Standard Classification Of Occupations Research Articles

Career path discovery through bipartite graphs

ABSTRACT To address the complexity of career decision-making limitations, we propose a novel framework for calculating occupation similarity measures based on bipartite graphs constructed from public occupation-skills ontologies. The proposed occupation similarity measures were constructed exclusively utilising knowledge from the European standard classification of occupations (ESCO) ontology. The resulting occupation similarity measures are fully explainable and computationally efficient. Furthermore, they are are effortlessly transferable across regions and countries. This approach allows us to tailor the similarity measures to the specific needs, preferences, and career status of job seekers, providing a more personalised and comprehensive view of potential career paths. Our validation using an extensive dataset of over 450,000 job transitions in Slovenia confirms the effectiveness of our approach, demonstrating the value of employing multiple occupation similarity measures over a single measure.

Occupational prestige and occupational social value in the United Kingdom: New indices for the modern British economy

Sociological research has long been interested in occupational evaluation. However, occupational research remains hampered by conceptual ambiguity and methodological problems. To address these issues, we present new indices of occupational prestige and occupational social value for 576 occupation titles aligned with the ILO International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). A shorter core list with 130 occupation titles – one per ISCO-08 minor group – is also provided. Based on comprehensive and recent evidence from 2429 respondents, we carve out the evaluative landscape of occupations in the United Kingdom. We show how occupational prestige and occupational social value are correlated but distinct. A clear hierarchy appears, with highly educated occupations at the top and stigmatised or illicit occupations at the bottom. The study thus contributes to social stratification research and encourages reuse of the scores in future occupational research.

Work-related physical strain and development of joint inflammation in the trajectory of emerging inflammatory and rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study

ObjectivesRheumatoid arthritis (RA) mainly affects small joints. Despite the mechanical function of joints, the role of mechanical stress in the development of arthritis is insufficiently understood. We hypothesised that mechanical...

Abstract 1006: Revitalizing the accrual of women and minorities: Unique drivers of therapeutic clinical trial enrollment for underrepresented patients with diffuse glioma

Abstract Introduction: Despite the enactment of the 1993 NIH Revitalization Act to improve accrual of women and minorities in clinical trials, these groups remain underrepresented. This study aims to uncover drivers of therapeutic clinical trial enrollment that are unique to women and minority patients with low- and high-grade glioma. Methods: Adult glioma patients who received care from the UCSF Brain Tumor Center between 1997-2017 were identified in a prospective registry. Dividing the cohort into subgroups by gender and NIH-designated minority status, factors associated with therapeutic clinical trial enrollment on univariate logistic regression (p<0.2) were selected for multivariate logistic regression. Results: There were 351 trial participants (41% women, 12% minority) and 627 non-trial participants (44% women, 17% minority). Among women only, seizure at presentation (OR 2.10, p=0.008) was associated with increased odds of trial enrollment. In contrast, among men only, higher median household income (OR 1.09 per $10,000 increase, p=0.006), higher WHO tumor grade (OR 1.89, p=0.045), and occupational status according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations [professionals (e.g., physicians) vs managers (e.g., supervisory positions), OR 2.87, p=0.043] were associated with increased odds of trial enrollment. Among both women and men, lack of insurance (women: OR 0.49, p=0.02; men: OR 0.55, p=0.031) and no treatment with chemotherapy (women: OR 0.18, p=0.001; men: OR 0.34, p=0.002) were associated with decreased odds of clinical trial enrollment, whereas higher KPS (women: 90 vs <80, OR 3.16, p=0.003; men: 90 vs <80, OR 3.15, p=0.002) was associated with increased odds of trial enrollment. Among NIH-designated minority patients, older age (OR 0.66 per 10-year increase, p=0.033) and non-English preferred language (OR: 0.30, p=0.035) were associated with decreased odds of trial enrollment on univariate analysis, but not on multivariate analysis. Among non-minority patients, lack of insurance (OR 0.58, p=0.008) and no chemotherapy treatment (OR 0.25, p<0.001) were associated with decreased odds of trial enrollment, whereas seizure at presentation (OR 1.80, p=0.001), higher neighborhood household income (OR 1.07 per $10,000 increase, p=0.004), higher WHO grade (4 vs 2-3, OR 1.86, p=0.015), higher KPS (90 vs <80, OR 3.21, p<0.0001), and lower extent of tumor resection (80-89% vs 100%, OR 2.16, p=0.047) were associated with increased odds of trial enrollment. Conclusion: Drivers of trial enrollment differed for women and minority patients with glioma. Non-English-speaking minority patients may face additional barriers to trial enrollment requiring targeted interventions. Our findings can revitalize and tailor efforts to recruit women and minority patients to therapeutic clinical trials in neuro-oncology. Citation Format: Mulki Mehari, Gayathri Warrier, Sheantel Reihl, Abraham Dada, Aymen Kabir, Mikias Negussie, Cesar Nava Gonzales, Ugonma Chukwueke, Alyx Porter, Shawn Hervey-Jumper. Revitalizing the accrual of women and minorities: Unique drivers of therapeutic clinical trial enrollment for underrepresented patients with diffuse glioma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1006.

