Standard Collar Research Articles

Analisis Simbolisme Jepang dalam Seragam Sekolah Menengah Pertama

The symbols on junior high school uniforms in Japan have different meanings. The purpose of this study is to describe the meaning of semiotics (denotative, connotative, and myth) in junior high school uniforms in Japan using Roland Barthes' semiotic theory. This research is a qualitative descriptive study research with literature study data collection techniques. The results of the analysis show six symbols whose meanings can be known, namely the school uniform was not only clothes worn by certain groups, but there are several semiotic meanings contained in parts of the school uniform. In addition, school coats are required to be in a dark color, which is a tradition in Japan where students are prohibited from wearing brightly colored coats. They wear a suit collar with a standard collar shape which is the best collar to use in any occasion, the symbol in the middle of the coat buttons means an identifier of the origin of the uniform, the coat pocket is decorative and is used to place an item. Then the purpose of using ties is for the student to be more confident and learn to dress neatly, white school shirts like school shirts in general symbolize cleanliness and innocence which makes students look formal when attending school, and school skirts that cover part or all of their legs part to show the feminist side of female students.

Telemetry tails: a practical method for attaching animal-borne devices to small vertebrates in the field

Context Continued miniaturisation of tracking technology increases its utility in animal applications. However, species morphology often dictates the type of animal-borne device (ABD) that can be used, and how it is attached. The morphology of species within Peramelemorphia preclude them from the standard collar attachment of ABDs for terrestrial mammals. Aims This paper describes a method for the tail-mount attachment of ABDs, and deployment results for Peramelemorphia across arid, semi-arid and temperate Australia to (a) test the performance of attachments and ABDs in the field and (b) discuss the animal welfare considerations for this attachment method. Methods Tail-mount attachment of ABDs were field-tested on a total of 80 greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis), and 14 long-nosed bandicoots (Perameles nasuta). Key results Time to natural detachment (TTND) was between 2 and 52 days, with 65.74% (142 of 216) remaining on until manual removal. For ABDs that were manually removed, attachments were retained for up to 94 days. The method used for tail-mount attachment of ABDs to long-nosed bandicoots resulted in significantly shorter TTND compared with the method used for bilbies, and environmental factors (high temperatures and rainfall) had a negative effect on TTND. Tail-mount attached global positioning system (GPS) sensors collected large quantities of accurate data, with a maximum fix success rate of 83.38%. Damage to GPS (antenna breakage and water ingress) during deployment, however, impacted performance. In environments with frequent rainfall and waterlogged soils, the tape on a small proportion (6.25%) of (n = 192) attachments to bilbies caused tail injury. All injuries were resolvable, with most requiring minimal to no veterinary intervention. Key conclusions Attachment longevity can be affected by how the ABD is mounted to the tail, the species and the deployment environment. The environment can also affect which adhesive tapes are suitable for ABD attachment. However, this method is highly modifiable, practical for field application and can have long retention times relative to other temporary methods. Implications This ABD tail-mount attachment method adds another tool to the telemetry tool-kit, with all the benefits of a low-tech, low-cost, passive drop-off type attachment. This method has demonstrated practicality for Peramelemorphia, with potential application to other suitable small vertebrates.

The influence of three working harnesses on thoracic limb kinematics and stride length at walk in assistance dogs

Studies have investigated the kinematics of the healthy canine thoracic limb (TL), but there is currently no research to the authors’ knowledge investigating the influence of the working harness on TL kinematics. The aim of this study was to compare the TL stride length (SL) and shoulder, elbow and carpal joint range of movement (ROM) of assistance dogs when wearing three different harnesses (H1 and H2 Y-shaped harnesses; H3 the dog's original harness) with differing handle designs (A and B type handles; all dogs used an A type handle with H3, their original harness), in comparison to a standard collar at walk. Thirteen dogs were analyzed at walk in each condition: Harness 1, H1 (B-handle); Harness 2, H2 (A-handle); Harness 3, H3 (A-handle, and the dog's original working harness); and the Collar with the lead held between 20 and 40cm. A series of Friedman's analyses with post-hoc Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests compared SL and joint ROM at peak protraction and retraction of the TL. Results: The results show significant TL kinematic changes in H1 (B-handle): SL in H1 was significantly reduced in comparison to the Collar (6%; P = 0.008). In TL protraction, a significant reduction in shoulder extension was recorded for H1 in comparison to H3 (6%; P = 0.005). In TL retraction, a significant reduction in carpal extension was observed in H1 in comparison to the collar (4%; P = 0.008), H2 (2%; P = 0.005), and H3 (4%; P = 0.005). Conclusions: Differences in canine locomotion were observed between conditions in comparison to when the dog was at walk in the collar. Our findings suggest the harness handle type may result in the TL kinematic changes observed. Significant TL SL and ROM restrictions were noted in H1, the only harness in the study with a specific handle design (B-handle type). The increase in proximal TL joint ROM and a subsequent reduction in distal TL joint ROM suggests an alteration to the energy efficiency of locomotion when compared to previous literature. These results were seen only in H1 and not H2, a similar design of harness, therefore suggesting the B-handle type may be the key factor in the kinematic changes observed.

