subjects, Research must have experimental classes with SETS-based Problem Based Learning models and conventional control model classes, and the study must have a sample size(N), Mean, and Standard deviation (SD). Data analysis in this study with the JSAP application. The results of the analysis of 18 studies concluded that there was a positive influence of the SETS-based Problem Based Learning model on students' creative thinking ability (rE = 0.848; Z = 5.109; p &lt; 0.001). This finding explains that the SETS-based Problem Based Learning model has a high influence on students' creative thinking skills in learning Physical Education, Sports and Health

SERUM SOLUBLE ALPHA-KLOTHO AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN OLDER ADULTS AGED 60 AND 79

Abstract Objectives We aimed to examine the association of serum soluble alpha-klotho with cognitive functioning among older adults using a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults. Method: A total of 2,173 U.S. older adults aged 60-79 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2014 were included. Serum soluble alpha-klotho was measured in the laboratory. Cognitive function was measured using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word Learning subtest (CERAD-WL) immediate and delayed memory, the Animal fluency test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Test-specific and global cognition z-scores were calculated based on sample means and standard deviations. Multivariable linear regression models were applied to examine the association of quartiles of serum soluble alpha-klotho with test-specific and global cognition z-scores. Subgroup analysis was conducted by sex. The following covariates were included in the analysis- age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, depressive symptoms, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, stroke, prevalent coronary heart disease, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure. Results Serum soluble alpha-klotho level in the lowest quartile was associated with lower z-scores for DSST (beta [β] =-0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.25, -0.01). For subgroup analysis, serum soluble alpha-klotho level in the lowest quartile was associated with lower z-scores for DSST (β=-0.16, 95% CI: -0.32, -0.003) and global cognition (β=-0.14, 95% CI: -0.28, -0.01) among female participants. No significant association was found among male participants. Conclusions Lower serum soluble alpha-klotho level was associated with poorer cognitive functioning among older women.

Stability assessment of immunobiological medicinal products manufacturing for veterinary use with Shewhart control charts

According to the current Rules of Good Manufacturing Practice of the Eurasian Economic Union, the principles of risk management for product quality must be applied to all aspects of the production and use of medicines for medical and veterinary purposes. The recommended quality risk management method used by regulators is the Shewhart Chart. Control charts, proposed in 1924 by W. Shewhart, are a graphical tool for applying statistical principles to process control. Statistical process control is a methodology for establishing and maintaining production at an acceptable and stable level, providing the required product quality. Control charts are used to collect data during the continuous recording of the characteristics of the quality of manufactured products. As a result of continuous analysis of information, control charts help to identify unusual patterns of data variation and take preventive measures to eliminate them and increase process stability. The use of Shewhart maps leads to a more detailed understanding of the process and helps to discover ways for valuable improvements. The purpose of the work is to assess the stability of the production of immunobiological medicinal products for veterinary use using Shewhart's control charts. The immunobiological drug "Oralrabivak" produced at the Schelkovo Biokombinat FKP was used as a model object. We used control charts of individual values (X-chart) and moving ranges (Rm-chart) and maps of mean values (-chart) and sample standard deviations (s-chart). The assessment of the stability of the production of Oralrabivak using Shewhart's control charts showed that during two production cycles (2021 and 2022) the technological process was in a state of statistical controllability. To improve the process and ensure the quality of the finished product, the specialists of the enterprise have taken preventive measures. The methodology of control charts made it possible to visualize and study in detail a new production process for the enterprise for a deeper understanding of its features by the specialists of the enterprise and further improvement.

Generation of keyboard handwriting during user authentication on mobile devices

Objectives. This article discusses a new way of generating keyboard handwriting using a touch keyboard for authentication in currently existing mobile systems.Methods. Due to the insufficient reliability of single password authentication, the proposal is to use it in combination with characteristics which correspond to handwriting on mobile devices. This article demonstrates the possibility of using individual user characteristics in the formulation of keyboard handwriting on devices with touch keyboards. The type of keyboard used affects the characteristics of keyboard handwriting, so this aspect can be used to improve password authentication reliability. The authentication process in the information environment can be supplemented with data on the nature of the impact on a touch keyboard. The use of the built-in 3D Touch function is also of interest. This is available when working on mobile devices and appliances equipped with a touch keyboard. The paper demonstrates that the use of one parameter only is insufficient for accurate authentication. The study proposes a method of determining an acceptable error range for both the touch force and the intermediate interval during authentication. For this purpose, the Laplace function which formulates the interval of each characteristic depending on the required probability of user recognition is used.Results. Touch force and the intermediate interval are sufficient to obtain the necessary characteristics, in order to formulate a refined user portrait depending on the user’s keyboard handwriting. Experimental statistics are given separately for an average sample of three different users depending on touch force. They also provide the results of authentication when using both standard deviations of pressing and the intervals when using the touch keyboard for the iOSXcode platform.Conclusions. The conclusion relates to the possibility of user authentication by keyboard handwriting, formulated on the basis of both the touch force on the keyboard symbols and intervals between pressing. Using the values of the sample mean and standard deviations allows authentication according to the required recognition probability.

Does the Guided Inquiry Model Improve Student's Problem Solving Thinking Ability? Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of guided inquiry models to improve students' problem-solving abilities. This type of research is a meta-analysis. The inclusion criteria in research are publications from reputable international journals and proceedings; Research must be experimented with guided inquiry learning models and conventional control class models; Research obtained from google scholar database; Hindawi, ScienceDirect, ERIC and IEEE; research related to guided inquiry and problem solving models; The study was published in 2013-2023 and the study had a sample size (N), mean value and standard deviation (SD). The results of the analysis of 18 studies suggest that there is a significant influence of guided inquiry models on problem-solving ability (Z = 9.29; p &lt; 0.001; 95 % Confidence Interval [0.581; 1.245]. Effect size criteria are high with (rRE= 0.849]. This finding explains that the guided inquiry model has a significant effect on students' problem-solving abilities

Pengaruh media pembelajaran digital terhadap hasil belajar matematika: meta analisis

Therefore, this study aims to determine the influence of digital-based learning media on mathematics learning outcomes, which is examined based on the aspects of educational levels, digital-medias used, and learning materials. The research method is a systematic literature review with meta-analysis. The instrument used is form of article coding sheet containing data for meta-analysis in the form is sample size, mean, and standard deviation of control groups and experiments from articles that have been selected based on the results in the Publish or Perish application and effect size calculations assisted by the OpenMEE application. The result of this study indicates that digital-based learning media has positive influence of 1.115 on mathematics learning outcomes from the 21 articles that were meta-analyzed. Firstly, in terms of education level, digital-based learning media is more effectively used at the elementary level by 1.415. Secondly, in terms of the media used, digital-based learning media is more effective using Macromedia Flash of 1.028. Lastly, in terms of the learning material, digital-based learning media is more effective in Dimensi Tiga by 1.812.