Challenges and Implications of Implementing and Enforcing Minimum Wage Orders in Malaysia and Impacts towards Employee Motivation

With an emphasis on the context of human resource management and employee motivation, this article examines the implementation and effects of minimum wage policies in Malaysia. This review of the literature looks at several research that look into the connections between minimum wage laws, employment, income disparity, and worker motivation. The results imply that, depending on variables including labor market conditions and sector-specific dynamics, minimum wage rules may have both favorable and unfavorable effects on employment. Furthermore, the impact on employee motivation is managed and the function of human resource management in guaranteeing adherence to minimum wage laws is examined. In order to motivate workers and improve organizational performance, the article emphasizes the significance of fair and competitive salaries. In order to fully comprehend the effects of minimum wage laws, it also highlights the necessity of efficient enforcement techniques as well as the inclusion of other elements like labor market institutions and collective bargaining. The study ends by urging more investigation to properly understand the intricate connection, specific to Malaysia, between minimum salaries, employee motivation, and organizational outcomes. Overall, this article sheds light on the significance of sustainable salaries and efficient HRM techniques in fostering employee engagement and business success within the framework of Malaysia's minimum wage laws.Keywords: human resource management, wage, motivation, employee, salary, incentive 1. IntroductionThere has been interest in the state of affairs regarding the enforcement and implementation of minimum wage orders in Malaysia. The Minimum Pay Order 2012 was gazette on July 16, 2012, and it imposed minimum wage rates on firms with more than five workers as of January 1, 2013, and on employers with five or less workers as of July 1, 2013. (Ibrahim and Said, 2015). It is noteworthy, therefore, that companies offering professional services that fall under the Malaysian Standard Classification of Occupation (MASCO) were left out of this arrangement. In order to guarantee that minimum wage rules are followed, enforcement tactics are essential. The task of selecting an effective enforcement strategy to establish and enforce the minimum wage is one that the government must tackle. Importantly, though, this directive did not apply to businesses that provided professional services as defined by the MASCO. The use of enforcement tactics is essential to guaranteeing that minimum wage regulations are followed. In order to successfully implement and enforce minimum wage legislation, the government must decide on an appropriate enforcement strategy (Basu et al., 2009). The success of minimum wage laws as a whole may depend on how well they are enforced. Research has indicated that minimum wages have the ability to reduce measured pay inequality by compressing salaries among high and low-paid workers (Bell, 1997). Further investigation is necessary to determine the precise effect of minimum wage regulations on wage inequality in Malaysia. It is important to remember that minimum wage laws may have different economic effects in underdeveloped nations than in industrialized ones. Because more workers are impacted by minimum wage in developing nations like Malaysia, it can have a more widespread effect (Lemos, 2009). More research would be necessary to fully comprehend the implications of minimum wage laws in the context of Malaysia's economy. As a result, Malaysia has continued to enact and enforce minimum wage orders. Minimum pay rates were established for several categories of employers by the Minimum Wage Order of 2012. When assessing the current state of affairs, it is crucial to take into account the efficiency of enforcement tactics as well as the influence minimum wage regulations have on income inequality. To completely comprehend the particular consequences of minimum wage laws in Malaysia, more research is required.

Salary Disparities in Public Health Occupations: Analysis of Federal Data, 2021‒2022.

