Standard Burner Research Articles

Multi-line OH-LIF for gas-phase temperature and concentration imaging in the SpraySyn burner

Gas-phase temperature and OH concentration images are measured in the SpraySyn nanoparticle-synthesis standard burner using multi-line OH laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) thermometry. In this burner, a spray flame fed by a combustible nanoparticle precursor solution is stabilized by a surrounding axisymmetric lean premixed laminar methane/oxygen pilot flame. For measuring OH rotational temperature, the laser is scanned across the 282.05–282.17 nm range and LIF excitation spectra are fitted for each image pixel by simulated spectra. Temperature maps are determined for the pilot flame and the ethanol spray flame with variable dispersion gas flow rates of oxygen used in the two-fluid nozzle. The addition of 2-EHA (2-ethylhexanoic acid) to the solution was found to increase the flame temperature. Laser attenuation across the flame was measured using simultaneous recordings of the fluorescence of uranine/water solution from two dye cuvettes illuminated with the laser sheet before and after the flame and the effect of attenuation was quantified. Absolute OH concentration distributions are determined by combining the LIF images, laser attenuation measurements, and derived temperature distributions. The temporal stability of the flame is investigated for various operating conditions by statistical evaluation of recorded instantaneous OH-LIF images.

Analyzing 3D fields of refractive index, emission and temperature in spray-flame nanoparticle synthesis via tomographic imaging using multi-simultaneous measurements (TIMes)

Turbulent spray flames issuing from the SpraySyn 2.0 burner were investigated in the present work by means of tomographic imaging using multi-simultaneous measurements (TIMes). This small-scale standard burner is designed to study flame-spray synthesis of tailored nanoparticle systems. The applied measurement technique combined background-oriented schlieren tomography, computed tomography of light emission and two-color tomographic salt emission thermometry to reveal single-shot and time-averaged 3D fields of refractive index (linked to temperature, pressure and species concentration), CH* chemiluminescence (flame front indicator), SrOH emission from synthesized trace amount of Sr(NO3)2 dissolved in the liquid precursor solution (marker of the hot spray-flame products), and temperature of the hot spray-flame products, respectively. The salt emission thermometry technique was extended to tomographic measurements for the first time. Its implementation was based on the voxel-wise intensity ratio of reconstructed thermally-excited SrOH signals at two different regions in the visible spectrum that was converted to temperature using a single calibration curve based on multi-line OH planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements. The cost-effective setup for TIMes was composed of 43 machine-vision cameras equipped with bandpass spectrum filters, an innovative continuous semi-circular background pattern and LED light sources. The combined reconstructed fields provided information on the 3D flame structure in detail, showing the interaction between the flame front and spray stream, and the hot temperature regions. Spray-flame features were quantitatively analyzed, namely temperature, height, width, 3D tilt angle, and spreading half-angle of the flame plume. The temperature measurements proved to be robust against variations in the fuel/oxidizer equivalence ratio for the four investigated operating conditions. The spray flame issuing from the SpraySyn 2.0 burner at the standard operating condition was more stable than that in the previous burner generation, although more asymmetric near the nozzle exit and tilted, which might still cause heterogeneity of the synthesized nanoparticle system.

Photochemical Aging Induces Changes in the Effective Densities, Morphologies, and Optical Properties of Combustion Aerosol Particles.

Effective density (ρeff) is an important property describing particle transportation in the atmosphere and in the human respiratory tract. In this study, the particle size dependency of ρeff was determined for fresh and photochemically aged particles from residential combustion of wood logs and brown coal, as well as from an aerosol standard (CAST) burner. ρeff increased considerably due to photochemical aging, especially for soot agglomerates larger than 100 nm in mobility diameter. The increase depends on the presence of condensable vapors and agglomerate size and can be explained by collapsing of chain-like agglomerates and filling of their voids and formation of secondary coating. The measured and modeled particle optical properties suggest that while light absorption, scattering, and the single-scattering albedo of soot particle increase during photochemical processing, their radiative forcing remains positive until the amount of nonabsorbing coating exceeds approximately 90% of the particle mass.

