Standard Temperature Conditions Research Articles

Natural Attenuation as a Decontamination Approach for SARS-CoV-2 on Library Materials

Based on the current scientific understanding regarding COVID-19, this article presents the results of new studies (Tests 4, 5, 6), conducted by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), in partnership with Battelle. The purpose of the experiments is to determine how long frequently circulated library, museum and archival materials should be quarantined before being put back into public circulation.Each test has been conducted by applying the virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus on various materials held at standard room temperature and relative humidity conditions, and then examining the rate of natural attenuation of the virus. The items were not sterilized before testing. Battelle propagated the clinical isolate of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in-house, followed by characterization and testing to establish a certified titer. The materials in Test 4 included binding and cover items placed in a stacked configuration to imitate the common practice that libraries employ when handling book/DVD returns, as well as expanded polyethylene foam, which is typically used in museums for storage and shipping. Test 5 focused on textiles, while Test 6 included building materials (glass, marble, brass, laminate, and powder-coated steel). Test coupons cut from the materials were inoculated with active virus, and then allowed to dry. The test coupons were then examined at the following timepoints: on the second, third, fourth and sixth day (Test 4); on the second, fourth, sixth and eighth day (Tests 5 and 6). The results of the tests showed how much virus was detectable at the selected timepoints. In Test 4, the virus was still detected on all the five materials after six days. In Test 5, the virus was still detected on leather and synthetic leather publication after eight days. In Test 6, the virus was not detected on the tested materials after six days.This publication is provided for informational purposes only, and readers are encouraged to review federal, regional, and local guidance. The authors, sponsors and researchers are not liable for any damages resulting from use, misuse, or reliance upon this information, or any errors or omissions herein.

Natural Attenuation as a Decontamination Approach for SARS-CoV-2 on Library Materials

Based on the current scientific understanding regarding COVID-19, this article presents the results of new studies (Tests 4, 5, 6), conducted by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), in partnership with Battelle. The purpose of the experiments is to determine how long frequently circulated library, museum and archival materials should be quarantined before being put back into public circulation.Each test has been conducted by applying the virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus on various materials held at standard room temperature and relative humidity conditions, and then examining the rate of natural attenuation of the virus. The items were not sterilized before testing. Battelle propagated the clinical isolate of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in-house, followed by characterization and testing to establish a certified titer. The materials in Test 4 included binding and cover items placed in a stacked configuration to imitate the common practice that libraries employ when handling book/DVD returns, as well as expanded polyethylene foam, which is typically used in museums for storage and shipping. Test 5 focused on textiles, while Test 6 included building materials (glass, marble, brass, laminate, and powder-coated steel). Test coupons cut from the materials were inoculated with active virus, and then allowed to dry. The test coupons were then examined at the following timepoints: on the second, third, fourth and sixth day (Test 4); on the second, fourth, sixth and eighth day (Tests 5 and 6). The results of the tests showed how much virus was detectable at the selected timepoints. In Test 4, the virus was still detected on all the five materials after six days. In Test 5, the virus was still detected on leather and synthetic leather publication after eight days. In Test 6, the virus was not detected on the tested materials after six days.This publication is provided for informational purposes only, and readers are encouraged to review federal, regional, and local guidance. The authors, sponsors and researchers are not liable for any damages resulting from use, misuse, or reliance upon this information, or any errors or omissions herein.

Der Einfluss der moderaten Hypothermie bei 28 °C auf die Gerinnungs- und Thrombozytenfunktion – Untersuchung in einem In-vitro-Chandler-Loop-Modell

In the use of hypothermia in cardiac surgery an increased risk of bleeding is noticeable intra- and postoperatively. So far, the effects on coagulation and platelets caused by complex interactions between the extracorporeal circulation (ECC), surgical trauma and the effects of hypothermia prevent a clinical investigation of the cause of hypothermia associated bleeding in cardiac surgery. Methods: Using a Chandler-Loop blood flow model the effects of hypothermia could be studied under in-vitro conditions isolated from other competing factors. In the experimental group blood samples of three adult probands were cooled down from 37 °C to 28 °C and reheated at standardized temperature and flow conditions. During the measurements blood samples were taken at four checkpoints from the Chandler-Loops. A normothermic series of measurements served as a control group. Coagulation was examined using thrombelastometry and platelet function using impedance aggregometry. Results: Hypothermia irregularly caused a reduced coagulation; however, the platelet function seemed to be unaffected or only reversibly affected. Therefore, a decreased platelet function associated to hypothermia could not be detected via impedance aggregometry. In both groups the effects caused by the circulation in the Chandler-Loops on coagulation and platelet function were more pronounced than the effects caused by hypothermia. Discussion: The effects of hypothermia on coagulation seem to be not as pronounced and uniform as in other studies described. It is instead to assume that only specific components are impaired by cooling whereas the rotation in the Chandler-Loops always leads to measurable contact reactions. The results of the thrombelastomtry indicate that the cause for an impaired coagulation under hypothermia are reduced protein kinetics and a decreased platelet function. The reversible effects of hypothermia on platelets may account for the lack of measurable alterations in platelet function when using the Multiplate method. This being the case hypothermia caused impairment of platelet function could not be detected using the Multiplate method under clinical conditions.