Objectives. To assess salary differences between workers within key public health occupations in local or state government and workers in the same occupations in the private sector. Methods. We used the US Department of Labor's Occupational Employment and Wage Survey (OEWS). Referencing previous studies matching Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes with health department occupations, we selected 44 SOC codes. We contrasted median salaries in OEWS for workers in each occupation within state or local government with workers in the same occupations outside government. Results. Thirty of 44 occupations paid at least 5% less in government than the private sector, with 10 occupations, primarily in management, computer, and scientific or research occupations paying between 20% and 46.9% less in government. Inspection and compliance roles, technicians, and certain clinicians had disparities of 10% to 19%. Six occupations, primarily in social work or counseling, paid 24% to 38.7% more in government. Conclusions. To develop a sustainable public health workforce, health departments must consider adjusting their salaries if possible, market their strong benefits or public service mission, or use creative recruitment incentives such as student loan repayment programs for hard-to-fill roles. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(3):329-339. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307512).

COVID-19: incidence and mortality in Sweden comparing all foreign-born to all Swedish-born individuals in different occupations in an unvaccinated cohort of year 2020

ObjectivesThe aim was to analyse the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in immigrants compared with Swedish born in inpatients and outpatient registers, respectively.MethodsThe study population included all persons 20–88 years...

Parental occupations at birth and risk of adult testicular germ cell tumors in offspring: a French nationwide case-control study.

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most frequent cancer in young men in developed countries. Parental occupational exposures during early-life periods are suspected to increase TGCT risk. The objective was to estimate the association between parental occupations at birth and adult TGCT. A case-control study was conducted, including 454 TGCT cases aged 18-45 from 20 French university hospitals, matched to 670 controls based on region and year of birth. Data collected from participants included parental jobs at birth coded according to the International Standard Classification of Occupation-1968 and the French nomenclature of activities-1999. Odds ratios (OR) for TGCT and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for TGCT risk factors. Paternal jobs at birth as service workers (OR = 1.98, CI 1.18-3.30), protective service workers (OR = 2.40, CI 1.20-4.81), transport equipment operators (OR = 1.96, CI 1.14-3.37), specialized farmers (OR = 2.66, CI 1.03-6.90), and maternal jobs as secondary education teachers (OR = 2.27, CI 1.09-4.76) or in secondary education (OR = 2.35, CI 1.13-4.88) were significantly associated with adult TGCT. The risk of seminoma was increased for the above-mentioned paternal jobs and that of non-seminomas for public administration and defence; compulsory social security (OR = 1.99, CI 1.09-3.65); general, economic, and social administration (OR = 3.21, CI 1.23-8.39) for fathers; and secondary education teacher (OR = 4.67, CI 1.87-11.67) and secondary education (OR = 3.50, CI 1.36-9.01) for mothers. Some paternal jobs, such as service workers, transport equipment operators, or specialized farmers, and maternal jobs in secondary education seem to be associated with an increased risk of TGCT with specific features depending on the histological type. These data allow hypotheses to be put forward for further studies as to the involvement of occupational exposures in the risk of developing TGCT, such as exposure to pesticides, solvents, or heavy metals.

Introducing a new state-level occupational licensing requirement database

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss a new source of data detailing state level occupational licensing requirements for 50 professions.Design/methodology/approachThis study's research team gathered state level licensing requirements for 50 profession in all 50 states and DC from 2022 to 2023. The authors include the type of regulation, entry requirements like fees, education, training, good moral character provisions and renewal requirements. The authors include Standard Occupational Classification industry codes to allow researchers to merge it with other publicly available data sources. Finally, the authors present descriptive statistics and provide a comparison of licensing requirements for audiologists, an occupation with variation in entry requirements.FindingsThe mean number of the 50 professions licensed in states is 36. On average, these professions require a bachelor's degree, $271 in licensing fees and 26 h of continuing education to renew. For the audiologist profession, there is considerable variation between states in entry requirements like fees and education.Originality/valueDespite a large body of work on occupational licensing, data limitations still exist. Most analysis focuses on whether a profession is licensed or not. However, there is considerable variation between states for the same profession, providing an avenue for work estimating the effects of specific licensing requirements. A new source of data is introduced and discussed for researchers to use in future analyses of occupational licensing.

Standard Occupational Classification Codes: Gaps in Federal Data on the Public Health Workforce.