Hydrodynamics of a bordered collar as a countermeasure against pier scouring

An experimental campaign on long-term clear-water scour at bridge piers with different configurations was performed in a laboratory to investigate the effects of different countermeasures. Tests were performed in a flume with a movable sediment bed for an unprotected cylindrical pier, a cylindrical pier with a standard collar and a cylindrical pier with a bordered collar. The scoured beds at the equilibrium stage were acquired through the photogrammetry technique and the efficiencies of the tested countermeasures were measured. Results showed a reduction in the maximum scour depth as well as in the scour hole volume with respect to the unprotected pier. The maximum scour depth was reduced by 59.63% with the standard collar and by 63.51% with the bordered collar. The scoured volume was reduced by 43.80% with the standard collar and by 60.00% with the bordered collar. The three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations were solved numerically to reproduce the hydrodynamics of the experiments. The volume of fluid technique was used to reproduce the free surface. For each test, the results of the simulations were analysed to investigate the flow field around the pier both at the initial (flat-bed) and at the equilibrium stages, highlighting the changes in the velocity field owing to the presence of the standard collar and of the bordered collar.

Improvised vs Standard Cervical Collar to Restrict Spine Movement in the Backcountry Environment

IntroductionTo compare the effectiveness of a molded fleece jacket with that of a standard cervical collar at limiting movement of the cervical spine in 3 different directions. MethodsThis is a prospective study using 24 healthy volunteers to measure cervical flexion/extension, rotation, and lateral flexion with both the fleece collar and the standard cervical collar. A hand-held goniometer was used for measurements. The results were then analyzed for the 3 independent movements using a noninferiority test. ResultsThe fleece collar was determined to be noninferior at limiting the designated motions. Comfort was greater while wearing the improvised fleece collar. ConclusionsOur small study demonstrated that mountain travelers and rescuers may be able to use an improvised fleece jacket collar in place of a standard collar if spine trauma is suspected after a backcountry accident. Further research should examine different types of improvised collars, their ability to remain in place over extended evacuations, and when to apply collars to backcountry patients.

Comparison of Cervical Range-of-Motion Restriction and Craniofacial Tissue-Interface Pressure With 2 Adjustable and 2 Standard Cervical Collars.

Randomized controlled trial. The aim of the study was to compare and contrast the restrictiveness and tissue-interface pressure (TIP) characteristics of 2 standard and 2 adjustable cervical collars. This study compared the restrictiveness and TIP of 4 commercially available cervical collars (2 standard and 2 adjustable). Adjustable collars offer potential advantages of individualized fit for patients and decreased inventory for institutions. The overall goal was to determine whether the adjustable collars provided the same benefits of cervical range-of-motion (CROM) restriction as the standard collars without increasing TIP and risk of pressure-related complications. A total of 48 adult volunteer subjects (24 men and 24 women) were fitted with 4 collars (Aspen, Aspen Vista, Miami J, and Miami J Advanced) in random order. Data collection included assessment of CROM restrictiveness and measurement of TIP on the mandible and occiput in upright and supine positions. The experimental, repeated measures design stratified the sample by body mass index (BMI) and sex. All collars restricted CROM as compared with no collar (P ≤ 0.001 each). Aspen was more restrictive than Aspen Vista and Miami J in 4 movement planes (P ≤ 0.003 each), but not significantly different from Miami J Advanced. The Miami J standard collar was associated with significantly lower peak TIPs on all sites and in all positions compared with Aspen (P ≤ 0.001), Miami J Advanced (P < 0.001), and Aspen Vista (P = 0.01 for mandible site and upright position, P < 0.001 for remaining sites and positions). Increased peak TIP correlated with high BMI across all collar types, but was significantly lower for the Miami J collar than the Aspen collar. All collars, compared with no collar, significantly restricted CROM. Although the collar-to-collar comparisons were statistically significant, the differences may have little clinical significance in the acutely injured trauma patient. The Miami J standard collar had the lowest overall TIP in both sites and positions. Ongoing effort should be devoted to staff education in proper sizing and fit, particularly for patients with high BMI.

