Standard Anthropometric Research Articles

Prevalence of double burden of malnutrition among urban school going Bodo children aged 5-11 years of Assam, Northeast India

Background: Overweight, obesity and thinness are major important determinants of adverse public health issues, which lead to the development of several preventable non-communicable disease and ill-health conditions.
 Aims and objectives: The objectives of the present study were to assess the prevalence and certain socioeconomic and demographic factors affecting the double burden of malnutrition among urban children of Assam, Northeast India.
 Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was undertaken among 1017 (528 boys; 489 girls) the tribal Bodo children aged 5-11 years of Udalguri district of Assam, Northeast India by using the stratified random sampling method. Height and weight were obtained using standard anthropometric procedures and Body Mass Index (BMI=weight/height2, kg/m2) was calculated. The prevalence of thinness, overweight and obesity was assessed by using recently proposed age-sex specific BMI based international classification/reference of Cole et al.
 Results: The overall prevalence of overweight (boys 13.45%; girls 11.04%) was found slightly greater than obesity (boys 11.93%; girls 10.02%). The result showed that 10.23% and 11.04% were suffering from thinness among boys and girls, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the odds were found to be significantly associated with ≤ 10th standard mothers' education, 1st earning head and Rupees <10000 income households (p<0.05) for thinness. Similarly, greater risks were observed in 5-6 years, 7-9 years, ≥7 household members and a lower association with ≤ 10th standard mothers’ education for being overweight-obesity (p<0.05).
 Conclusion: The emergence of overweight-obesity with higher degree of thinness, hence the prevalence of ‘double burden of malnutrition’ in this population. Appropriate nutritional intervention programmes, dissemination of nutrition related awareness among parents and community level are necessary to reduce the future possibility of double malnutrition burden among other ethnic populations of India.

Assessment of the Possibilities of Forensic Identification Population of Kazakhstan by Craniometric Indicators

BACKGROUND: Craniometric indicators are one of the most reliable sources of information about the population. Despite the development of genetic methods, skull measurements are extremely important in anthropology and forensic medicine. In addition to the history of population development, environmental factors such as climate and lifestyle contribute to variations in human skull shape. Due to the high variability of human individuals, the anthropological study of the population is carried out selectively, with a comparison of different population groups (ethnic, professional, age, gender). The lack of clear ideas about the typical parameters and proportions of the skull among the people of Kazakhstan creates a certain gap in forensic-medical identification.
 AIM: The aim of the work is to check the hypothesis about the relationship between variations in skull morphology and changes in craniometric indicators with climatic conditions and the specifics of lifestyle in populations living in different territories of Kazakhstan.
 METHODS: 187 male and 114 female adult skulls found on the territory of the two largest regions of Kazakhstan were examined. The variable variability of 25 craniometric indicators of skulls found on the territory of Central and South Kazakhstan was studied. All osteometric changes were performed using standard anthropometric instruments, followed by the calculation of craniometric indices. Multidimensional statistics were applied.
 RESULTS: The two populations demonstrate differences in craniometric indicators formed in different geographical and ecological conditions, regardless of gender. It was found that the sizes of the skulls found in the two studied regions of Kazakhstan statistically significantly differ in 5 craniometric indicators for men and 8 craniometric indicators for women. Significant changes were noted in the size of the full and upper height of the face, the average width of the face, the height of the body of the lower jaw and the height of the nose in men. The most dimorphic variables for forensic medical evaluation in the studied populations of female skulls were transverse, altitudinal and zygomatic diameters, mastoid width, width of the base of the skull, width of the occipital foramen, upper face height and nose height. The shape of the skulls found in the studied territories is predominantly brachycephalic. The cranial index was >81.1% - at men, 83% - at women. The study showed that race affects the size of the skull, regardless of gender. Craniometric parameters in male and female skulls vary according to different criteria. In women between races, there are statistically significant differences in the size of the width of the occipital foramen and the average width of the face. Statistically significant differences in the width of the base of the skull, the zygomatic diameter and the average width of the face between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races were revealed in the studied regions in men. The established differences made it possible to form additional differential diagnostic criteria.
 CONCLUSION: Identification of the features inherent in the population living in certain territories provides auxiliary information for medical and forensic identification of a person. In this study, population-specific craniometric indicators have been developed for inhabitants of two regions of Kazakhstan, which expand and complement identification capabilities when categorizing skeletal remains found in these territories.

Associations Between Central Obesity and Lifelong Antiviral Therapy in Adults Living With HIV Acquired From Early Childhood.

Little is known regarding the long-term effects of antiretroviral (ARV) exposure on body composition for people living with HIV (PLWH) since early childhood. This study explores changes in body fat distribution in relation to ARV exposure. We conducted a prospective study of adults with perinatal HIV (n = 70) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and standard anthropometrics. Trunk to limb fat ratio and waist to hip ratio were compared cross-sectionally to 47 matched controls. Furthermore, changes in body composition and ARV exposure were evaluated longitudinally in a subset of 40 PLWH with a median follow-up of 7 years. Cross-sectional comparisons of PLWH with controls revealed significantly higher waist to hip ratio, trunk to limb fat ratio, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides, whereas BMI did not differ. Among PLWH with longitudinal follow-up, the prevalence of overweight increased from 27.5% to 52.5% and obesity from 12.5% to 25%; waist to hip and trunk to limb fat ratios also increased (P < 0.0001). Changes in waist to hip ratio were positively correlated with longer exposure during follow-up to darunavir (r = 0.36; P = 0.02), whereas increases in trunk to limb fat ratio were positively correlated with longer exposure to stavudine (r = 0.39; P = 0.01) and didanosine (r = 0.39; P = 0.01) but inversely associated with emtricitabine (r = -0.33; P = 0.04). Increases in waist to hip ratio were correlated with increases in triglyceride levels (r = 0.35; P = 0.03). This study presents strong evidence for persistent and worsening central adiposity in young adults with lifelong HIV and extensive ARV exposure. As this cohort ages, continued evaluation of the body composition and metabolic impact of lifelong ARV therapy is warranted to optimize long-term health.

