Comparison Of Standards Research Articles

Comparison of deep learning approaches to estimate injury severity from the International Classification of Diseases codes

Objective The injury severity classification based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) provides information that allows for standardized comparisons for injury research. However, the majority of injury data is captured using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which lacks injury severity information. It has been shown that the encoder-decoder-based neural machine translation (NMT) model is more accurate than other methods for determining injury severity from ICD codes. The objectives of this project were to determine if feed-forward neural networks (FFNN) perform as well as NMT and to determine if direct estimation of injury severity is more accurate than using AIS codes as an intermediary (indirect method). Methods Patient data from the National Trauma Data Bank were used to develop and test the four models (NMT/Indirect, NMT/Direct, FFNN/Indirect, FFNN/Direct). There were 2,031,793 cases from 2017–2018 used to train and 1,091,792 cases from 2019 were used for testing. The primary outcome of interest was the percent of cases with the correct binary classification of Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16, using ISS values recorded in NTDB for benchmarking. The secondary outcome was the percent of predicted ISS exactly matching the recorded ISS. Results The results show that indirect estimation through first converting to AIS using an NMT was the most accurate in predicting ISS ≥ 16 (94.0%), followed by direct estimation with FFNN (93.4%), direct estimation with NMT (93.1%), and then indirect estimation with FFNN (93.1%), with statistically significant differences in pairwise comparison. The rankings were the same when evaluating models based on exactly matches of ISS. Training times were similar for all models (range 11–14 h), but testing was much faster for FFNN models (GPU: 1–2 min) compared to the NMT models (GPU: 69–82 min). Conclusions The most accurate method for obtaining injury severity from ICD was NMT using AIS codes as an intermediary (indirect method), although all methods performed well. The indirect NMT model was the most resource intensive in terms of processing time. The optimal approach for researchers will be based on their needs and the computing resources available.

OVERVIEW OF CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF ASSORTMENTS AND COSTS OF BUILDING PROFILES IN UKRAINE

Purpose. The main purpose of the publication is a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the changes associated with the implementation of new standards for rolled steel in recent years in the domestic regulatory framework. Also, an additional purpose is to estimate changes in the cost structure of certain types of rolled metal in Ukraine over the past 5 years. Methodology. In order to achieve the main purpose, both the rolled steel standards currently in force in Ukraine and the canceled previous standards were examined in detail. Comparison of standards for sheet profiles was carried out according to the criteria of the number of standard sizes and the profiles themselves in the standard. Comparison of standards for shaped profiles was carried out according to several criteria – the number of available standard sizes of profiles, the number of profiles themselves, the mass indicators of the largest and smallest profiles, as well as the efficiency indicators (nuclear distance and the square of the radius of inertia) of the largest and smallest profiles according to the standard. To assess changes in the cost structure of assortment profiles of various types, a quantitative comparison of their absolute and relative market value was carried out based on data from open electronic resources for the past 5 years. Findings. At present, in the part of standards for the range of steel products in Ukraine, a systematic and full-fledged update of the regulatory framework is taking place, with the full preservation of our own national heritage. The need to develop and implement a standard for flat hot-rolled broad-banded sheet, specialized and improved standards for hot-rolled bars and for cold-bent square and rectangular profiles, as well as the need to provide the official status of the standard for I-bars with parallel edges of the shelves are the main problematic issues in the part of the assortment normative base at the moment. Originality. In this publication, a theoretical estimation of modern changes in the current normative base of Ukraine, which regulates the issue of the range of steel rolled metal, is presented. In particular, 2 types of sheet metal, 5 types of shaped hot-rolled steel and 3 types of shaped cold-bent profiles, which are the most widely used for steel building structures, were analyzed. The main performance indicators of profiles according to old and new standards are calculated. Practical value. In the practical part of the completed review, changes in the cost structure of the main types of rolled steel over the past 5 years in Ukraine were estimated. The main problematic issues of the current assortment base of Ukraine are separately identified and practical recommendations for their elimination are provided.