Thermometry in dynamic and high-temperature combustion filed based on hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

Temperature, as an important parameter in combustion diagnostic process, will directly affect the combustion efficiency and the generation of combustion products. The accurate measuring of combustion temperature and then controlling of combustion state can not only contribute to avoiding the generation of harmful waste gas, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and oxynitride (NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>), but also improve the combustion efficiency, thereby saving the energy. However, in practical applications, dynamic and high-temperature combustion field has strict requirements for measurement accuracy and response speed of the thermometry technology. As an advanced spectral thermometry technology, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has a much higher spatial resolution, and can achieve accurate temperature measurement in high-temperature environment, so CARS has the potential applications in complex combustion field. For the temperature measurement requirements in the complex dynamic and high-temperature combustion field, we demonstrate a hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering thermometry method through using the second harmonic bandwidth compression method, and achieve accurate measurements and dynamic response to temperature in dynamic and high-temperature combustion field. By using the narrow-band picosecond pulse obtained from the sum frequency process of femtosecond pulse in the BBO crystal as a probe pulse, this thermometry method can achieve single-shot, 1-kHz temperature measurement in high-temperature flame. We utilize the standard burner to simulate dynamic combustion field in a range of 1700–2200 K by changing the equivalence ratio quickly, and carry out continuous temperature measurement in 70 s by our thermometry method in this simulated dynamic and high-temperature flame. The least square method is used to fit the theoretical spectrum library to the actual single spectrum, and the fitting temperature corresponding to the actual single spectrum is obtained from the curve of fitting error. The continuous temperature measurements in 70 s exhibit superior performance in dynamic and high-temperature flame with a temperature inaccuracy less than 1.2% and a precision less than 1.8% at four different temperatures, and can track the temperature variation process within 0.2 s dynamically. These results verify the accuracy, stability and response speed in dynamic and high-temperature environment, and provide a new system scheme for thermometry in practical harsh combustion field.

Three-dimensional particle size determination in a laminar diffusion flame by tomographic laser-induced incandescence

Non-intrusive measurement techniques are required to gain a comprehensive understanding about the processes of soot formation, growth and oxidation. Time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII), commonly performed 0D or 2D within a flame, has proven to be a very suitable tool for the in situ sizing of soot primary particles. In this work, the technique is expanded to the third dimension by employing volumetric illumination and coupling it with a tomographic approach, which allows to computationally gain 3D information from 2D images taken at various angles. To minimize experimental cost, an approach using nine fiber bundles arranged in a semicircle around the flame and imaging the light onto a single camera is used. The technique is demonstrated on an ethene diffusion flame on a standard burner, providing spatially resolved 3D particle sizes. One focus of this work is to reveal the influence of input parameters such as the local bath gas temperature, which we measured by two-color pyrometry, and local laser fluence, which are both required for an accurate evaluation of the local particle size. It is shown that the assumption of an average temperature may result in a wrong picture even of qualitative soot size evaluation. In the end, a concept is proposed for a simultaneous determination of the 3D distribution of particle sizes through TiRe-LII and the required bath gas temperature via two-color pyrometry using a tomographic approach with only three cameras.

Pengaruh Modifikasi Pipa Masukan Bahan Bakar Oli Bekas Berbentuk Spiral Terhadap Performansi Burner Tornado Api

The need for fuel in Indonesia is a serious problem in human life in the future. Various efforts are being made to find alternative fuels. One that is currently being researched as an alternative fuel is lubricating oil (oil). Several studies have been carried out in the context of developing this used fuel oil. Used oil when using the standard burner used in previous studies has an impact on the amount of smoke and low temperature, because the oil that goes to the burner is still pure oil. This research tries to modify the oil input flow in the form of a circular spiral. The difference between the burners that will be made with previous studies is in the oil intake hose. The oil inlet pipe in this study will be made in a spiral shape. The results showed that the modification using a spiral pipe had a higher temperature of 397 0 C compared to without using a spiral pipe which was 381 0 C. In addition, the heating rate using this spiral pipe is greater, namely 302400 Joules. So it can be concluded that the burner performance with spiral pipe modification is higher than without using spiral pipe