Parameter Extraction of Photovoltaic Module Using Tunicate Swarm Algorithm

In the renewable energy sector, the extraction of parameters for solar photovoltaic (PV) cells is a widely studied area of research. Parameter extraction is a non-linear complex optimization problem for solar PV cells. In this research work, the authors have implemented the Tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA) to estimate the optimized value of the unknown parameters of a PV cell/module under standard temperature conditions. The simulation results have been compared with four different, pre-existing optimization algorithms: gravitational search algorithm (GSA), a hybrid of particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm (PSOGSA), sine cosine (SCA), and whale optimization (WOA). The comparison of results broadly demonstrates that the TSA algorithm outperforms the existing optimization algorithms in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) and convergence rate. Furthermore, the statistical results confirm that the TSA algorithm is a better algorithm in terms of average robustness and precision. The Friedman ranking test is also carried out to demonstrate the competency and reliability of the implemented approach.

Thermoneutrality Alters Gastrointestinal Antigen Passage Patterning and Predisposes to Oral Antigen Sensitization in Mice.

Food allergy is an emerging epidemic, and the underlying mechanisms are not well defined partly due to the lack of robust adjuvant free experimental models of dietary antigen sensitization. As housing mice at thermoneutrality (Tn) - the temperature of metabolic homeostasis (26–30°C) – has been shown to improve modeling various human diseases involved in inflammation, we tested the impact of Tn housing on an experimental model of food sensitization. Here we demonstrate that WT BALB/c mice housed under standard temperature (18–20°C, Ts) conditions translocated the luminal antigens in the small intestine (SI) across the epithelium via goblet cell antigen passages (GAPs). In contrast, food allergy sensitive Il4raF709 mice housed under standard temperature conditions translocated the luminal antigens in the SI across the epithelium via secretory antigen passages (SAPs). Activation of SI antigen passages and oral challenge of Il4raF709 mice with egg allergens at standard temperature predisposed Il4raF709 mice to develop an anaphylactic reaction. Housing Il4raF709 mice at Tn altered systemic type 2 cytokine, IL-4, and the landscape of SI antigen passage patterning (villus and crypt involvement). Activation of SI antigen passages and oral challenge of Il4raF709 mice with egg antigen under Tn conditions led to the robust induction of egg-specific IgE and development of food-induced mast cell activation and hypovolemic shock. Similarly, Tn housing of WT BALB/c mice altered the cellular patterning of SI antigen passage (GAPs to SAPs). Activation of SI antigen passages and the oral challenge of WT BALB/c mice with egg antigen led to systemic reactivity to egg and mast cell activation. Together these data demonstrate that Tn housing alters antigen passage cellular patterning and landscape, and concurrent oral exposure of egg antigens and SAP activation is sufficient to induce oral antigen sensitization.

Polaron Trapping and Migration in Iron-Doped Lithium Niobate

Photoinduced charge transport in lithium niobate for standard illumination, composition and temperature conditions occurs by means of small polaron hopping either on regular or defective lattice sites. Starting from Marcus-Holstein’s theory for polaron hopping frequency we draw a quantitative picture illustrating two underlying microscopic mechanisms besides experimental observations, namely direct trapping and migration-accelerated polaron trapping transport. Our observations will be referred to the typical outcomes of transient light induced absorption measurements, where the kinetics of a polaron population generated by a laser pulse then decaying towards deep trap sites is measured. Our results help to rationalize the observations beyond simple phenomenological models and may serve as a guide to design the material according to the desired specifications.