Abstract PO4-09-01: Survival of patients harboring a germline ATM pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant and diagnosed with breast cancer: A case-control study

Abstract Introduction: Patients harboring a pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant (PV/LPV) in ATM present an increased lifetime risk of developing breast cancer (BC). The survival outcomes of these patients are not well-known. Methods: Retrospective, multicentric case-control study. Case group included patients with stage I-III breast cancer harboring a PV/LPV in ATM. Control group included patients with stage I-III breast cancer with a negative germline BC multigene panel testing including ATM gene analysis. Clinical outcomes defined as locoregional relapse-free survival (RFS), distant RFS and breast cancer specific survival were compared between cases and controls. Case group was obtained from five hereditary cancer units and control group was obtained from a sporadic clinic-based cohort. Cases and controls were matched 1:2 by stage, molecular subtype by immunohistochemistry, age at BC diagnosis and year of BC diagnosis. Baseline continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation and comparison was performed with Student´s t-test. Baseline categorical variables were presented with number and percentage and comparison were performed using chi-square test. Survival analyses were estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves, the comparison of survival was tested by stratified log-rank testing. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio and confidence intervals. Results: We identified 64 patients (p) with an ATM PV/LPV and 120 controls. Median age at diagnosis was 47 years (28-84) and 46 years (25-88), respectively. The main tumoral characteristics in both groups were ductal (87.5% and 83.5%), luminal B-HER2 negative (37.5% and 45.8%) with histological grade II (54.7% and 58.5%) tumors. Majority of tumors in both groups were diagnosed at stage II (53.1% and 54.2%). Differences between groups were observed in first-degree BC family history (39p (61.9%) vs 51p (43.6%); p=0.02); frequency of multicentric/multifocal tumors (15p (25%) vs 13p (11.1%); p=0.018); contralateral breast cancer (16p (25%) vs 8p (6.7%); p=0.0004) and type of surgery (46.8% conservative surgery in cases and 69.2% in controls; p< 0.001). The result of the germline genetic study was not available for all patients before surgery. Baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 1. With a median follow-up of 6.7 years, we observed more locoregional recurrence and distant recurrence in the control group (ipsilateral local or lymphatic recurrence: 0p (0%) vs 15p (12.5%); p=0.078; metachronic contralateral breast cancer: 7p (12.7%) vs 3p (2.6%); p=0.02; distance recurrence 5p (7.8%) vs 24p (20%); p=0.03. No differences between groups were observed in BC-specific survival analysis, with a median BC-specific survival of 6.24y (4.67-12.1) in patients with ATM and 6.68y (6.12-7.94) in the control group (HR: 1.21 (0.88-1.65); p=0.24). Conclusions: Patients with BC harboring a germline ATM PV/LPV had more multifocal and multicentric disease at diagnosis; and more synchronous and metachronous contralateral BC compared to controls, with no differences in BC-specific survival. Further studies in a larger cohort are warranted to analyze sensitivity to systemic therapies. Table 1. Baseline characteristics of cases and control groups. ER (Estrogen Receptor) positive if > or equal to 1%; PR (Progesterone Receptor) positive if > or equal to 1%; HER2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2); ChTh: Chemotherapy; SLNB: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; AL: Axillar lymphadenectomy Citation Format: Mara Cruellas, Ariadna Roqué, Nuria Dueñas, Iris Teruel, Noemí Tuset Der-Abrain, Alejandra Rezqallah, Víctor Navarro, Laia Joval-Ramentol, Maite Torres, Cristina Saura, Joan Brunet, Judith Balmaña. Survival of patients harboring a germline ATM pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant and diagnosed with breast cancer: A case-control study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-09-01.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LEED CERTIFIED HOSPITALS WITH “YES-TR” IN THE SCOPE OF "GREEN CERTIFICATION"

Sustainability is a major concern for everyone. Diminishing resources and increasing pollution raise questions about, sustainability. This creates a pressure in the world to become more environmentally friendly. A green hospital is an organization that improves people's health and meets its share of the burden of disease by continuously reducing environmental impacts on sustainability. This sector is expected to grow several times over the next decade. Energy savings and water savings are tangible benefits of green hospitals. Increased daylight, faster patient recovery, natural connections, improved hygiene and health are just a few intangible benefits of green hospitals. Criteria have been set worldwide with certificates to qualify hospitals as green. In this context, in Turkey, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change started the YeS-TR: In this study, a comparison of green certification standards in the world and YeS-TR: Green Certificate application was compared with the green certification standards in the World.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LEED CERTIFIED HOSPITALS WITH “YES-TR” IN THE SCOPE OF "GREEN CERTIFICATION"

