Standard Cash Research Articles

Cryptographic Money Value Expectation Utilizing ARIMA Model

Abstract: In the beyond couple of years, the cryptocurrency market has developed at a rate that has never been seen. Cryptocurrency works like standard cash, however virtual installments for labor and products are made without the assistance of a national bank or government. Digital money utilizes cryptography to ensure that all exchanges are legitimate and remarkable, however this business is simply beginning, and serious worries have been made about its utilization. To get a full image of individuals' opinion on digital money, it is vital to take a gander at how they feel about it. Along these lines, this study utilizes an assortment of tweets about cryptographic money, which are frequently used to foresee the cost of digital currency available, to do both temperament examination and feeling acknowledgment. A deep learning outfit model called LSTM-GRU is prescribed to deal with the accuracy of the assessment. It integrates two reasons for recurrent neural network: long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU). LSTM and GRU are collected with the end goal that the GRU gains from the features that LSTM finds. Using term repeat in reverse report repeat, word2vec, and bag-of words (BoW) incorporates, a couple of ML and profound learning methods and a suggested group model are considered. Furthermore, TextBlob and Text2Emotion are looked at to see how they can be used to analyze sentiments. Similarly, more individuals feel blissful when they use cryptographic money. Dread and shock are the following most normal sentiments. The outcomes show that when BoW qualities are utilized, ML models perform better compared to when they don't. The accuracy of the recommended LSTM-GRU gathering for breaking down state of mind and anticipating feelings is 0.99 and 0.92, separately. This is superior to both ML and cutting edge models.

Physics Beyond the Standard Model with Future X-Ray Observatories: Projected Constraints on Very-light Axion-like Particles with Athena and AXIS

Axion-like particles (ALPs) are well-motivated extensions of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and a generic prediction of some string theories. X-ray observations of bright active galactic nuclei (AGNs) hosted by rich clusters of galaxies are excellent probes of very-light ALPs, with masses . We evaluate the potential of future X-ray observatories, particularly Athena and the proposed AXIS, to constrain ALPs via observations of cluster-hosted AGNs, taking NGC 1275 in the Perseus cluster as our exemplar. Assuming perfect knowledge of the instrument calibration, we show that a modest exposure (200 ks) of NGC 1275 by Athena permits us to exclude all photon–ALP couplings g aγ > 6.3 × 10−14 GeV−1 at the 95% confidence level, as previously shown by Conlon et al., representing a factor of 10 improvement over current limits. We then proceed to assess the impact of realistic calibration uncertainties on the Athena projection by applying a standard Cash likelihood procedure, showing the projected constraints on g aγ weaken by a factor of 10 (back to the current most sensitive constraints). However, we show how the use of a deep neural network can disentangle the energy-dependent features induced by instrumental miscalibration and those induced by photon–ALP mixing, allowing us to recover most of the sensitivity to the ALP physics. In our explicit demonstration, the machine learning applied allows us to exclude g aγ > 2.0 × 10−13 GeV−1, complementing the projected constraints of next-generation ALP dark matter birefringent cavity searches for very-light ALPs. Finally, we show that a 200 ks AXIS/on-axis observation of NGC 1275 will tighten the current best constraints on very-light ALPs by a factor of 3.

Ming-Era Remittance Systems and Standard Cash in the Xingshi Yinyuan Zhuan

Abstract The pre-modern Chinese novel Xingshi yinyuan zhuan provides a wealth of information on the use of silver and copper cash in the economy of the late Ming dynasty. An analysis of the text reveals that there was no mechanism for remote remittance in the modern financial sense during this period. Therefore, it is necessary to reexamine several research works which have claimed the existence of remote remittance in financial history studies. Upon scrutinizing the various types of standard cash minted from the Jiajing to Chongzhen eras, it is evident that the popular “yellow-fringed coin” referred to in the Xingshi yinyuan zhuan was actually an umbrella term that encompassed both yellow coins and lathed-rim coins. Furthermore, the decimal conversion coins mentioned in the text that were withdrawn from the market due to unusability were most likely the decuple coins in the Tianqi era universal currency. The political incompetence of the late Ming period also caused the common people to reject the universal currency of the period, which was more valuable than the universal currency of previous periods.