Assessing the Level of Concrete Hardening by the Maturity Method

Abstract Curing levels under standardized temperature and humidity conditions of concrete (but also for medium temperature conditions in the range of +5 o C → +35 o C, maximum +40 o C, depending on the type of cement used in the preparation of concrete, in order not to record final resistance losses) can be plotted graphically with a single chart for all concrete grades prepared with the same type of cement at different ages. Each concrete hardening diagram corresponds to a degree of maturation, defined as the area between the average temperature plot of the concrete and the -10 ° C order, over time, so that only resistance based on the temperature measurement during the curing can be evaluated (or the level of hardening) of the concrete necessary for the technological process - decofing, precompression force transfer, acceptance of freezing of the concrete without adverse effects, precast concrete transport etc., but also the necessary times for starting a technological process.

Coal mine gas separation of methane via clathrate hydrate process aided by tetrahydrofuran and amino acids

Coal bed methane (CBM) is an unconventional natural gas resource generated and stored in coal seams. It is currently not commercially viable in many regions due to the high concentration of non-flammable gases such as nitrogen. The CBM separation is crucial for both economic benefit and methane emission reduction. The biggest challenge lies in the separation of low-concentration CBM. Gas separation via gas hydrate is gaining great attraction due to its safe, clean, and economically efficient features. We examined the effects of two environmentally benign amino acids L-tryptophan and L-leucine on hydrate formation from 30% CH4/70% N2 mixture in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF, 5.56 mol%). Experiments were carried out at 283.2 K and 3.0 MPa with different solution volumes to study the impact of gas/liquid volume ratio (calculated at standard pressure and temperature conditions). The lower gas/liquid volume ratio improved the CH4 recovery ratio and separation factor but lowered the kinetics. The effect of amino acid is concentration-dependent. In synergy with 5.56 mol% THF solution (gas/liquid volume ratio of 67/1), L-tryptophan (5000 ppm) enhanced the CH4 recovery ratio from 58.3% to 71.4% and boosted the initial hydrate growth rate by 130%. On the other hand, L-leucine (5000 ppm) showed no obvious impact on the kinetics but achieved the highest CH4 enrichment in the hydrate phase (from 30.0 mol% in the feed gas to 56.8 mol% in the hydrates). The high CH4 recovery ratio, enhanced kinetics, and simplicity of this process demonstrate the potential of developing an efficient and economical recovery method for low-concentration CBM.

The Impact of Short-term Thermal Stress on the Consequent Germination of Dill Seeds

The authors obtained new data on the germination of dill seeds, which were gathered from the first-order and second-order branches, after short-term thermal stress (40 °C). The seeds were germinated in a thermostat. The swollen seeds (4 replications with 100 seeds each) were incubated at 40 °C for 1 to 5 days. The seeds in the control group were not incubated. After the incubation, the seeds were transferred to the standard (t = 20 °C) conditions and germinated on filter paper in Petri dishes without light for 21 days. In this study, the authors employed the dynamic method of seed germination analysis. To plot the seed germination curve, the authors used a log-logistic regression with three parameters: b, d, and e. The statistical analysis was conducted in R 3.4.3. The authors determined the duration of heat stress that inhibits the germination speed and germination rate of seeds. Seeds gathered from the first-order branches (“first-order seeds” from now onward) after 1-day to 3-day incubation germinated similarly to the control group. Increasing the incubation period to 4–5 days sharply reduced the germination speed. Seeds gathered from the second-order branches (“second-order seeds” from now onward) were less resistant to high-temperature stress. Three-day incubation completely precluded germination. The germination time of 50% (T50) of the first-order seeds slowed by 0.92±0.11–6.4±0.49 days because of the gradual increase in incubation time. The second-order seeds that incubated for 1–2 days germinated significantly slower than the control group seeds. After this point, further incubation precluded germination. Upon reaching the incubation threshold, the germination rate curves steepened and then continued falling up to the full germination stop. The maximum incubation time (at 40 °C), after which germination was possible in standard temperature conditions, was 3.69±0.06 days for the first-order seeds, and 2.00±0.19 days for the second-order roots. The differences in data were statistically significant at p-value < 0.001

Copper Recovery From Ammonia Solutions Through Electro-Electrodialysis (EED).