Sustainability is a major concern for everyone. Diminishing resources and increasing pollution raise questions about, sustainability. This creates a pressure in the world to become more environmentally friendly. A green hospital is an organization that improves people's health and meets its share of the burden of disease by continuously reducing environmental impacts on sustainability. This sector is expected to grow several times over the next decade. Energy savings and water savings are tangible benefits of green hospitals. Increased daylight, faster patient recovery, natural connections, improved hygiene and health are just a few intangible benefits of green hospitals. Criteria have been set worldwide with certificates to qualify hospitals as green. In this context, in Turkey, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change started the YeS-TR: In this study, a comparison of green certification standards in the world and YeS-TR: Green Certificate application was compared with the green certification standards in the World.

Respiratory rate monitoring in ICU patients and healthy volunteers using electrical impedance tomography: a validation study

Objective. The respiratory rate (RR) is considered one of the most informative vital signals. A well-validated standard for RR measurement in mechanically ventilated patient is capnography; a noninvasive technique for expiratory CO2 measurements. Reliable RR measurements in spontaneously breathing patients remains a challenge as continuous mainstream capnography measurements are not available. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of RR measurement using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in healthy volunteers and intensive care unit (ICU) patients on mechanical ventilation and spontaneously breathing post-extubation. Comparator methods included RR derived from both capnography and bioimpedance electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements. Approach. Twenty healthy volunteers wore an EIT belt and ECG electrodes while breathing through a capnometer within a 10–40 breaths per minute (BPM) range. Nineteen ICU patients underwent similar measurements during pressure support ventilation and spontaneously breathing after extubation from mechanical ventilation. Stable periods with regular breathing and no artefacts were selected, and agreement between measurement methods was assessed using Bland–Altman analysis for repeated measurements. Main result. Bland–Altman analysis revealed a bias less than 0.2 BPM, with tight limits of agreement (LOA) ±1.5 BPM in healthy volunteers and ventilated ICU patients when comparing EIT to capnography. Spontaneously breathing ICU patients had wider LOA (±2.5 BPM) when comparing EIT to ECG bioimpedance, but gold standard comparison was unavailable. RR measurements were stable for 91% of the time for capnography, 68% for EIT, and 64% of the ECG bioimpedance signals. After extubation, the percentage of stable periods decreased to 48% for EIT signals and to 55% for ECG bioimpedance. Significance. In periods of stable breathing, EIT demonstrated excellent RR measurement accuracy in healthy volunteers and ICU patients. However, stability of both EIT and ECG bioimpedance RR measurements declined in spontaneously breathing patients to approximately 50% of the time.

Are professional counsellors and psychotherapists prepared to make a greater contribution to the Australian mental health workforce? A comparison of training content and mental health standards

ABSTRACT Objective Professional counsellors and psychotherapists present a potential workforce to contribute to the alleviation of Australia’s mental health crisis. However, a major hurdle for the endorsement of these professions to received public health rebates has been the question whether their training programs meet required standards. Method This discussion paper presents a synthesis of the mental health practice standards of cognate professions receiving rebates for focussed psychological strategies (counselling psychology, mental health accredited social workers, mental health occupational therapy). Secondly, this paper presents a desk review of accredited counselling and psychotherapy training courses and compares these programs with these standards. Results The comparison showed that current content of counselling and psychotherapy training is preparing graduates for practice that is consistent with many mental health standards, including: competence in working with mental health conditions; attending to quality improvement; awareness and responsiveness to diversity; and, working within a client-centred and recovery focused framework. The level of preparation for two standards (knowing and complying with mental health systems and standards; enhancing care through collaboration, service integration and teamwork) is less clear. Discussion These results suggest that according to several indicators, counsellor and psychotherapist training already prepares professionals to work according to current standards. For other standards, recommendations for updates to training programs and credentialling pathways are discussed.