New developments in financial statement analysis. Liquidity in the winery sector

The aim of this article is to analyse the short-term solvency of large companies in the wine sector in the period 2014-2018, in two relevant Spanish wine-production areas and assess significant differences in time and between regions. Liquidity is a direct threat to the financial health of companies and is analysed using standard financial indicators and compositional data, in order to prevent the common outlier, non-linearity and asymmetry problems in standard financial ratios. The study shows that the compositional ratios are statistically more adequate and that the turnover indicator between operating cash inflows with respect to current investments and operating cash outflows with respect to current liabilities is a complementary indicator to standard cash flow ratios. Wineries in La Rioja have better liquidity than Catalan wineries in the period under study.

A pilot randomized trial of incentive strategies to promote HIV retesting in rural Uganda.

Retesting for HIV is critical to identifying newly-infected persons and reinforcing prevention efforts among at-risk adults. Incentives can increase one-time HIV testing, but their role in promoting retesting is unknown. We sought to test feasibility and acceptability of incentive strategies, including commitment contracts, to promote HIV retesting among at-risk adults in rural Uganda. At-risk HIV-negative adults were enrolled in a pilot trial assessing feasibility and acceptability of incentive strategies to promote HIV retesting three months after enrollment. Participants were randomized (1:1:3) to: 1) no incentive; 2) standard cash incentive (~US$4); and 3) commitment contract: participants could voluntarily make a low- or high-value deposit that would be returned with added interest (totaling ~US$4 including the deposit) upon retesting or lost if participants failed to retest. Contracts sought to promote retesting by leveraging loss aversion and addressing present bias via pre-commitment. Outcomes included acceptability of trial enrollment, contract feasibility (proportion of participants making deposits), and HIV retesting uptake. Of 130 HIV-negative eligible adults, 123 (95%) enrolled and were randomized: 74 (60%) to commitment contracts, 25 (20%) to standard incentives, and 24 (20%) to no incentive. Of contract participants, 69 (93%) made deposits. Overall, 93 (76%) participants retested for HIV: uptake was highest in the standard incentive group (22/25 [88%]) and lowest in high-value contract (26/36 [72%]) and no incentive (17/24 [71%]) groups. In a randomized trial of strategies to promote HIV retesting among at-risk adults in Uganda, incentive strategies, including commitment contracts, were feasible and had high acceptability. Our findings suggest use of incentives for HIV retesting merits further comparison in a larger trial. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT:02890459.

ETHNIC DISPARITY IN NUTRITIONAL STATUS: EVIDENCE FROM ECUADOR’S NATIONAL SURVEY OF HEALTH, WELFARE AND AGING (SABE)

Providing effective public services to improve the nutritional status among older adults is pivotal in countries experiencing population aging. Public investment and social policy in Ecuador have focused mainly on standard food-based interventions and cash transference programs. These efforts, however, may be not effective enough to reach those populations that need the most. This study aims to identify those populations that should be targeted by specific interventions. Data were drawn from Ecuador’s Survey of Health, Welfare and Aging (SABE) – 2009, a probability sample of households with at least one person who were 60 years or older in Ecuador. The final sample consisted of 5,235 people who were 60 years or older. Ethnic identity was categorized into four categories: Indigenous People, Mestizo (Mixed of Spanish and Indigenous People), Afro-Ecuadorian/Mulato, and Other. Nutritional status was measured using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Ordered logistic regression analysis was utilized to assess the association between ethnic identity and nutritional status. Results revealed that the Indigenous ethnicity was significantly associated with worse nutritional status compared to Mestizo and Other even after controlling for a range of covariates including socio-economic status, health related factors, and social support. These findings suggest the existence of underlaying factors hindering the nutritional status of among indigenous older adults in Ecuador. Considering the information revealed by SABE, interventions and other strategies should be targeted and designed specifically accounting for the needs, preferences, and culture of the most vulnerable population.

The optimal cash holdings speed of adjustment and firm value: An empirical study in Indonesia

This study employs two models of the speed of cash holdings adjustment to measure the effect of cash management on firm value, they are the deviation standard cash holding model and partial speed of adjustment model. Using sampling companies from Indonesia during 2001-2017, the study employs some techniques of regression for dynamic panel data with fixed effects, the pooled ordinary least square with fixed effects, and regression moderated analysis. Research findings show that: first, the deviation standard cash holding and partial speed of adjustment affect firm value; second, by using the deviation standard cash holding model, it shows that managerial ownership, institutional ownership, investment and debt moderate the effect of the deviation standard cash holding on firm value; third, by using the partial speed of adjustment model, it shows that investment moderates the effect of partial speed of adjustment on firm value. The implications of the study are to explain two speed of cash holding adjustment models and their impacts on the increasing trend of firm value. JEL Classification : C33, G31, G34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v23i2.2604

The cost of preventing undernutrition: cost, cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of three cash-based interventions on nutrition outcomes in Dadu, Pakistan.