Alkaline leaching with highly selective ammoniacal complexing agents is an interesting alternative for the treatment of copper concentrates. This treatment is beneficial for copper recovery because it allows the formation of soluble amines complexes, with cupric tetramine () being the most stable. In order to suppress the unit operation of solvent extraction (SX) and move directly to the electrochemical process, an electro-electrodialysis (EED) process using ion exchange membranes to obtain copper is proposed. The study contemplates the operation with synthetic ammonia solutions containing copper at different concentrations and current density under standard conditions of pressure and temperature. The presented data demonstrate that the concentration of copper in the solution and the excess of ammonia are inversely related to the efficiency of the current and the voltage of the cell, whereas an increase in current density causes an increase in current efficiency, contrary to what happens in sulfuric systems.

Using a radiant heat test facility to study the options for the fire protection of structures involving coiled MBOR basalt fiber material

Introduction. Coiled MBOR basalt fiber material is used to demonstrate the potential of research into the fire protection of structures using a radiant heat test facility. Research methods. A set of high-power halogen lamps is used to simulate a high temperature impact. The heating intensity is adjusted by changing the voltage applied to the lamps, and it is controlled by the thermocouples that record the temperature of the heated surface of a fire proofing material. The studies have proven efficient for various types of fire proofing and various structures. They are especially relevant in providing rational fire protection of polymer composite structures having relatively low thermal resistance (80…120 °С) due to the fact that they are rarely tested in fired furnaces. Results and discussion. Several options of multilayered MBOR-20F fire proofing were tested. Dependences between time, on the one hand, the surface temperature of protected elements (200 × 300 × 20 mm polyurethane plates), and the temperature between the layers of the fire-proofing material, on the other hand, are presented under standard temperature conditions. Fire protection efficiency improvement by PLAZAS fire-resistant adhesive compound, applied between MBOR layers, is demonstrated. This fireproofing method is applicable not only to metal structures. It demonstrates high fireproofing properties and has a strong potential if applied to fireproof polymer composite structures and products. The measurements, taken by thermocouples in the course of a session of tests, can be used to estimate the thermophysical properties of fireproofing materials exposed to high temperatures, which are rare in most cases, although they are necessary for a thermal analysis. It is demonstrated that similar experiments can also be carried out at nonstandard heating temperatures (for example, when the combustion of fossil fuels is imitated). Conclusions. Experiments, conducted using the radiant heat test facility, and thermal engineering calculations allow to accelerate the selection of the optimal fire protection option and identification of the fireproofing thickness. Moreover, this method allows to reasonably minimize the number of costly fired furnace tests using fullscale samples of fireproofed structures and products.

Fuzzy logic controller based maximum power point tracking and its optimal tuning in photovoltaic systems

Conventionally, the parameters of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) are obtained by a trial and error method or by human experience. In this paper, the problem of designing a FLC for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic system (PV) that consists of a PV generator, a DC-DC boost converter and a lead-acid battery is studied. The normalization gains, the membership functions and the fuzzy rules are automatically adjusted using a particles swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) in order to maximize the criterion based on the integration of the PV module power under standard temperature condition (STC) (T=25?C and S=1000 W/m2). The robustness test of the optimized fuzzy logic MPPT controller (FLC-MPPT) is carried out under different scenarios. Simulation results of the system clearly show that the proposed optimized FLCMPPT controller outperforms in terms of maximum efficiency the FLC-MPPT controller not optimized, the FLC-MPPT controller with optimized normalization gains and the FLC-MPPT controller with optimized normalization gains and membership functions.

Temperature Gradient Evolution (∆t) and Glycaemia as Complementary Parameters for Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Glucose Metabolism Disorders