Citizenship and Democracy in the Texas Social Studies Curriculum: A Historical Comparison

Using exploratory qualitative document analysis, this article examines the conceptions of citizenship and democracy in Texas's social studies curriculum standards. In a historical comparison of standards from 2011 and 2018, conceptions of citizenship and democracy are compared to definitions developed by international civic education experts. Citizenship and democracy in the Texas curriculum are identified as inconsistent with the definitions of those terms developed by civic education experts. Instead, the terms are seen to be related to Barber’s (1984/2003) thin democracy and procedural conceptualizations of citizenship. Moreover, conceptions of the terms remain the same from 2011 to 2018. Implications for teacher education and public school practice are discussed. Recommendations for future research are presented. Included among recommendations for future research is the analysis of curriculum documents in additional U.S. states and curriculum documents in countries outside the United States.

Analysis of nationwide soil pesticide pollution: Insights from China

China is a typical agricultural country that heavily relies on pesticides. Some pesticides can remain in the soil after application and thus pose a significant threat to human health. In order to characterize the status and hazards of nationwide soil contamination, this study extracted concentration data from published literature and analyzed them by a scoring approach, standard comparison and health risk assessment. For the soil pollution score, northern regions got the highest values, such as Henan (0.63), Liaoning (0.55), Heilongjiang (0.54) and Jilin (0.53), which implies high soil pesticide residues in these provinces. In contrast, Qinghai (−0.77), Guizhou (−0.64) and Tibet (−0.63) had lower scores. China's soil pesticide standards cover only 16 pesticides, and these pesticide concentrations were all below the corresponding standards. Direct exposure to soil pesticides in this study generally posed a negligible risk to children. Furthermore, pesticide dissipation and usage intensity in each province were analyzed as they were possible influences on pollution. The result showed that soil in the northern regions could accumulate more pesticides than those in the southern regions, and this geographic pattern was basically consistent with the distribution of soil pollution. However, the relationship between agricultural activities and soil pollution was less well characterized. It is recommended to establish a long-term monitoring database for pesticides and include more pesticides in regulatory frameworks. Additionally, efforts to accelerate pesticide degradation and shift the planting structure to reduce pesticide usage can help alleviate the pressure on soil from pesticides. This study can serve as a critical reference for policymakers and stakeholders in the field of agriculture.

Creating an autoencoder single summary metric to assess gait quality to compare surgical outcomes in children with cerebral palsy: The Shriners Gait Index (SGI)

Gait for individuals with movement disorders varies widely and the variability makes it difficult to assess outcomes of surgical and therapeutic interventions. Although specific joints can be assessed by fewer individual measures, gait depends on multiple parameters making an overall assessment metric difficult to determine. A holistic, summary measure can permit a standard comparison of progress throughout treatments and interventions, and permit more straightforward comparison across varied subjects. We propose a single summary metric (the Shriners Gait Index (SGI)) to represent the quality of gait using a deep learning autoencoder model, which helps to capture the nonlinear statistical relationships among a number of disparate gait metrics. We utilized gait data of 412 individuals under the age of 18 collected from the Motion Analysis Center (MAC) at the Shriners Children’s - Chicago. The gait data includes a total of 114 features: temporo-spatial parameters (7), lower extremity kinematics (64), and lower extremity kinetics (43) which were min–max normalized. The developed SGI score captured more than 89% variance of all 144 features using subject-wise cross-validation. Such summary metrics holistically quantify an individual’s gait which can then be used to assess the impact of therapeutic interventions. The machine learning approach utilized can be leveraged to create such metrics in a variety of contexts depending on the data available. We also utilized the SGI to compare overall changes to gait after surgery with the goal of improving mobility for individuals with gait disabilities such as Cerebral Palsy.

Dynamic open innovation to determine technology-based interoperability requirement for electric motorcycle swappable battery

Electric motorcycle swappable batteries (EMSB) require interoperability standards so that swappable batteries (SB) can be exchanged and operated between brands to minimize investment costs. The stages in standards development have similar characteristics to the open innovation process, namely the involvement of external interested parties: manufacturers, regulators, customers, suppliers, experts, and researchers. For that, in the standards development process, all stakeholders must collaborate to leverage knowledge, expertise, resources, and innovative ideas. This article, therefore, aims to determine the essential parameters that need to be established in interoperability requirements and develop an economic model to estimate the financial impact. The model framework in this research integrated the Framework for Analysis, Comparison, and Testing of Standards (FACTS) and The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Methodology using the dynamic open innovation approach. The sample was 20 respondents representing stakeholders. This research used a semi-open questionnaire developed from the E-Mobility Systems Architecture (EMSA) model on three-layer interoperability (components, communications, and information) and economics benefit standard methodology. This research recommends SB dimensions, SB voltage, connector types, safety, and component compatibility requirements (BMS, sensors, controllers) to be regulated at the component layer. Meanwhile, further consensus is still needed at the communication and information layer. The economic model developed has been successfully applied using hypothetical data.