Experimental investigation of axisymmetric, turbulent, annular jets discharged through the nozzle of the SPP1980 SpraySyn burner under isothermal and reacting conditions

The present study contributes to the characterization of the complex flow fields that arise from annular turbulent non-reacting and reacting jets dispersed through the SPP1980 SpraySyn-burner. The SpraySyn-burner is a new lab-scale standard burner to study the production of functional materials by flame spray pyrolysis. Velocity measurements of axisymmetric turbulent annular jets issued through the nozzle of the SpraySyn-burner are performed with 2D-2C particle image velocimetry. Investigated cases include a turbulent annular free jet and turbulent annular jets weakly confined by co-flowing low-momentum streams under non-reacting and reacting conditions. The results of an isothermal case are validated with hot-wire anemometer measurements and compared with large eddy simulations. Fields of mean velocity and its standard deviation, as well as their centreline profiles are presented for all cases and compared to previous research studies of round, annular and co-axial jets. Significant changes in the flow velocity dynamics between non-reacting and reacting cases are discussed. Additionally, normalized radial profiles of axial mean velocity and Reynolds stresses are related to self-similarity theories. The data reveal that the results of self-similarity profiles are in good agreement with those found in the literature. Meanwhile, the self-similar profiles of Reynolds stresses from the studied annular jets asymptotically converge to unique self-similar profiles with differences in magnitudes due to variations in the initial conditions, boundaries and jet history. The present results are primarily useful for providing validation data for computational simulations that model the intricate droplet-particle formation using the SpraySyn-burner.

SpraySyn-A standardized burner configuration for nanoparticle synthesis in spray flames.

In many scientific communities, the definition of standardized experiments has enabled major progress in process understanding. The investigation of the spray-flame synthesis of nanoparticles at a well-defined standard burner by experiment and simulation makes it possible to produce a comprehensive data set with various established and novel measuring methods. In this work, we introduce the design of the SpraySyn burner as a new standard for a free-jet type burner that offers well-defined and simulation-friendly boundary conditions and geometries as well as accessibility for optical diagnostics. A combustible precursor solution is fed through a centrally located capillary and aerosolized with an oxygen dispersion gas flow. The spray flame is stabilized by a premixed flat methane/oxygen pilot flame fed via a porous bronze matrix surrounded by a stabilizing nitrogen coflow emanating through the same porous matrix, providing easy-to-calculate boundary conditions for simulations. This burner design enables the use of a wide choice of solvents, precursors, and precursor combinations. Best-practice operating instructions and parameters are given, and large-eddy simulations are performed demonstrating the suitability of the SpraySyn burner for computational fluid dynamics simulations. For ensuring reproducible operation across labs, we define a consumer-camera-based flame characterization scheme for the quantitative assessment of the flame geometry such as flame length, diameter, tilt angle, and photometric distribution of visible chemiluminescence along the center axis. These parameters can be used for benchmarking the pilot and spray flame by each user of the SpraySyn burner with the reference flames.

Numerical analysis of an entire ceramic kiln under actual operating conditions for the energy efficiency improvement

The paper focuses on the analysis of an industrial ceramic kiln in order to improve the energy efficiency and thus the fuel consumption and the corresponding carbon dioxide emissions. A lumped and distributed parameter model of the entire system is constructed to simulate the performance of the kiln under actual operating conditions. The model is able to predict accurately the temperature distribution along the different modules of the kiln and the operation of the many natural gas burners employed to provide the required thermal power. Furthermore, the temperature of the tiles is also simulated so that the quality of the final product can be addressed by the modelling. Numerical results are validated against experimental measurements carried out on a real ceramic kiln during regular production operations.The developed numerical model demonstrates to be an efficient tool for the investigation of different design solutions for the kiln's components. In addition, a number of control strategies for the system working conditions can be simulated and compared in order to define the best trade off in terms of fuel consumption and product quality.In particular, the paper analyzes the effect of a new burner type characterized by internal heat recovery capability aimed at improving the energy efficiency of the ceramic kiln.The fuel saving and the relating reduction of carbon dioxide emissions resulted in the order of 10% when compared to the standard burner.