Cash-based interventions (CBIs) increasingly are being used to deliver humanitarian assistance and there is growing interest in the cost-effectiveness of cash transfers for preventing undernutrition in emergency contexts. The objectives of this study were to assess the costs, cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness in achieving nutrition outcomes of three CBIs in southern Pakistan: a ‘double cash’ (DC) transfer, a ‘standard cash’ (SC) transfer and a ‘fresh food voucher’ (FFV) transfer. Cash and FFVs were provided to poor households with children aged 6–48 months for 6 months in 2015. The SC and FFV interventions provided $14 monthly and the DC provided $28 monthly. Cost data were collected via institutional accounting records, interviews, programme observation, document review and household survey. Cost-effectiveness was assessed as cost per case of wasting, stunting and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. Beneficiary costs were higher for the cash groups than the voucher group. Net total cost transfer ratios (TCTRs) were estimated as 1.82 for DC, 2.82 for SC and 2.73 for FFV. Yet, despite the higher operational costs, the FFV TCTR was lower than the SC TCTR when incorporating the participation cost to households, demonstrating the relevance of including beneficiary costs in cost-efficiency estimations. The DC intervention achieved a reduction in wasting, at $4865 per case averted; neither the SC nor the FFV interventions reduced wasting. The cost per case of stunting averted was $1290 for DC, $882 for SC and $883 for FFV. The cost per DALY averted was $641 for DC, $434 for SC and $563 for FFV without discounting or age weighting. These interventions are highly cost-effective by international thresholds. While it is debatable whether these resource requirements represent a feasible or sustainable investment given low health expenditures in Pakistan, these findings may provide justification for continuing Pakistan’s investment in national social safety nets.

Analysis of the profitability of a photovoltaic installation in the context of sustainable development of construction

The article presents the general problem of sustainable development of construction in Poland. The principles of photovoltaic cell operation are discussed depending on the type of panels used. The issue of efficiency is presented on the example of a single cell. The article presents currently available photovoltaic systems, their construction and ways of connecting solar modules. The aim of the study is to analyse the profitability of a photovoltaic installation for individual energy consumers on the example of a household located in an energy district in central Poland. In addition, boundary conditions justifying the economic basis for the construction of photovoltaic power plants producing energy for the own needs of customers have been specified. As a research method, a standard cash flow model was adopted for an investment project consisting in the construction of a photovoltaic installation. The revenues are avoided costs of purchase and distribution of electricity through the production of electricity from PV for the own needs of consumers.

Integrating Social Protection Strategies for Improved Impact: A Comparative Evaluation of Cash Transfers and Index Insurance in Kenya

Social protection programmes aim to use public funds to reduce poverty and vulnerability. Cash transfers have proven to be an effective social protection strategy in many contexts but are extremely expensive. Researchers have suggested that integrating multiple interventions could improve the efficiency of protection programmes, but there are few evidence-based recommendations on how to best implement such approaches. This study uses household-level panel data to estimate the marginal impacts of observed cash and index insurance transfers (subsidies) on household income in northern Kenya. Those estimates are used to simulate sample-level poverty indices as the outcome of a standard cash transfer programme and of a similar programme that reallocates a small portion of the budget as an insurance subsidy to the vulnerable. We find that the integrated programme reduces poverty to a greater degree than do cash transfers alone, highlighting the importance of protecting the vulnerable in addition to supporting the poorest.

Impact evaluation of different cash-based intervention modalities on child and maternal nutritional status in Sindh Province, Pakistan, at 6 mo and at 1 y: A cluster randomised controlled trial.