ВЕРБАЛИЗАЦИЯ СЕМАНТИКИ КАЖИМОСТИ И ПРИТВОРСТВА В ТУВИНСКИХ ФОЛЬКЛОРНЫХ И СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ТЕКСТАХ

The article examines grammaticalized comparative constructions of the Tuvan language, identified in texts of different genres. Particular attention is paid to the comparison standard marker. The purpose of the study is to identify and interpret the main means of expressing pretense and appearances in Tuvan texts, both modern and folklore. The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficient knowledge of the semantics of pretense and the increased interest in the study of the traditional and cultural characteristics of the linguistic consciousness of representatives of various ethnic groups. It seems relevant to show what lexical units can verbalize the semantics of appearance. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time, comparative structures were studied using the material of the Tuvan language and semantic types of markers of the specified semantics in folklore and modern texts were identified. The main research methods are the descriptive method and the structural modeling method. As a result of the study, comparative structures expressing both real and unreal comparison were identified and interpreted. In constructions of unreal comparison, the situation presented to the dependent predicative unit (DPU) does not take place in reality. It is arbitrarily constructed as a subjective interpretation of what is reported in the main predicative unit (GPU). This fictitious, unreal event becomes the standard comparisons for a real event expressed in MPU. The main means of marking modal meanings in the system of real comparison in the Tuvan language are comparatives: yshkash ‘like’; deg ‘like’. The same markers are also noted in unreal structures. Marking of unreal semantics is carried out in Tuvan folklore texts with multifunctional forms from the verb bol = ‘to be’ (boop, boor, etc.). The semantic invariant of such constructions is ‘pretend that...’. In addition, syntactic constructions of the predicate are widely used, expressing the relationship of the communicated or the message itself to reality with the postpositions deg, yshkash. It was established that the folklore texts under consideration use the same methods of expressing comparative relations that have been identified for the modern Tuvan language. However, the qualitative side (the complex of means and the nature of their functioning) and the quantitative side (the frequency of use of these units) are determined by the purpose of communication and depend on specific extralinguistic factor.

Accomplishing sustainable development goals through international management system standards and multinational supply chains

AbstractThe United Nations has set up 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. This research investigates the role of management system standards and multinational supply chains in achieving SDGs and targets, as well as whether these two paths produce varying degrees of effectiveness in achieving these goals. Questionnaire‐based research is conducted among 264 Indian manufacturing organisations based on their certification status and MNE supplier status. Comparison of the surveyed organisations is carried out on three parameters, namely, number of targets for each SDG, fulfilment levels of these targets and extension of established targets further in the supply chain. Analysis of variance and t‐test methods are used to compare survey responses. Results show that the role of management system standards and auditing frameworks used by multinational enterprises is statistically similar in achieving SDGs. The role of management system standards in achieving each of the SDGs has not yet been attempted so far by using the aforementioned factors. The comparison of management system standards' auditing approaches with the auditing frameworks of multinational enterprises also provides a novel addition. Both multinationals and their supplier organisations can save time, money and effort by following either of the two approaches and avoiding the duplicity that is currently prevalent in practice. The research has theoretical implications for sustainability, modernisation and globalisation theories.