Temperature and heat flux measurement techniques for aeroengine fire test: a review

This review is made of studies whereby some types of fire test measuring instrument were compared based on their mode of operation, sensing ability, temperature resistance and their calibration mode used for aero-engine applications. The study discusses issues affecting temperature and heat flux measurement, methods of measurement, calibration and uncertainties that occur in the fire test. It is found that the temperature and heat flux measurements of the flame from the standard burner need to be corrected and taken into account for radiation heat loss. Methods for temperature and heat flux measurements, as well as uncertainties analysis, were also discussed.

The Effects of Graphene and Flame Retardants on Flammability and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

The effects of incorporating three different types of flame retardant (FR) and two variants of graphene into 10 %wt palm EFB natural fibre (NF) filled epoxy composites were investigated in term of the flammability, thermal and mechanical properties through standard Bunsen burner experiment, bomb calorimetry, TGA and tensile tests. The types of FR employed include zinc borate (ZB), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and alumina trihydrate (ATH) while a lab synthesised and a commercial form of graphene were used in the current work. Compared to the neat NF filled epoxy composite, specimens loaded with 15 %wt of either ZB or APP demonstrated a drip-free condition as observed from the Bunsen burner tests, which could be attributed to the strong char forming characteristic of the compositions. In specimens containing 15 %wt of either ZB or ATH, results from Bomb calorimetry revealed that these specific formulations produced the lowest mean gross heat release amongst others, suggesting better resistant to flame. Relative to the graphene incorporated composites, the post TGA measured mass residue was observed to be greater in FR rich formulations, suggesting that FR additives capable of yielding a much superior flame retardancy compared to graphene. While a slight increases in Young’s modulus was recorded in composites loaded with FR, such formulations produced several main drawbacks whereby reduction in ultimate tensile strength and elongation to break were being measured in large proportion of the specimens.

Combustion process apportionment of carbonaceous particulate emission from a diesel fuel burner

In this study, we present the impact of fuel additives (Fe, Al, and V) on the measured particulate organic matter (OM) fraction formed from the combustion of propane-heated diesel fuel (DF) in a DF Combustion Aerosol STandard (DF-CAST) burner prototype within the range of air-fuel-equivalence ratios (λDF) from 5.4 to 10.4. The OM fraction was measured by using high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) and unmixed into factor profiles by applying the SoFi program, a source apportionment tool using positive matrix factorization (PMF)/multilinear engine (ME-2) solvers. The separated factors were correlated with the particle light absorption properties at UV (370nm) and IR (950nm) wavelengths, NO3−, and NH4+ as well as exhaust gas (CO2, CO, NO, NH3, hydrocarbons (HC), and formaldehyde (HCHO)). Addition of Fe, Al, and V to the DF yielded apparent catalytic processes leading to the formation of nitrogen-containing particulate OM (CHN and CHON families). The separated factors were distinct in terms of their oxidation state, correlation with the measured particulate and gaseous emissions. Similarities in the separated factors based on temporal evolution were observed in DF and DF+additive experiments. This study gives a new insight in the modification of DF combustion particle properties in the presence of fuel additives.