BackgroundCash-based interventions (CBIs), offer an interesting opportunity to prevent increases in wasting in humanitarian aid settings. However, questions remain as to the impact of CBIs on nutritional status and, therefore, how to incorporate them into emergency programmes to maximise their success in terms of improved nutritional outcomes. This study evaluated the effects of three different CBI modalities on nutritional outcomes in children under 5 y of age at 6 mo and at 1 y.Methods and findingsWe conducted a four-arm parallel longitudinal cluster randomised controlled trial in 114 villages in Dadu District, Pakistan. The study included poor and very poor households (n = 2,496) with one or more children aged 6–48 mo (n = 3,584) at baseline. All four arms had equal access to an Action Against Hunger–supported programme. The three intervention arms were as follows: standard cash (SC), a cash transfer of 1,500 Pakistani rupees (PKR) (approximately US$14; 1 PKR = US$0.009543); double cash (DC), a cash transfer of 3,000 PKR; or a fresh food voucher (FFV) of 1,500 PKR; the cash or voucher amount was given every month over six consecutive months. The control group (CG) received no specific cash-related interventions. The median total household income for the study sample was 8,075 PKR (approximately US$77) at baseline. We hypothesized that, compared to the CG in each case, FFVs would be more effective than SC, and that DC would be more effective than SC—both at 6 mo and at 1 y—for reducing the risk of child wasting. Primary outcomes of interest were prevalence of being wasted (weight-for-height z-score [WHZ] < −2) and mean WHZ at 6 mo and at 1 y.The odds of a child being wasted were significantly lower in the DC arm after 6 mo (odds ratio [OR] = 0.52; 95% CI 0.29, 0.92; p = 0.02) compared to the CG. Mean WHZ significantly improved in both the FFV and DC arms at 6 mo (FFV: z-score = 0.16; 95% CI 0.05, 0.26; p = 0.004; DC: z-score = 0.11; 95% CI 0.00, 0.21; p = 0.05) compared to the CG. Significant differences on the primary outcome were seen only at 6 mo. All three intervention groups showed similar significantly lower odds of being stunted (height-for-age z-score [HAZ] < −2) at 6 mo (DC: OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.24, 0.64; p < 0.001; FFV: OR = 0.41; 95% CI 0.25, 0.67; p < 0.001; SC: OR = 0.36; 95% CI 0.22, 0.59; p < 0.001) and at 1 y (DC: OR = 0.53; 95% CI 0.35, 0.82; p = 0.004; FFV: OR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.31, 0.73; p = 0.001; SC: OR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.36, 0.81; p = 0.003) compared to the CG. Significant improvements in height-for-age outcomes were also seen for severe stunting (HAZ < −3) and mean HAZ. An unintended outcome was observed in the FFV arm: a negative intervention effect on mean haemoglobin (Hb) status (−2.6 g/l; 95% CI −4.5, −0.8; p = 0.005). Limitations of this study included the inability to mask participants or data collectors to the different interventions, the potentially restrictive nature of the FFVs, not being able to measure a threshold effect for the two different cash amounts or compare the different quantities of food consumed, and data collection challenges given the difficult environment in which this study was set.ConclusionsIn this setting, the amount of cash given was important. The larger cash transfer had the greatest effect on wasting, but only at 6 mo. Impacts at both 6 mo and at 1 y were seen for height-based growth variables regardless of the intervention modality, indicating a trend toward nutrition resilience. Purchasing restrictions applied to food-based voucher transfers could have unintended effects, and their use needs to be carefully planned to avoid this.Trial registrationISRCTN registry ISRCTN10761532

Measurement of Bequest Value Using a Non-monetary Payment in a Choice Experiment—The Case of Improving Forest Ecosystem Services for the Benefit of Local Communities in Rural Kenya

This paper adds to the limited literature on the bequest value of environmental resources. A choice experiment (CE) was carried out in order to estimate the economic value of changes in ecosystem services that impact on the welfare of rural communities in the vicinity of a rainforest in Kenya. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to valuing immediate benefits, respondents were willing to pay 1750Kshs for the use of forest resources by posterity. The results also establish that the chosen non-monetary payment vehicle was not evaluated differently to a standard cash payment.

Cost of quality consideration following product launch in a present worth assessment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of costs of quality on the present worth (PW) of a new product launch at a North American automobile manufacturer. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on the examination of various cash flows associated with a new product launch within an automobile manufacturer. Standard cash flows and a PW analysis were examined and compared to non-standard cash flows which take into consideration post-launch cost of quality (CoQ). A sensitivity analysis was used to determine if any CoQ factors affected the integrity of the product launch. Findings – The paper concludes that there is an impact on the PW of a program when CoQ is considered as a cash flow element. CoQ should be considered in a product launch PW analysis preceding any commitment to invest. Research limitations/implications – This study suggests that, given data on the costs that will accrue assuming standard quality concerns following product launch, and the occurrence of special cause issues, the business case can establish a better estimate of the costs a program will face under varying levels of post-launch quality. An understanding of the potential cost consequences of quality issues can shape the understanding of the risks in a planned project. Practical implications – The paper shows that CoQ can have a significant impact on a PW analysis. CoQ concerns should be considered during pre-launch planning of a new product. Originality/value – The paper satisfies the need to study when a manufacturer considers investment in the launch of a new product with CoQ concerns.