Characterizing differential risk effects of body mass index for Asian patients in the United States undergoing breast reconstruction

BackgroundAsian patient populations continue to be underrepresented in both plastic surgery research and rates of breast reconstruction. Better elucidation of reconstruction in Asian women may help guide patient-directed counseling. This study investigates the differential effect of body mass index (BMI), a well-known risk factor, for Asian patients in outcomes after breast reconstruction. MethodsAsian and White breast reconstruction patients were identified by CPT code in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Within each cohort, BMI was converted into percentile ranks for standardized comparisons between cohorts. The effects of BMI on occurrence of complications for Asian and White patients were then quantified with multivariate logistic regression models. ResultsThe final cohort included 86,514 White patients and 4,813 Asian patients, of which 9,876 (11%) and 424 (8.8%) experienced at least one postoperative complication. The average BMI of White patients who experienced complications was 29.2±6.3kg/m2, a higher average than that of Asian patients, 25.6±4.8kg/m2. Higher BMI percentile was a significant predictor of increased risk of complications in White patients (OR: 1.005, 95% CI: 1.004-1.006, p<0.001). In Asian patients, however, BMI percentile was not a significant predictor of postoperative complications (OR: 1.001, 95% CI: 0.997-1.005, p=0.62). BMI percentile significantly predicted risk of unplanned reoperation in both cohorts (p<0.001 and p=0.029, respectively). ConclusionsWhereas BMI is a direct predictor of complications in White populations, this effect is held more inconsistently for Asian patients. Such trends can guide more informed interpretations of BMI in current risk algorithms. Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study are publicly available.

In vivo enhancement of calf MRI at 7 T via optimized flexible metasurfaces.

Ultrahigh field (≥7 T) MRI is at the cutting edge of medical imaging, enabling enhanced spatial and spectral resolution as well as enhanced susceptibility contrast. However, transmit ( ) field inhomogeneity due to standing wave effects caused by the shortened RF wavelengths at 7 T is still a challenge to overcome. Novel hardware methods such as dielectric pads have been shown to improve the field inhomogeneity but are currently limited in their corrective effect by the range of high-permittivity materials available and have a fixed shelf life. In this work, an optimized metasurface design is presented that demonstrates in vivo enhancement of the field. A prototype metasurface was optimized by an empirical capacitor sweep and by varying the period size. Phantom temperature experiments were performed to evaluate potential metasurface heating effects during scanning. Lastly, in vivo gradient echo images and maps were acquired on five healthy subjects on a 7 T system. Dielectric pads were also used as a comparison throughout the work as a standard comparison. The metasurfaces presented here enhanced the average relative SNR of the gradient echo images by a factor of 2.26 compared to the dielectric pads factor of 1.61. Average values reflected a similar enhancement of 27.6% with the metasurfaces present versus 8.9% with the dielectric pads. The results demonstrate that metasurfaces provide superior performance to dielectric padding as shown by maps reflecting their direct effects and resulting enhancements in image SNR at 7 T.

Key comparison CCAUV.W-K2: features of hydrophone calibration

The results of key comparison are the most convincing and objective indicator of confirmation of the correctness and accuracy of the newly developed measurement method. The results of comparison and measurement methods applied at the second key comparison of national standards of the unit of sound pressure in water CCAUV.W-K2, organized by the Consultative Committee for Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, are described. A feature of the comparison is that the calibration range has been expanded into the low frequency region by two octaves compared to the first key comparison CCAUV.W-K1. The results of the CCAUV.W-K2 comparison were considered successful. Important scientific results of participation in the comparison were confirmation of: the correctness of the hydrophone free-field calibration methods developed at VNIIFTRI (at ultra-low frequencies for a sound-reflecting water tank and in the noise reverberant sound field of the water tank), the equivalence of the calibration results when radiating signals of various types: chirp, noise and ton-burst. In the process of performing control calibrations, the pilot laboratory discovered violations of the stability of the reference hydrophone of comparison. When comparing the results obtained by participants, there was an increase in the discrepancy between the results in the frequency range 60–100 kHz, which is considered the least problematic.

STUDY ON THE ACTUAL SITUATION OF DOMESTIC WATER IN 24 MILITARY UNITS IN THE NORTHERN REGION IN 2022

Purpose: Study on the actual situation of domestic water in some military units in the Northern region in 2022. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study with analysis and evaluation of seven basic physical, chemical and microbiological indicators on 113 samples of domestic water collected at 24 military units stationed in the Northern Region from July to October, 2022. Results: The water used for consumption and daily activities in the studied units accounted for 58.4% from drilled wells and dug wells and 35.4% from water supplied by factories, in which 61.1% of the water was untreated before use. The proportion of water sources that did not meet the standards according to QCVN 01:2018/BYT for pH indicator was 29/113 samples (25.7%), and for turbidity was 10/113 samples (8.8%). A comparison of nitrite and ammonia standards between treated and untreated water sources showed approximate equality. The difference in permanganate criteria between treated and untreated water sources and the proportion of samples meeting standards according to QCVN 01-1: 2018/BYT was statistically significant with p &lt; 0.05.