Novel burn device for rapid, reproducible burn wound generation

IntroductionScarring following full thickness burns leads to significant reductions in range of motion and quality of life for burn patients. To effectively study scar development and the efficacy of anti-scarring treatments in a large animal model (female red Duroc pigs), reproducible, uniform, full-thickness, burn wounds are needed to reduce variability in observed results that occur with burn depth. Prior studies have proposed that initial temperature of the burner, contact time with skin, thermal capacity of burner material, and the amount of pressure applied to the skin need to be strictly controlled to ensure reproducibility. The purpose of this study was to develop a new burner that enables temperature and pressure to be digitally controlled and monitored in real-time throughout burn wound creation and compare it to a standard burn device. MethodsA custom burn device was manufactured with an electrically heated burn stylus and a temperature control feedback loop via an electronic microstat. Pressure monitoring was controlled by incorporation of a digital scale into the device, which measured downward force. The standard device was comprised of a heat resistant handle with a long rod connected to the burn stylus, which was heated using a hot plate. To quantify skin surface temperature and internal stylus temperature as a function of contact time, the burners were heated to the target temperature (200±5°C) and pressed into the skin for 40s to create the thermal injuries. Time to reach target temperature and elapsed time between burns were recorded. In addition, each unit was evaluated for reproducibility within and across three independent users by generating burn wounds at contact times spanning from 5 to 40s at a constant pressure and at pressures of 1 or 3lbs with a constant contact time of 40s. Biopsies were collected for histological analysis and burn depth quantification using digital image analysis (ImageJ). ResultsThe custom burn device maintained both its internal temperature and the skin surface temperature near target temperature throughout contact time. In contrast, the standard burner required more than 20s of contact time to raise the skin surface temperature to target due to its quickly decreasing internal temperature. The custom burner was able to create four consecutive burns in less than half the time of the standard burner. Average burn depth scaled positively with time and pressure in both burn units. However, the distribution of burn depth within each time-pressure combination in the custom device was significantly smaller than with the standard device and independent of user. ConclusionsThe custom burn device's ability to continually heat the burn stylus and actively control pressure and temperature allowed for more rapid and reproducible burn wounds. Burns of tailored and repeatable depths, independent of user, provide a platform for the study of anti-scar and other wound healing therapies without the added variable of non-uniform starting injury.

Innovative Passive Flame Ameliorator for a Diffusion Flame Burner Using Chevrons

Diffusion flame burners are mainly used in industries over premixed flame burners for safety considerations. But the combustion process in a diffusion flame is not complete and the flame is usually in bright yellow in colour in contrast to the premixed flame which gives a bluish flame. To improve the combustion process in a diffusion flame burner a novel approach, using chevrons has been carried out. The chevrons are found to reduce the aero-acoustic noise in the exhaust jets of aircraft engines by allowing better mixing of the exhaust gas with the ambient air. The similar concept is used here where the tips of the burners are cut in the form of chevrons. Experimental investigations are carried out on burners with three and four chevrons in addition to a standard burner using LPG as the fuel. The results indicate that with the introduction of chevrons the diffusion flame becomes more compact. The premixed region, in the diffusion flame, where the air and fuel is mixed well is found to increase by nearly 100 % with the usage of chevrons, indicating better mixing of fuel and air. The results also indicate that increasing the number of chevrons from three to four does not show much variation. Further experiments are to be carried out to determine the improved fuel consumption with the usage of chevrons.

The Effect of the Velocity Ratio on the Emissions of NOx in “BLUFF BODY” Burner with Turbulent Flames

This work lies within the scope of a study aiming the optimization of the parameters of operation of the industrial burners with non premixed turbulent flame configurations. The developed example is interested particularly in the study of the effect of the velocity ratio (Vfuel/ Vair) on the emissions of the pollutants specie NOx . The study is undertaken on a standard burner “bluff body” of selected sizeThe configuration is applied to methane/Air combustion tree variables of velocity ratio (VR) as 2.8, 1.4 and 0.84.The results obtained for various operating modes from the burner show that the structure of the formation of pollutants specie, the stability and the shape of the flame in the combustion chamber depend amongst other things on the speed ratios and the rate on blocking on the flame.