Objectives. To determine whether US Department of Labor standard occupational classification (SOC) codes can be used for public health workforce research. Methods. We reviewed past attempts at SOC matching for public health occupations and then used the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Industry and Occupation Computerized Coding System (NIOCCS) to match the actual job titles for 26 516 respondents to the 2021 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) with SOC codes, grouped by respondents' choice of job category in PH WINS. We assessed the accuracy of the NIOCCS matches and excluded matches under a cutpoint using the Youden Index. We assessed the percentage of SOC matches with insufficient information and diversity of SOC matches per PH WINS category using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. Results. Several key public health occupations do not have a SOC code, including disease intervention specialist, public health nurse, policy analyst, program manager, grants or contracts specialist, and peer counselor. Conclusions. Without valid SOC matches and detailed data on local and state government health departments, the US Department of Labor's data cannot be used for public health workforce enumeration. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(1):48-56. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307463).

Lifetime occupational skill and later-life cognitive function among older adults in the United States, Mexico, India, and South Africa.

We conducted a cross-national comparison of the association between main lifetime occupational skills and later-life cognitive function across four economically and socially distinct countries. Data were from population-based studies of aging and their Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocols (HCAPs) in the US, South Africa, India, and Mexico (N=10,037; Age range: 50 to 105 years; 2016 to 2020). Main lifetime occupational skill was classified according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations. Weighted, adjusted regression models estimated pooled and country-specific associations between main lifetime occupational skill and later-life general cognitive function in men and women. We observed positive gradients between occupational skill and later-life cognitive function for men and women in the US and Mexico, a positive gradient for women but not men in India, and no association for men or women in South Africa. Main lifetime occupations may be a source of later-life cognitive reserve, with cross-national heterogeneity in this association. No studies have examined cross-national differences in the association of occupational skill with cognition. We used data from Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocols in the US, Mexico, India, and South Africa. The association of occupational skill with cognitive function varies by country and gender.

한국표준직업분류에 있어서 손톱관리사 직업분류체계의 문제점과 개선방안 연구

This study analyzes the problem that fingernail managers are not classified as an independent occupational group in the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations, which is published by Statistics Korea, but are included as a subclass of skin and body managers, and suggests improvements to the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations system. In the current 7th Korean Standard Classification of Occupations, the subcategory Beauty-related service workers of the large category service workers are subdivided into Hairdressers, Cosmetologists, Skin and body managers, Make-up artists and make-up workers, and Other beauty-related service workers. There are four national technical qualifications related to hairdressing: hairdresser (general), hairdresser (skin), hairdresser (fingernail), and hairdresser (makeup). The beauty industry defined by the Public Health Management Act is subdivided into general beauty, skin beauty, fingernail beauty, and makeup and makeup beauty. The National Competency Standards(NCS) also categorizes these services into hairdressing, skin care, makeup, fingernail care, and massage. Based on the National Technical Qualification, the Public Health Management Act, and the NCS, the occupation of fingernail Managers does not belong to Skin and Body Managers, and fingernail Managers should be upgraded to the same classification as Skin and Body Managers. Therefore, this study aims to improve the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations to enhance the professional competence of fingernail managers and raise their status.

Economics of ChatGPT: a labor market view on the occupational impact of artificial intelligence

PurposeThe study investigates the influence of ChatGPT on the labor market dynamics, aiming to provide a structured understanding of the changes induced by generative AI technologies.Design/methodology/approachAn analysis of existing literature serves as the foundation for understanding the impact, while the supply and demand model helps assess the effects of ChatGPT. A text-mining approach is utilized to analyze the International Standard Occupation Classification, identifying occupations most susceptible to disruption by ChatGPT.FindingsThe study reveals that 32.8% of occupations could be fully impacted by ChatGPT, while 36.5% might experience a partial impact and 30.7% are likely to remain unaffected.Research limitations/implicationsWhile this study offers insights into the potential influence of ChatGPT and other generative AI services on the labor market, it is essential to note that these findings represent potential implications rather than realized labor market effects. Further research is needed to track actual changes in employment patterns and job market dynamics where these AI services are widely adopted.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the field by systematically categorizing the level of impact on different occupations, providing a nuanced perspective on the short- and long-term implications of ChatGPT and similar generative AI services on the labor market.