Background: Anaesthesia and surgical interventions cause significant changes in body temperature and glycaemia control in human and in animals. Different measures were successfully applied to counter these changes. On the other hand, the treatment of acute or chronic glucose metabolism disorders based only on the evolution of serum glucose is not entirely satisfactory, using a device (ADD/) to measure the evolution of core/ deep and surface body temperatures and their difference (∆t), we investigated the relation between ∆t and glycaemia during anaesthesia in healthy and diabetic animals (rats) and during surgical operations in humans. Therefore, we followed the spontaneous evolution of glycaemia and body temperatures during anaesthesia and surgical stress, with or without interventions (insulin and glucose perfusion) to verify/justify the possibility of the intervention monitoring following ∆t evolution. Methods: Fifty two Wistar rats were used, 26 as controls and 26 with an experimental diabetes induced with streptozotocin to investigate the effect of anaesthesia and surgical stress alone. Another group of 26 Wistar rats were used in the same conditions plus insulin and glucose intravenous injection. The experiments were conducted in standard conditions of room temperature. After anaesthetics administration glycaemia was measured every 15-30min. Deep and superficial temperatures and their difference ΔT were registered continuously using an ADD device. Results: In intact anaesthetized animals after a slight elevation during the first 30 minutes, glycaemia decreased regularly with time during anaesthesia body temperature gradient (∆t) absolute values depended on the position of the temperature sensors and on ambient temperature, but their evolution was the same: slight initial decrease, stabilization and slight elevation before waking. Correlation between the two parameters was not evident. Thoracic surgery caused a more pronounced temperature decrease and glycaemia changes than anaesthesia alone (∆t not measured). In diabetic animals, as a rule glycaemia remained high during the operation time, the variations of ∆t values were more important and prolonged, as a rule ∆t was lower in diabetic animals than in healthy ones. Correlation with glycaemia could not be detected. Comparison between investigation results in animals before and after diabetes induction has pointed the important differences due to the disease and confirmed that ∆t reactions always preceded glycaemia ones) that explain the absence of correlation between these parameters). In all the series anaesthetic overdose could cause a temporary negative ∆t even in presence of normo- or hyperglycaemia. Ambient temperature elevation &gt;30°C during the sessions caused an increase of all investigated features absolute values but none of their evolution. Taking into account the quick reaction of ∆t to modifications of external and internal conditions, monitoring glycaemia disorders by balanced insulin and glucose intravenous injection guided by ∆t evolution was tried with positive encouraging results. Clinical observations were added which results were close to the experimental ones, as well when concerning the influence of external (temperature) and internal (anaesthesia), metabolic factors, as when confirm possibility of monitoring insulin administration with energetic feedback. Conclusion: This study confirms that stress, ambient temperature and anaesthesia can alter both glycaemia and body temperature evolution, and that more profoundly in diabetes. It has shown a high sensibility of ∆t to the metabolic changes due to these factors. It ought to allow a valuable algorithm elaboration for glucose and insulin administration in automatic monitoring of energetic balance by a new ADD-CIGT device.

Mathematical modeling bringing the operation of air split conditioners heat pumps to the same internal temperature conditions

Nowadays, the use of heat pumps (HP) of air split-conditioners in air conditioning and heating systems of small industrial, public and residential facilities is becoming more common. It is known that the nominal heat capacity of HP of air split-conditioners is given in catalogs or reference literature under standard outdoor temperature conditions, namely: outdoor air temperature +7oС, indoor air temperature +21oС. At the same time, manufacturers of air split-conditioners do not ensure that, regardless of the size of heating capacity, all air split-conditioners have the same internal temperature conditions, namely: the evaporation temperature of the refrigerant and its condensation temperature. In this case, the thermodynamic efficiency, which can be best assessed by the exergetic output-input ratio (OIR) of different heating capacity of HP of air split-conditioners, is different; this, in our opinion, is incorrect. However, today there is a lack of mathematical models of bringing the operation of air split-conditioners HP to the similar internal temperature conditions, which will allow us to obtain the same exergetic OIR for different heating capacity of HP. To create the mathematical model of bringing the operation of HP of air split-conditioners to the equal internal temperature conditions, we have proposed them, namely: the evaporation temperature of the refrigerant +0.7oC and its condensation temperature +40oC. Taking these temperatures on the basis of the heat balances of the HP evaporator and HP condenser of air split-conditioners, we obtained the dependences for calculating air flow rates on the evaporator and condenser, which respectively maintain the proposed temperatures.

Microparticle separation in a linear Paul trap

We investigated the charged micron-sized particle separation by the alternating electric field in a linear quadrupole electrodynamic trap in open air under standard atmospheric temperature and pressure conditions (STP). In experiments we varied the amplitude of the alternating voltage supplying the electrodynamic trap and used a mixture of charged glassy carbon and alumina particles. The carried out numerical simulations and experimental results showed the mutual influence of the amplitude and frequency of the supplied to the trap electrode voltage on the separation of the different sizes particles. The typical particle charges in simulations were approximately equal to experimentally measured values obtained in a corona discharge.

Utilization of MOSFET transistor as an electronic load to trace I-V and P-V curve of a solar panel

To understand the electrical behavior of a photovoltaic panel, it is necessary to know the characteristic Ipv = f(Vpv). The best way to obtainthis I-V curve is to use a variable resistor. This paper proposes a new and simple technique based on a MOSFET transistor as a variable load, which whose gate voltage is controlled by an RC filter from the Arduino. A comparison under standard temperature and illumination conditions between the manufacturer’s datasheet with the simulation by MATLAB/Simulink on the one hand, and on the other hand between the manufacturer’s datasheet with the experimental data for the evaluation of this technique that has been performed.