Physico-Chemical Assessment of Surface and Ground Water for Drinking Purpose in Nawabshah City, Sindh, Pakistan

The work reports the analysis of groundwater and surface water samples, were collected from different towns of Nawabshah City during the end of year 05 Dec, 2013 to 30 Jan, 2014. Sixty five groundwater and sixty surface water samples (water supply scheme) were collected from different parts of the Nawabshah city. Different physico-chemical parameters of water samples were measured at the field and in the laboratory. The conductivity, salinity and Total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured with Orion 115 conductivity meter at the field. pH was recorded with Orion 420A pH meter. Total hardness, chloride and alkalinity were determined by titration with standard EDTA, silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid. Sulfate was determined by turbidity meter as BaSO4 using Hitachi spectrophotometer. The metal ions Na, K, Ca and Mg were determined with Varian Spectr. AA-20 atomic absorption spectrometer with standard burner head and air acetylene flame at conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The results were varied within the ranges; pH 6.64-8.87, EC 240-10170 μS/cm and TDS 158-6050 mg/l, alkalinity 56-1225 mg/l, total hardness 84-1695 mg/l, chloride 32-1852 mg/l, sulfate 25-2170 mg/l. The concentration of essential metals was found in the ranges; Na 34-1725 mg/l, Ca 26-515 mg/l, Mg 13-430 mg/l, K 2-92 mg/l respectively. The analysis revealed that a number of ground water samples (70%) confirm their majority of parameters above the maximum permissible limits prescribed by WHO. Therefore the ground water of Nawabshah city may not be considered as safe to be used for dinking purpose. However, out of 60 samples only four surface water samples may be used for drinking purpose.

Performance of water-based CPC 3788 for particles from a propane-flame soot-generator operated with rich fuel/air mixtures

The new TSI Inc. Nano Water-based Condensation Particle Counter 3788 (N-WCPC Model 3788) is designed for counting particles down to a mobility diameter of dp=2.5nm. Published studies have shown that the use of water as a working fluid does not have a significant effect on the instrument performance. With the exception of a few specific substances, like emery oil or dioctyl sebacate which present a somewhat larger cut-point diameter, data in peer-reviewed literature suggests that the composition of the particles is not an issue as long as the particle diameter falls within the working range of the device. However, we have observed a very reduced counting efficiency from this water condensation particle counter for particles from a propane-rich fuel mixture (i.e. high carbon-to-oxygen ratio) generated by means of a Combustion Aerosol STandard burner (CAST). The percentage of detected particles decreases for an increasingly richer fuel mixture. The reduced efficiency is still present for particles well above the cut-point of the instrument. The 3788 N-WCPC counted only half as many dp=70nm particles when compared to two butanol based Condensation Particle Counters (CPC, models 3025A and 3022A, TSI Inc.), and the efficiency was even lower for smaller particles: only 0.14±0.001 and 0.002±0.0001 for monodisperse particles with a mobility diameter of dp=30nm and dp=15nm, respectively. Preconditioning the polydisperse sample using a thermodenuder at 100 or even 250°C slightly increased the counting efficiency of the N-WCPC, but this still remained below the counts of the butanol CPC. No reduction in counting efficiency was detected for CAST particles from propane-lean fuel-mixtures (otherwise known as black soot) or for organic particles produced by the photo-oxidation of α-pinene. For this reason, we believe that the effect is caused by the combination of the hydrocarbon rich composition of the particles and their low oxidation state.

Technical Note: The single particle soot photometer fails to reliably detect PALAS soot nanoparticles