Occupations associated with treatment seeking and biopsychosocial functioning at a tertiary orofacial pain clinic: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to describe whether certain occupations were over- or underrepresented and to compare biopsychosocial functioning by types of occupation and employment status among adults seeking orofacial pain (OFP) treatment. MethodsThe authors extracted self-reported employment status, occupation, and biopsychosocial functioning from initial appointment records of 444 treatment-seeking adults at a university-affiliated OFP clinic. The authors categorized occupations in major and minor occupational groups according to the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification. The authors compared proportions between their sample and the corresponding state level, using a ratio and 95% CI (1.00 = equal representation in sample vs state, < 1.00 = underrepresentation, > 1.00 = overrepresentation). ResultsAmong major occupational categories, health care practitioners and technical occupations were the most common in the study sample (22.4%) and the second most overrepresented (ratio, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.59 to 3.97) after the arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations (ratio, 3.95; 95% CI, 2.15 to 7.26). Among minor occupational categories, teachers and instructors were the most common in the study sample (11.2%) and the most overrepresented (ratio, 90.71; 95% CI, 65.67 to 125.30), followed by managers (ratio, 43.87; 95% CI, 29.61 to 64.99) and photographers (ratio, 40.89; 95% CI, 10.23 to 163.4). No differences were observed in biopsychosocial functioning between major occupational categories. However, those not working due to health reasons or disability had worse biopsychosocial functioning (insomnia, anxiety and depression, life satisfaction, sleep health, pain intensity, pain-related interference; all P < .034) than those who were employed. ConclusionsSeveral occupations are strongly over- and underrepresented among adults seeking OFP treatment. Differences were not explained by biopsychosocial functioning. Practical ImplicationsFuture research should attempt to identify and address the underlying mechanisms of association between occupation and seeking care for OFP.

81 Occupation Complexity Mediates the Association between Education and Self-Reported Cognitive and Functional Decline in 60-Year-Olds

Objective:We ask about the degree to which the association between (1) the quantity and quality of people’s education and (2) midlife self-reported concerns about cognition and daily function is mediated by occupational complexity. The overarching hypothesis is that amount and quality of education provides people with access to better jobs, including jobs that are more cognitively complex. Occupational complexity, in turn, may be protective against cognitive impairment. If true, this means that part of the poorly-understood connection between education and cognitive impairment can be attributed to occupational complexity.Participants and Methods:We use data from a nationally representative sample of 13,525 people who participated in the 2021 wave of the High School &amp; Beyond (HSB) cohort study. HSB began in 1980 with a nationally-representative sample of American 10th and 12th grade students; these students have been followed up on six occasions since 1980, yielding extraordinary and prospectively-collected life course data on all key measures for a large, multicultural sample.In 2021, HSB sample members were evaluated with neuropsychological tests that evaluated list learning and memory, semantic and letter fluency, and working memory. They were also asked to self-report memory and functional decline using the AD8, using a cutoff of 2 or more items for significant concerns. Mild Cognitive Impairment will be identified using an algorithm validated in a similar sample of middle aged participants.HSB surveys gathered information about sample members’ labor force activities in every survey between 1980 and 2021, including information sufficient to code verbatim reports of occupations to the standards of the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification. We have linked these codes for sample members’ 2013 and 2021 occupations to the O*Net database, which includes extensive information about the cognitive complexity (and other attributes) of every occupation.Measures of key confounders—including social and economic background; demographic characteristics; educational contexts, opportunities, and attainments that are associated with labor force outcomes; adolescent achievement test scores; and aspects of midlife occupations besides complexity (e.g., how well they pay)—were measured prospectively and in great detail in the surveys administered between the 1980s and 2021.We estimate logistic regression models predicting significant cognitive and functional concerns as a function of educational contexts, opportunities, and outcomes; we also estimate models that account for the confounders listed above. Our main focus is on coefficients for education in models that do and do not include occupational complexity as a mediator. All models account for the clustered sampling design of HSB and use sampling weights to account for HSB’s complex sampling design and selective attrition from the panel.Results:Nearly one in five cohort members had significant cognitive and functional concerns; rates are lower for non-Latinx Whites and for better educated people. Associations between educational contexts, opportunities, and outcomes (including attainment) are robust, even after adjusting for confounders.Between one quarter and one third of the conditional association between education and self-reported cognitive and functional concerns can be attributed to occupational complexity.Conclusions:Occupational complexity is an important pathway through which more and better education protects people from concerns about cognitive and functional decline at about age 60.

