Standard Cold Storage Research Articles

Extended preservation of non-heart-beating donor livers with normothermic machine perfusion.

Non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) livers represent an important organ pool, but are seldom utilized clinically and require rapid retrieval and implantation. Experimental work with oxygenated perfusion during preservation has shown promising results by recovering function in these livers. This study compared sanguinous perfusion with cold storage for extended preservation of the NHBD liver in a porcine model. Porcine livers were subjected to 60 min of in vivo total warm ischaemia before flushing, after which they were preserved by one of two methods: group 1 (n = 4), University of Wisconsin (UW) solution by standard cold storage for 24 h; group 2 (n = 4), oxygenated autologous blood perfusion on an extracorporeal circuit for 24 h. All livers were subsequently tested on the circuit during a 24-h reperfusion phase. Livers in group 1 showed no evidence of viability during the reperfusion phase with no bile production or glucose utilization; they also displayed massive necrosis. Livers in group 2 demonstrated recovery of function by synthetic function, substrate utilization and perfusion haemodynamics; these livers displayed less cellular injury by hepatocellular enzymes. All differences in parameters between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). These findings were supported by histological examination. Warm ischaemia for 1 h and simple cold storage (UW solution) for 24 h renders the liver non-viable. Oxygenated, sanguinous perfusion as a method of preservation recovers liver function to a viable level after 24 h of preservation.

Beta-galactosidase as a marker of ischemic injury and a mechanism for viability assessment in porcine liver transplantation.

Glycohydrolases are a group of enzymes contained predominantly within lysosomes, which are released during Kupffer cell activation or death. One of these, beta-galactosidase, has been proposed as a marker of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver because Kupffer cell activation represents a primary event in the injurious reperfusion cascade. In this study, we compared B-galactosidase with more traditional indicators of liver injury and function in a porcine model of liver preservation. Porcine livers were allocated into two groups: group C (n = 5), preserved in University of Wisconsin solution by standard cold storage for 24 hours, and group W (n = 5), perfused with oxygenated autologous blood on an extracorporeal circuit for 24 hours. Both groups were subsequently tested on the circuit during a 24-hour reperfusion phase. The perfusate was sampled for levels of beta-galactosidase, as well as traditional markers of liver injury and function. A sharp increase in beta-galactosidase levels was seen on reperfusion of cold preserved livers to a level of 1,900 IU/mL. This contrasted dramatically with normothermically preserved livers, in which the level never exceeded 208 IU/mL (P =.002). beta-Galactosidase levels showed much earlier and greater increases compared with transaminase levels in livers injured by ischemia. A rapid elevation in beta-galactosidase levels corresponded well with poor liver function and more liver injury. Measurement of beta-galactosidase is a simple test that quantifies ischemia-reperfusion injury of preserved livers. It is more sensitive than transaminases, with faster and larger increases in levels after ischemic injury. It can be useful in assessing the viability of a liver during machine preservation.

Dynamic Mechanical Freezing Points of Cosmetic O/W Emulsions and Their Stability at Low Temperatures

Abstract To develop cosmetic products quickly and effectively, developers need reliable test methods for evaluating product stability. Phenomena that determine the stability of cosmetic emulsions include phase transitions taking place in the relevant application and storage temperature range. The tendency of ingredients to crystallize influences the stability of emulsions especially at low temperatures. In this article a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the temperature of the water/ice phase transition of the continuous water phase for oil in water emulsions. A rheological, oscillating test method was developed to measure the phase transition temperature and the results were compared with those of the DSC and standard cold storage tests. There was a correlation of the crystallization temperature of the external water phase with the storage stability at –10°C. The accompanying increase in viscosity with cold storage due to structural alteration of the emulsions could be confirmed by TEM micrographs.

Donor treatment with mycophenolate mofetil: protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat.

Mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil, inhibits the glycosylation of cell membrane glycoproteins. We hypothesized that impaired glycosylation of cell adhesion molecules on endothelial cells in vivo results in decreased susceptibility to inflammation or immunogenicity after allogeneic transplantation. The expression of mannose residues on cultured rat endothelial cells was examined after stimulation with interleukin 1 in the presence or absence of mycophenolic acid using labeled Galanthus nivalis agglutinin. The in vitro adhesion of blood leukocytes to heart tissue was examined using peripheral blood leukocytes of recipient origin and sections of donor heart tissue exposed to ischemia-reperfusion injury after pretreatment with vehicle or mycophenolic mofetil. (LEWxBN)F1 donor rats were treated with 20 or 60 mg/kg/day of mycophenolate mofetil for 1 or 2 weeks followed by transplantation of the heart into Lewis recipients after storage in heparin-containing normal saline for either 10 min at 4 degrees C or 120 min at room temperature. Endothelial cells stimulated in vitro with interleukin 1 showed an increase in a population of strongly mannose-positive cells, which was prevented by the addition of mycophenolic acid during the culture. The in vitro adhesion of peripheral blood leukocytes to cardiac tissue sections exposed to prolonged storage and reperfusion was significantly less if the donor had been treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Treatment of cardiac graft donors with mycophenolate mofetil protected the graft against early graft failure after prolonged storage at room temperature, because the mean graft survival was 9.4+/-0.6 days for grafts that came from donors treated with mycophenolate mofetil versus 1.2+/-0.9 days (P<0.05) for grafts that came from vehicle-treated donors. Donor pretreatment with mycophenolate mofetil did not affect the survival time of heart grafts transplanted after 15 min of standard cold storage or the survival of grafts transplanted into presensitized recipients. Donor treatment with mycophenolate mofetil protects cardiac grafts against primary nonfunction after prolonged tepid storage, which may be related to the inhibition of glycosylation of cell adhesion molecules involved in ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Pisolithus tinctorius fails to improve plantation performance of inoculated conifers in southwestern Oregon

Bare-root stock of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, white fir, and grand fir, inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius and handled by standard nursery, cold storage and planting practices performed no better than stock which was not intentionally inoculated but which had formed mycorrhizae with indigenous, nursery fungi on a variety of different outplanting sites in southwestern Oregon. Climate, planting sites and nursery practices in the Pacific Northwest differ drastically from those in the southeastern United States, where P. tinctorius has increased plantation survival and growth. Before P. tinctorius can be recommended for nursery inoculation in the Pacific Northwest, its reaction to each phase of the nursery and planting process needs to be carefully analyzed to determine where the problems lie.