Assessment Methods for Fire Durability of Intumescent Fire Protection Coatings

Fire durability of intumescent coatings is their ability to retain their fire-protective properties under fire conditions (under the influence of real temperature conditions of fire). The peculiarities of application of intumescent fire-protective coatings in single-storey buildings on the steel frame with account of fire load are considered. In this study, the fire hazard assessment of single-storey buildings on a steel frame with the use of sandwich panels as enclosing structures is made. The analysis of fire load values has been made. Numerical experiments on estimation of the indoor fire temperature regime have been carried out. For estimation of influence of temperature modes of fire on fire resistance of steel structures the software complex “Fire Dynamics Simulator” was used, which implements the field mathematical model. Various fire temperature modes (temperature-time dependencies) were obtained. Modelling of fire temperature modes was performed without taking into account active fire protection systems. The most critical and unfavourable by their consequences fire scenarios, used later for solving the heat engineering problem, have been chosen by experts. Numerical experiments on heating of steel structures were carried out by solving the heat engineering problem in conditions of non-stationary heat influence at standard temperature conditions according to ISO 834 and at fire temperature conditions obtained by modelling results. The estimation of equivalent fire duration on loss of bearing capacity for steel structures is made. ANSYS mechanical” computing complex was used for modelling the heating of steel structures, which allows us to perform heat engineering calculation of the structure on the basis of its software model.

Investigation and validation of the dynamic response of an acoustically levitated particle using the lattice Boltzmann method

The stable levitation of an analyte sample in an acoustic levitator is a primary requirement for accurate x-ray characterization of its scientific structure. A rigid particle oscillates in an under-damped manner when introduced into the node of established standing acoustic waves. This investigation has employed the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), a computational fluid dynamics technique, for the analysis of such rigid particle dynamics in acoustic levitation. The simulation uses the two dimensional and nine velocity (D2Q9) Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook formulation to levitate a rigid 1.6 mm diameter nylon (ρ = 1150 kg/m3) particle in the air at standard pressure and temperature conditions. The presented work is the first reported simulation of realistic acoustic levitator boundary conditions using the LBM. The simulation can capture the particle–fluid interactions that produce dynamic levitation at less than one-period timescale in the ultrasonic frequency regime. An experiment was conducted by levitating a 1.6 mm-diameter nylon sphere to estimate the oscillations, and the oscillating frequency was found to be 50 Hz. The dynamic simulation results are consistent with experimental results for particle oscillations within the same order of magnitude, indicating that LBM formulation can be successfully used to study acoustic levitation to understand and mitigate particle jitter. The distortion of the acoustic field due to a levitating particle’s presence was also analyzed to demonstrate how the presence of the particle can disrupt adjacent levitating nodes.

Effect of the supplementation of olive leaves and olive cake on growth performance and bone mineralisation of broiler chickens

Effect of the supplementation of olive leaves and olive cake on growth performance and bone mineralisation of broiler chickens

Clean hydrogen production by the hydrolysis of magnesium-based material: Effect of the hydrolysis solution

Autonomous low-pressure hydrogen on demand system was found promising to supply fuel cell technology for light or short distance mobility applications. Among the various hydrogen production technologies, the hydrolysis reaction method of magnesium-based materials is one of the most suitable. Magnesium (Mg) powder ball milled with the simultaneous addition of graphite and nickel under Ar was used as the hydrolysis reagent for hydrogen production. The effects of the solution composition (i.e. NaCl, NH4Cl and HCl) and the temperature (i.e. from 0 °C to 60 °C) of the solution on the hydrolysis performances were discussed. The hydrolysis reaction was complete (i.e. yield = 100%) in less than 5 minutes, except that performed at 0 °C, regardless the hydrolysis solution. The activation energy of the reaction decreases with lowering the pH of the hydrolysis solution. Semi-quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the variation of CH4, CO, CO2 and moisture contents in the hydrogen produced by the hydrolysis. The exothermicity of the reaction and the composition of the hydrolysis solution showed a major impact on the purity of hydrogen. Under standard pressure and ambient temperature conditions, the hydrolysis of magnesium-based materials is considered as a clean hydrogen production technique. Our results should be taken as the starting point to evaluate the purity of the hydrogen produced by the hydrolysis of Mg-based materials according to the ISO standard 14687:2019.