Primary Mediastinal Goiter Resected via Cervical Approach

Primary mediastinal goiter is a rare entity. In most cases their finding is incidental. Excision is mandatory because of the risk of compression of vital structures within the chest. We report the case of a primary posterior mediastinal goiter that was resected through a cervical approach. being discharged she received a thoracic surgery consultation for tumor resection. Two months after discharge she was hospitalized again for surgery. A cervical surgical approach with the intention to convert to thoracotomy was planned. Through a standard collar incision, digital exploration and tumor dissection was made that properly surround it in its entirety surface with no evidence of adherences to any intrathoracic structure. The goiter had its blood supply from a branch of esophageal arteries at its cranial edge, which was identified and ligated. The surgical specimen was then removed with a clamp getting scarce bleeding at the surgical bed. Hemostasis was verified leaving a closed drainage that was later withdrawn. The cervical thyroid gland was explored during surgery with no abnormalities found. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications and the patient was discharged from the hospital three days after surgery. Macroscopically, a tumor of 10 × 5 × 2 cm, with a multi-nodular surface, covered by a thin, translucent full capsule, with reddish brown and yellowish areas was reported (Figure 3a). Its interior was multi- nodular, composed by light brown areas of granular consistency, hemorrhagic areas and yellowish colloid-appearance areas. Indurated consistency areas were not identified. Microscopically (Figure 3b), small follicles of thyroid tissue with no colloid plus dilated cysts with abundant colloid were identified. Foamy macrophages, some with hemosiderin in their cytoplasm were also reported. There were no findings suggestive of malignancy. Dysphagia and cough disappeared after surgery and the patient remained asymptomatic after 19 months of follow-up. Discussion PMG, also known as aberrant goiter or ectopic mediastinal goiter implies the presence of intra-thoracic thyroid tissue independent of the cervical thyroid gland; its vascular supply comes from intra- thoracic vessels and is considered a benign entity. It's localized primarily in the anterior mediastinum (85% of cases). The middle and posterior mediastinum are less frequent locations in 15% of cases (4). It is a rare condition. Due to thyroid gland migration during embryonic development (between the 3rd and the 8th weeks) the location of primary ectopic goiter may occur from the tongue

Field techniques for handling, anaesthetising and fitting radio-transmitters to Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra)

Practical issues for radio-tracking studies of otters (Lutra lutra) include their sensitivity to stress, their sensitivity to certain anaesthetic regimes and their unsuitability for standard collar mounted radio-transmitters. We examined the practicability of various field techniques for overcoming these issues in east and south east Ireland from April 2005 to July 2006. Thirty-four highly-stressed otters were restrained with ketamine and midazolam within minutes of capture, to fit externally-mounted transmitters or to transfer them to transport boxes. Eleven otters were fitted with harness mounted radio-transmitters, 2 were fitted with glued-on radio-transmitters and 15 were surgically implanted with intra-abdominal radio-transmitters in the field. The intra-abdominal transmitters were implanted under isoflurane anaesthesia within an hour of initial sedation. We experienced no complications with this anaesthetic regime. The abdominal cavity was accessed by a lateral approach. All surgeries were successful and we recorded no serious post-operative complications. The implantation procedure lasted less than 3 hours from capture to release such that almost all animals stayed within their territories, and pups were not abandoned. However, following their release, animals were sensitive to directed disturbance and could easily be forced to disperse.

Anaesthesia for thyroid and parathyroid surgery

In the UK, Stanley Rowbotham pioneered anaesthesia for thyroid surgery in the 1940s. He combined local anaesthesia with light general anaesthesia, and even attempted to make the patient strain to test haemostatic sutures using one breath of ether. Anaesthesia for thyroid surgery requires an anaesthetist who is experienced in the recognition, assessment, and management of a potentially difficult, shared airway, in a patient who may also have significant co-morbidity. Complexity of the procedure may vary from excision of a simple nodule to removal of retrosternal goitre to relieve tracheal compression. The latter can be excised through a standard collar incision, but it may be necessary to split the sternum to access the inferior pole of the enlarged gland. Although blood loss is usually minimal, there is potential for major haemorrhage from large blood vessels closely related to the gland, particularly if the thyroid extends retrosternally.