Identifying literacy and numeracy skill mismatch in OECD countries using the job analysis method

Abstract The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) is currently the most important data source that provides information on the key skills possessed by workers, including literacy and numeracy. However, to assess skill mismatch, we also need information on the required skills in those domains, measured in the same metric and scale. In this article, we use the Job Analysis Method (JAM) to determine the required skill levels of literacy and numeracy for all four-digit International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) 2008 unit groups. JAM is often considered the ‘gold standard’ in estimating required levels but has never been used in the context of PIAAC. This article thus presents the first results on the prevalence of skill mismatches using JAM comparing different OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries and different occupations. We compare our results with alternative methods and show some advantages of using JAM. We discuss some of the limitations as well.

Occupational groups and lower urinary tract symptoms: A cross-sectional analysis of women in the Boston Area Community Health Study.

The objective of this study is to inform our hypothesis that the workplace toileting environment may impact lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS); we examined the prevalence of LUTS across occupational groups in the Boston Area Community Health Survey. At baseline, women (n = 3205) reported their occupation and frequency of 15 LUTS. Using the US Department of Labor's Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system, we categorized women into 11 standard occupational groups. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated by log-link generalized linear models, adjusting for age, race, education, fluid intake, and parity. Women classified in Office and Administrative Support were used as the reference group given their potential for fewer workplace toileting restrictions. Of the 3189 women with complete data, 68% of women reported any LUTS, ranging from 57% to 82% across the SOCs. Relative to women in Office and Administrative Support (n = 576), women in Computing, Engineering, and Science (n = 64) were more likely to report any LUTS (PR = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.0-1.4) and urinating again in <2 h (PR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.4-2.2), and women in Education, Legal, Community Service, Arts, and Media (n = 477), as well as Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations (n = 162), were less likely to report perceived frequent daytime urination (PR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9 and PR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9, respectively). Our cross-sectional findings suggest that urination frequency varies across understudied occupational groups with various workplace toileting environments. Future studies should examine this relationship prospectively to inform the influence of workplace toileting environments on urination frequency, as well as the development and/or worsening of LUTS.

Mesleki Eğilimin ve Ebeveynlerin İşe Alımdaki Rolü

The aim of this study is to search to the topic “The role of professional inclination and parents on recruitment”. The data analyzed in this study have been obtained from the TURKSTAT Study held on 2016 on the Structure of Family. The sample of this study is a group providing estimation at Turkey Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 1 Level (12 Region) to represent universe. Their professions and the professions of their parents were asked to the 42.044 persons who participated in that study and these were recorded and classified according to their International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO)-08 codes. During the analysis of data, the professions of mother, father and children were coded as white, blue, gray and pink-collars. Then, whether a relationship or not between mother, father and children profession and the collar color was investigated. At the end of the study, a high correlation level was established between the mother’s collar color and the child’s collar color. Another result is the correlation observed between the father’s collar color and the child’s collar color. In addition, it was determined that the collar color of the child is correlated with the mother’s collar color at a higher level than with the father’s collar color. This result indicates that the profession of parents should also be taken in consideration as a criterion by the managers for recruitment of employees.

Occupational differences in the prevalence and severity of long-COVID: analysis of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey

ObjectivesTo establish whether prevalence and severity of long-COVID symptoms vary by industry and occupation.MethodsWe used Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey (CIS) data (February 2021–April 2022) of working-age participants...

Assessing the impact of technological change on similar occupations: Implications for employment alternatives.

The fast-changing labor market highlights the need for an in-depth understanding of occupational mobility impacted by technological change. However, we lack a multidimensional classification scheme that considers similarities of occupations comprehensively, which prevents us from predicting employment trends and mobility across occupations. This study fills the gap by examining employment trends based on similarities between occupations. We first demonstrated a new method that clusters 756 occupation titles based on knowledge, skills, abilities, education, experience, training, activities, values, and interests. We used the Principal Component Analysis to categorize occupations in the Standard Occupational Classification, which is grouped into a four-level hierarchy. Then, we paired the occupation clusters with the occupational employment projections provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. We analyzed how employment would change and what factors affect the employment changes within occupation groups. Particularly, we specified factors related to technological changes. The results reveal that technological change accounts for significant job losses in some clusters. This poses occupational mobility challenges for workers in these jobs at present. Job losses for nearly 60% of current employment will occur in low-skill, low-wage occupational groups. Meanwhile, many mid-skilled and highly skilled jobs are projected to grow in the next ten years. Our results demonstrate the utility of our occupational classification scheme. Furthermore, it suggests a critical need for skills upgrading and workforce development for workers in declining jobs. Special attention should be paid to vulnerable workers, such as older individuals and minorities.