Abstract. The single particle soot photometer (SP2) uses laser-induced incandescence (LII) for the measurement of atmospheric black carbon (BC) particles. The BC mass concentration is obtained by combining quantitative detection of BC mass in single particles with a counting efficiency of 100% above its lower detection limit. It is commonly accepted that a particle must contain at least several tenths of a femtogram BC in order to be detected by the SP2. Here we show the result that most BC particles from a PALAS spark discharge soot generator remain undetected by the SP2, even if their BC mass, as independently determined with an aerosol particle mass analyser (APM), is clearly above the typical lower detection limit of the SP2. Comparison of counting efficiency and effective density data of PALAS soot with flame generated soot (combustion aerosol standard burner, CAST), fullerene soot and carbon black particles (Cabot Regal 400R) reveals that particle morphology can affect the SP2's lower detection limit. PALAS soot particles are fractal-like agglomerates of very small primary particles with a low fractal dimension, resulting in a very low effective density. Such loosely packed particles behave like "the sum of individual primary particles" in the SP2's laser. Accordingly, most PALAS soot particles remain undetected as the SP2's laser intensity is insufficient to heat the primary particles to their vaporisation temperature because of their small size (Dpp ≈ 5–10 nm). Previous knowledge from pulsed laser-induced incandescence indicated that particle morphology might have an effect on the SP2's lower detection limit, however, an increase of the lower detection limit by a factor of ∼5–10, as reported here for PALAS soot, was not expected. In conclusion, the SP2's lower detection limit at a certain laser power depends primarily on the total BC mass per particle for compact particles with sufficiently high effective density. By contrast, the BC mass per primary particle mainly determines whether fractal-like particles with low fractal dimension and very small primary particles are detectable, while their total BC mass has only a minor influence. This effect shifts the lower detection limit to much higher BC mass, or makes them completely undetectable. Consequently, care has to be taken when using the SP2 in applications dealing with loosely packed particles that have very small primary particles as building blocks.

To Gain the Burning Efficiency by Improving the Mixing Condition of Oil and Gas

In this research, the burner used in current industry is modified to improve the state of mixture for air and oil, so that the burning efficiency could be promoted to save fuel as well as reduce emissions of waste gas and waste heat. The way of operating this modified burner was same as the traditional one by inducing the air and oil with high pressure to the furnace, then mixing and burning the compound inside the chamber. Moreover, the construction of this modified burner was a bit different with an extra device call spoiler, which will be fixed in front end of the nozzle to create a turbulent flow for better mixing of inlet air and oil, so as to increase the burning efficiency. As the cone shape spoiler is set up onto the burner, it will seperate the inlet oil and gas inside and outside the cone , when the oil is injected from the nozzle with a high speed flow, the air inside the cone will be brought out and form a low pressure zone, in this time, if some tiny holes are punched on the wall of the cone, the inlet air outside the cone will leak inside and create a turbulent flow, which can improve the mixing condition of oil and gas and gain burning efficiency. As with the standard burner used in industrial furnaces for testing, comparing the average fuel consumption for unit hour and contrast the emissions of burner with and without installing spoiler, one can find that, the energy saving can effectively reach to 15%，while the emissions of NOxand SOxwere at the utmost reduced by 13% and 9%, respectively. The measured data of CO, CO2and waste heat expelling to environment were keeping the same, but actually they were low down when considering the total volume of inlet air diminished by 10%. The above results show that, with the spoiler attached, the burning system will have obvious benefit for energy saving and emissions reducing, and that really fit the goal of nowadays’ situation to live without energy deficit and environment impact.

Multi-diagnostic approach to characterize the onset of formation of nanoparticles in a premixed laminar ethylene/air flame

The onset of formation of nanoparticles in a premixed laminar ethylene/air flame was studied using optical and non-optical diagnostic techniques. The optical techniques (Visible Imaging, Spectroscopic analysis of optical emission, Laser Induced Incandescence and Optical Extinction) were checked against the direct measurement of particles size distribution done with a commercial sampler. The diagnostic techniques were set up on a standard burner (McKenna). The combustion conditions were varied by tuning two experimental parameters: the equivalent ratio Φ and the cold gases velocity v. Values of Φ were investigated in the range 1.3 to 2.2, in combination with cold unburned gas velocities of 5, 7 and 10 cm/s. By varying the combustion conditions, a transition in the signal detected by the different techniques was observed. The transition was put in correspondence with the sensitivity of the given technique to the onset of the nanoparticles formation. A comparison of the sensitivity of the different techniques was performed. The different sensitivities of the diagnostics and the different information that they provide confirmed the need for a multi-diagnostics setup for the characterization of nanoparticle production during the combustion process.