Temporal and spatial pattern of embolism induced by pressure collar techniques in twigs of Picea abies

The pressure collar technique enables the induction of embolism in plant xylem. This artificial cavitation is based on air seeding processes which occur when specific pressure gradients between the air and water phase of the xylem are exceeded. Standard pressure collars and a new point injection technique, which builds up a local potential gradient, were used to study the time and spatial pattern of this process. On twigs of Norway spruce (Picea abies), the cross-sectional and axial pattern, and the time-course of embolism formation were analysed via conductivity and ultrasonic measurements as well as staining experiments. Furthermore, the release of air from the twig surface was studied by immersing twig sections in water. In cross-sections, embolized areas induced by the point injection technique were smaller compared with the standard collar and restricted to a circle sector. Embolism propagated from the pressure collar towards the nearest distal and proximal nodes but not further. A release of air was also observed predominantly at the internode attached to the pressure collar. Embolism rates increased within minutes and reached approximately 80% loss of conductivity after 10 min treatment with the standard collar. The size of air entry points and embolism rates correlated significantly. Embolism formation in wood therefore depends not only on vulnerability thresholds but also on the extent of air-water interfaces within the xylem and on the time of exposure to pressure gradients. These aspects and the propagation of pressure within samples are crucial for pressure collar experiments. In addition, wood architecture influences the extent and pattern of embolism caused by air seeding processes.

COMPLETION THYROIDECTOMY FOR MALIGNANCY AFTER INITIAL MINIMAL ACCESS THYROID SURGERY

Minimal access thyroid surgery (MATS), carried out through a lateral 2.5-cm incision, provides excellent clinical and cosmetic outcomes when carried out for small (<3 cm), single nodules. However, if the final pathology shows thyroid malignancy and a completion thyroidectomy is required, the small lateral incision requires conversion to a standard collar incision and the second operation must be carried out in the presence of previous lateral dissection. The aim of this study is to determine if there is any demonstrable disadvantage to completion thyroidectomy for malignancy after MATS when compared with the same procedure after conventional hemithyroidectomy. This retrospective cohort study examined all patients undergoing completion thyroidectomy for malignancy in the University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit from January 2002 to January 2005. Outcome measures were complication rates, final scar length and patient's self-assessment of scar appearance. A total of 106 patients underwent MATS during the study period, 11 of whom required completion thyroidectomy for malignancy. During the same period, 42 patients required completion thyroidectomy for malignancy after previous conventional hemithyroidectomy. There was no difference in complication rates between the two groups. The two complications in the study consisted of one case of flap oedema (control) and one case of keloid scar (MATS). Mean final incision length, scar appearance and patient's satisfaction with scar did not differ between the two groups. There is no demonstrable disadvantage when completion thyroidectomy for malignancy is required after MATS.

Primary hyperparathyroidism due to overactive intrathyroid parathyroid glands: a potential cause of failed exploration.

The variable location of the parathyroid glands is a significant factor in unsuccessful cervical exploration for hyperparathyroidism. Particular difficulty may be experienced when an overactive parathyroid is concealed within the substance of the thyroid. Currently available methods of localizing abnormal parathyroid tissue may well fail to indicate an intrathyroid location. The latter possibility should always be considered whenever thorough cervical exploration has failed to reveal a parathyroid tumour as such awareness may obviate re-exploration or an unnecessary sternotomy. This report details the clinical features and operative findings in 6 patients whose primary hyperparathyroidism was due to an overactive intrathyroid parathyroid gland. Successful parathyroid surgery demands a strict routine exploration of the possible sites of overactive glands, virtually all of which are easily accessible through a standard collar incision.

Directed parathyroidectomy: feasibility and performance in 100 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Directed parathyroidectomy (DP) can be successfully completed in most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Retrospective review at a tertiary referral center. One hundred consecutive patients with untreated, sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism operated on by a single surgeon from April 1, 1999, through December 31, 2001. Following preoperative imaging with sestamibi scintigraphy and ultrasonography, patients underwent parathyroidectomy with intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring using a focused approach through a limited neck incision (DP) or bilateral neck exploration (BNE) through a standard collar incision. Extent of exploration, operative time, length of stay, morbidity, and cure. Directed parathyroidectomy was completed in 70 patients and BNE in 30. Bilateral neck exploration was performed as the initial procedure in 13 patients and following intraoperative conversion from attempted DP in 17. Indications for predetermined BNE were failed preoperative localization (n = 8) and concomitant thyroid disease that required operative treatment (n = 5). The need for predetermined BNE decreased as preoperative localization improved. Intraoperative factors that necessitated conversion to BNE included persistently elevated intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels that accurately predicted multiglandular disease (n = 6), incorrect localization (n = 5), and inadequate exposure (n = 6). Operative time and length of stay were less for DP compared with BNE patients (66 vs 165 minutes and 0.5 vs 1.6 days, respectively). One patient had a temporary vocal cord paresis. All patients were eucalcemic in follow-up (4 months to 3 years). With accurate preoperative localization and intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring, DP can be successfully completed in most patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. Patients benefit from DP, which reduces operative time and length of stay and facilitates rapid convalescence.