Effect of 3-D depth structure, element size, and area containing elements on total-element overestimation phenomenon.

The number of elements distributed in a three-dimensional stimulus is overestimated compared to a two-dimensional stimulus when both stimuli have the same number of elements. We examined the effect of the properties of a three-dimensional stimulus (the number of overlapping stereo surfaces, size of the elements, and size of the area containing elements, on the overestimation phenomenon in four experiments. The two stimuli were presented side-by-side with the same diameters. Observers judged which of the three-dimensional standard and two-dimensional comparison had more elements. The results showed that (a) the overestimation phenomenon occurred for the three-dimensional standard stimuli, (b) the size of the areas affected the amount of overestimation, while the number of overlapping stereo surfaces and size of elements did not, and (c) the amount of overestimation increased when the stimuli included more than 100 elements. Implications of these findings were discussed in the framework of back-surface bias, occlusion, and disparity-processing interference models.

Risk Management and Patient Safety in the Artificial Intelligence Era: A Systematic Review.

Healthcare systems represent complex organizations within which multiple factors (physical environment, human factor, technological devices, quality of care) interconnect to form a dense network whose imbalance is potentially able to compromise patient safety. In this scenario, the need for hospitals to expand reactive and proactive clinical risk management programs is easily understood, and artificial intelligence fits well in this context. This systematic review aims to investigate the state of the art regarding the impact of AI on clinical risk management processes. To simplify the analysis of the review outcomes and to motivate future standardized comparisons with any subsequent studies, the findings of the present review will be grouped according to the possibility of applying AI in the prevention of the different incident type groups as defined by the ICPS. On 3 November 2023, a systematic review of the literature according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was carried out using the SCOPUS and Medline (via PubMed) databases. A total of 297 articles were identified. After the selection process, 36 articles were included in the present systematic review. The studies included in this review allowed for the identification of three main "incident type" domains: clinical process, healthcare-associated infection, and medication. Another relevant application of AI in clinical risk management concerns the topic of incident reporting. This review highlighted that AI can be applied transversely in various clinical contexts to enhance patient safety and facilitate the identification of errors. It appears to be a promising tool to improve clinical risk management, although its use requires human supervision and cannot completely replace human skills. To facilitate the analysis of the present review outcome and to enable comparison with future systematic reviews, it was deemed useful to refer to a pre-existing taxonomy for the identification of adverse events. However, the results of the present study highlighted the usefulness of AI not only for risk prevention in clinical practice, but also in improving the use of an essential risk identification tool, which is incident reporting. For this reason, the taxonomy of the areas of application of AI to clinical risk processes should include an additional class relating to risk identification and analysis tools. For this purpose, it was considered convenient to use ICPS classification.

The intestinal microbiome of inflammatory bowel disease across the pediatric age range

ABSTRACT Dysbiosis is associated with pediatric and adult-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the role of dysbiosis and the microbiome in very early onset IBD (VEO-IBD) has not yet been described. Here, we aimed to demonstrate the impact of age and inflammation on microbial community structure using shotgun metagenomic sequencing in children with VEO-IBD, pediatric-onset IBD, and age-matched pediatric healthy controls (HC) observed longitudinally over the course of 8 weeks. We found disease-related differences in alpha and beta diversity between HC and children with IBD or VEO-IBD. Using a healthy microbial maturity index modeled from HC across the age range to characterize their gut microbiota, we found that children with pediatric-onset IBD and VEO-IBD had lower maturity than their age-matched HC groups, suggesting a disease effect on the microbial community. In addition, patients with pediatric IBD had significantly lower maturity than those with VEO-IBD, who had more heterogeneity at the youngest ages, highlighting differences in these two cohorts that were not captured in standard comparisons of alpha and beta diversity. These results demonstrate that young age and inflammation independently impact microbial community structure. However, the effect is not additive in the youngest patients, likely because of the heterogeneous and dynamic stool microbiome in this population.