Polygonal Meshes Predicated Watermarking Algorithm to Avert Misinterpretation of ATM Cards

There is a loophole between the Mazuma card standards followed in the banks and the financial frauds done by the Mazuma card cloning. It undertakes two primary tasks; namely understanding of the traditional standard cash card provided by the banks and a proposed methodology to make them more secure to reduce the Mazuma card frauds. The methodology utilizes the watermarking procedure to embed the customer's unique signature in the magnetic stripe of the Mazuma card which plays a prominent role to authenticate the utilizer. This authentication mechanism is a subsidiary while transaction to secure cash card from being cloned via skimming contrivance. In this paper we compute the Laplacian coordinates and then construct vectors (histogram) followed by embedding the watermark adjusting the state of that histogram. We hide all the users details in this watermark. The watermark extraction is done blindly without referencing the host model. It is also robust and resists the geometrical transformation such as translation, uniform scaling, rotation and vertex reordering.

Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts eds. by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald

Reviewed by: Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contextseds. by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald Sui-wai Cheung Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, editors. Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts. Leiden: Brill, 2015. Monies, Markets, and Finance in East Asia, 1600–1900, vol. 6. Pp. xlix + 522. $234 (cloth). ISBN 978-9004285033. Money in Asia, an anthology edited by Jane Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, is a result of research conducted from 2006 to 2012 by the international research group "Monies, Markets, and Finance in China and East Asia, 1600–1900," created and directed by Hans Ulrich Vogel. The book contains a preface by Mark Elvin, an introduction by Ulrich Theobald, and eighteen chapters by different scholars. I shall focus on four chapters that discuss monetary history in late imperial China, a subject of special interest to me. These chapters are: "'Silver is Expensive, Cash is Cheap': Official and Private Cash Forgeries as the Main Cause for the Nineteenth-century Monetary Turmoil," by Werner Burger; "Smoke on the Mountain: The Infamous Counterfeiting Case of Tongzi District, Guizhou Province, 1794" by Cao Jin and Hans Ulrich Vogel; "The Devastation of the Qing Mints, 1821–1850" by Man-houng Lin; and "Silver, Copper, Rice and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion" by Elisabeth Kaske. To begin, I shall give a brief historical background to put these studies into context. In Qing China, copper cash and silver bullion were the two major types of money, but the state failed to maintain the fixed exchange rate (1 tael of silver to 1,000 copper cash) between them. Instead, exchange rates fluctuated and varied from one county to another. Owing to the lack of data, historians have known little about prices for copper cash, but they generally have agreed that copper cash began to become cheaper, as compared to silver, at the turn of the eighteenth century. The first three of these four chapters offer explanations for the depreciation of copper cash, and the last one indicates that cash notes, denominated in copper cash, still played an important role in fiscal policy in the mid-nineteenth century. Burger's chapter, "Silver is Expensive, Cash is Cheap," investigates the reasons for the depreciation of coins in the early nineteenth century. Citing a study by Yang Duanliu, Burger suggests that there was an oversupply of copper cash while the supply of silver stagnated or even decreased due to the import of opium. He argues that the problem did not occur in the eighteenth century because the Qianlong emperor (r. 1735–1795) curtailed the supply of copper cash by halting the operation of all government mints and setting up nationwide [End Page 417]collection centers, where inferior coins were bought up at the current copper price. However, these measures were discontinued by his successor, the Jiaqing emperor (r. 1796–1820), who also allowed the campaign against forgeries to lapse. Thus by 1808 the exchange rate moved above the 1,000 mark. In contrast to Burger, Cao and Vogel, in "Smoke on the Mountain," question the success of the state campaign to buy up debased copper coins. The campaign was begun in 1789, and provincial collection centers collected tons of inferior coins, but the task seemed never ending. In 1791, the Qianlong emperor lost patience. He blamed the campaign for encouraging counterfeiting, realizing that outlaws could counterfeit coins to obtain silver or standard cash in exchange. Also, a criminal case in 1794 revealed that many people held onto their inferior coins instead of turning them in to the government. That year, Fukang'an 福康安, governor-general of Sichuan, informed the Qianlong emperor in a memorial that a large counterfeiting ring had been uncovered in the border region between Guizhou and Sichuan and that the scale of the bandits' operation increased daily. Although the counterfeiters paid less than the government would have for the debased copper coins they needed to make their fake coins, they attracted those sellers who lived far from collection centers. Since the collection campaign had been unsuccessful, in 1796, when the Jiaqing emperor succeeded to the throne, he...