Influence of Calcium Treatment on‘Golden Delicious’Apple Quality

ABSTRACTThe use of a CaCl2 treatment in the storage of apples improved the keeping quality of fresh apples in prolonged cold storage and did not deter from the quality of the processed product. The fresh market apples in controlled atmosphere storage were firmer with more ascorbic acid than CaCl2 treated apples in standard cold storage. However, fresh market CaCl2 treated apples had less green color, were firmer, with a high titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content, than untreated apples in standard cold storage. The processed products made from CaCl2 treated apples had better color and firmness than those made with apples from standard cold storage and better consistency and less weep than those made with apples from controlled atmosphere storage.

CONTROL OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE ON HARVESTED APPLES BY METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION AND COLD STORAGE

AbstractThe San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), was killed on harvested apples by fumigation with 32 g/m3 of methyl bromide for 2 hours followed by standard cold storage for about a month. Fumigation, without storage, did not kill all the scale.

CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH LARVAE IN HARVESTED APPLES BY METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION AND COLD STORAGE

AbstractAll codling moth larvae, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), in 100,000 infested apples were killed by fumigation with 32 g/m3 methyl bromide for 2 h at about 17 °C followed by 31–35 days of storage at −0.5 °C. The apples were harvested into bins, fumigated, and placed in a standard cold storage room of a grower’s packinghouse as would be done under commercial conditions. Standard cold storage killed all first and second, and some third, instar larvae in nonfumigated fruit. Cursory sampling indicated that fumigation alone, without subsequent cold storage, could kill all stages. The fumigation and storage treatment did not injure Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Spartan, Jonathan, or Newtown apples.

MORTALITY OF THE SAN JOSÉ SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON STORED APPLES OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES AND HARVEST DATES

AbstractThe San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, died within 8 to 22 weeks on McIntosh, Red Delicious, Common Delicious, Winesap, Rome Beauty, and Newtown apples harvested on commercial picking dates and placed in standard cold storage. The scale died in much shorter periods on early maturing varieties than on late maturing varieties.The later a variety was harvested the longer the fruit had to be stored to kill the scale. The maximum storage period was 32 weeks for Winesaps and Newtowns harvested in early November, approximately 1 month after the commercial picking date.The storage period required to kill the San José scale on Winesap apples varied from year to year, cool weather in early autumn apparently increasing the storage period.

FATE OF THE SAN JOSÉ SCALE AND THE EUROPEAN FRUIT SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON APPLES AND PRUNES HELD IN STANDARD COLD STORAGE AND CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE

AbstractThe San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, died within 84 to 140 days on Winesap apples harvested in early October and placed in standard cold storage or controlled atmosphere storage under laboratory or commercial conditions. The scale died more quickly in controlled atmosphere storage than in standard cold storage. The black caps of the first instar stage were the most resistant to mortality factors in cold storage. It is suggested that Winesap apples infested with the San José scale can be given an inspection certificate for export that guarantees freedom from live scale if the fruit has been stored for specified periods.The San José scale on Italian prunes died within 34 days when the harvested fruit was kept in standard cold storage.A complete mortality of the European fruit scale, Aspidiotus ostreaeformis Curtis, on Hyslop crab, McIntosh, or Newtown apples, could not be obtained, in any type of storage.

The Effect of Standard Cold Storage and Controlled Atmosphere Storage on Survival of Larvae of the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta1

Two types of apple storage were tested for their effects on larvae of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), namely, standard cold storage at 32° ± 1°F. and controlled atmosphere storage at 38°F. in a sealed room containing from 3% to 5% carbon dioxide and approximately 3% oxygen. Immature larvae feeding in apple fruits, and varying in stage of development from the second to the fourth instars, did not survive a period of 56 days in standard cold storage at 32°F.; 22.5% survived a period of 28 days. A few larvae survived the longest period (140 days) of controlled atmosphere storage at 38°F., and 2.6% survived a period of 112 days. More than 25% of the mature larvae (96% of which were not in diapause) in cocoons on blocks of wood that simulated apple boxes survived after a period of 126 days in standard cold storage and controlled atmosphere storage.

Fate of Apple Maggot and Plum Curculio Larvae in Apple Fruits Held in Controlled Atmosphere Storage

Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage which involves 32° to 38°. temperatures. oxygen concentrations of 3% and carbon dioxide levels of 2% to 8% is being used to prolong storage and shelf life of apples. The survival of larvae of the apple maggot ( Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)) and plum curculio ( Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)) in apples held in this type of storage as compared with standard cold storage at 32°F was studied using naturally infested Twenty-Ounce and Northern Spy apples and thinning apples artificially infested with plum curculio. Results show standard storagc was lethal to apple maggot and plum curculio larvae in 33 days or less whereas CA storage at 38°F. was lethal in less than 00 days. Plum curculio larvae were unable to survive 38°F. CA storage for 83 days, The results show that the ninimum stomge time (90 days) required for certified eon trolled atmosphere apples is completely lethal to any apple maggot and plum curculio that might be present in the fruit.