Cooling Off in Negotiations: Does it Work?

Negotiations frequently end in conflict after one party rejects a final offer. In a large-scale internet experiment, we investigate whether a 24-hour coolingoff period leads to fewer rejections in ultimatum bargaining. We conduct a standard cash treatment and a lottery treatment, where subjects receive lottery tickets for several large prizes - emulating a high-stakes environment. In the lottery treatment, unfair offers are less frequently rejected, and cooling-off significantly reduces the rejection rate further. In the cash treatment, rejections are more frequent and remain so after cooling-off. This treatment difference is particularly pronounced for subjects with lower cognitive abilities.

Commodity markets through the business cycle

From 2008 to 2011, commodity markets experienced growing attention from the banking industry for various reasons: the summer 2008 oil price swing, the price surge in an ounce of gold, or sharp variations in agricultural prices. As a consequence, can we hypothesize the existence of a global connection between commodities and economic cycles? If these recent events suggest that commodity markets are strongly related to the business cycle, this evidence goes nevertheless against the widespread intuition that commodity markets are a strong source of diversification in a standard cash–bond–equity portfolio. Based on a data-set from 1990 to present, this paper investigates this issue by (i) looking at the reaction of commodity markets to economic news, and (ii) using a Markov regime-switching model to analyse economic regimes and commodity markets as an asset class.

Predictive validity of a culturally informed diagnosis of schizophrenia: A 30 month follow-up study with first episode psychosis

Previous research has shown discrepancies between a standard diagnostic interview for schizophrenia (CASH) and a culture sensitive version of this instrument (CASH-CS) in Moroccan patients. More specifically we showed that among Moroccan immigrants the CASH-CS resulted in fewer patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia compared with diagnoses based on the CASH, whereas for Native Dutch patients there was no difference between the CASH and the CASH-CS. The aim of the current study was to compare the predictive validity of a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the CASH and CASH-CS. MethodThirty months after referral, 26 Moroccan and 26 native Dutch patients with a suspected first psychotic episode were compared with regard to 30-month diagnostic stability, symptom development, psychosocial functioning, medication use and hospitalization using baseline diagnoses based on the two versions of the CASH. ResultsMoroccan patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia using the standard CASH at baseline had a significantly better 30-month prognosis than native Dutch patients with the same CASH diagnosis. Prognosis of schizophrenia according to the CASH-CS was similar for Moroccans and native Dutch patients. Diagnostic stability according to the CASH was high for native Dutch (92%), but low for Moroccan patients (27%), whereas diagnostic stability according to the CASH-CS was high for both groups (85% and 81%, respectively). ConclusionThese data raise questions regarding the validity of the standard CASH in Moroccan immigrants in The Netherlands and support the validity of the CASH-CS. As a consequence, there are serious doubts about the validity of previous studies showing an increased incidence of schizophrenia in immigrants using standard diagnostic procedures.

Analysis of Studies from 2000-2010 in Real Option Theory and Application to OM

Traditional project investment methods, such as the discounted cash flow (DCF) with a fixed static plan, are no longer sufficient to assist the corporate strategies of seizing opportunities and profitability. The option pricing formula includes a theoretical framework for pricing financial options, assuming that the risk in a financial hedged position is zero, if the option is adjusted continuously in a short position. Hence, the real options revolution arose in response to the dissatisfaction of corporation practitioners with traditional capital budgeting techniques, such as standard discount cash flow. This paper analyzes relevant articles from the “Journal of Operations Management” and “Management Sciences” as related to real options theory in the field of operations management. The goal of this study is to review and identify the gaps in application to real option theory in their studies. Finally, this paper provides suggestions for future researchers.

A Corporate Finance Cash Flow Model with Float

In this paper we introduce a Cash Flow Model with Float so as to overcome apparent shortcomings that pervade the Standard Cash Flow Model. We deploy the complex structure the float exhibits and this allows not only for strategic financial decision making but a much more sensible use of sources and applications of expected future cash flows, as well. Furthermore, it provides with a method for building up floats. It is a distinguishing feature in this model that uncovers agency problems and costs. Besides, it gives grounds for a quantitative approach to free cash flows analysis. Prior to introducing the model, however, we derive both the Statement of Cash Flows and the Standard Cash Flow Model so as to weigh up their qualifications against the model with float.