Acceptability Analysis and Nutritional Quality of a Nutri-Dense Iron Rich Supplement

Adolescence is a period of life with specific health and developmental period predictably understood as the years between the onset of puberty and the formation of social independence and is the period where the maximum amount of physical, psychological and behavioral changes takes place. Anaemia is considered as one of the major health problems all over the world. Among adolescent female the prevalence of anaemia is found to be 35.1 per cent. The overall nutritional status of adolescent females is affected due to anaemia. Due to the increased nutritional needs the development of healthy eating habit is important at the age of adolescence. The present paper aims at highlighting the, acceptability analysis and nutritional quality of a nutridense iron rich supplement. The area selected for the study was Coimbatore. The schools that falls under the north taluk was identified and one school among them was selected for the conduct of the study using convenient sampling female pre-adolsecent between the age group 11-13 years were selected for the conduct of the study. Using standard tools demographic profile, anthropometric, clinical examination and dietary pattern were assessed. Iron rich ladoo was prepared using sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds, jaggery, raisins and groundnut were selected as they are rich in iron, protein and also low in cost. Total of five variations of ladoo were prepared. Acceptability analysis of all the five variation of ladoo was tested for its organoleptic characteristics using five point rating scale. The mean acceptability score was calculated. As a result, by the mean scores, variation II was highly acceptable and it was considered for nutrient analysis. Also the cost analysis of the variations showed that it was cheap and costed Rs.5 per serving and hence it can be affordable iron supplement for all the groups.

Anthropometric Measurements of Malaysian Population for Passenger Cabin Design of Transport Aircraft

In order to improve the passengers’ flying comfort, the aircraft cabin features should be ergonomically developed and designed. The key element for design ergonomics is the anthropometric measurements of the target users, which are vital in ensuring a good fit between their body characteristics and the resultant product or system design. Based on this notion, this study aims to establish the database for the measurement of body dimensions of the Malaysian population that is useful in design process of most cabin features. A total of 100 volunteers have participated in this study and their body dimensions are measured using standard measurement tools during a few conducted data collection sessions. Several standard anthropometric measurements of the Malaysian population for sitting and standing body postures have been derived from the descriptive statistics of the collected measurement data. They include stature, standing eye height, standing shoulder height, standing elbow height, standing hip breadth, standing shoulder breadth, sitting shoulder height, sitting elbow height, sitting eye height, sitting buttock-popliteal length and also sitting buttock-knee length. Furthermore, based on the comparison analysis with the referenced Malaysian anthropometric database, it can be concluded that the body characteristics of the Malaysian population are changing with time and the body measurements are expected to further increase in future. This means that the design sizing of the aircraft cabin features might need to be adjusted accordingly to be able to provide a comfortable flying experience for the future Malaysian passengers.

Sex estimation from the percutaneous lengths of the femur and the ulna in a Ghanaian population using discriminant function analysis

Sex estimation models form a vital part in Forensic human identification but they are usually population-specific. This study aimed to develop and test sex estimation models for a Ghanaian population using percutaneous lengths of the femur (FL) and ulna (UL). The study was cross-sectional from June to July 2020, involving 99 adults (male: 52, females: 47), aged between 19 and 31 years. The lengths of the femur and ulna were measured using standard anthropometric techniques. All measurements were taken twice from the left side and then averaged. The sample was randomly divided into training (n = 60) and holdout (n = 39) samples before been analysed using discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross-population studies were performed to test the reliability of the models. Males had longer femur and ulna than females (p < 0.001). Sex estimation accuracies from all the models ranged from 68.2% to 81.8% for males and 52.9% to 86.7% for females. The standardized mean difference (SMD: Cohen’s d) by sample type ranged from −0.19 to 3.08 (living samples), 0.19 to 4.73 (cadaveric samples) and 0.30 to 5.46 (skeletal samples). The SMD by population type were: Africa, excluding Mixed or White ethnicities (d= −0.02 to 3.08), Asia (d = 0.83 to 4.85) and Europe or the Americas (d = 0.30 to 3.38). When other population-specific models were tested on the holdout sample, the difference in the average sex estimation accuracy ranged from 0 to 25.6%. Sex estimation models from the lengths of the femur and ulna are specific to a the studied population and the type of sample used.

DXA-Derived vs Standard Anthropometric Measures for Predicting Cardiometabolic Risk in Middle-Aged Australian Men and Women

It is not clear if dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) adiposity measures are superior to standard anthropometric measures for predicting cardiometabolic (CM) risk factors in a middle-aged general population. In the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study, we assessed a range of standard anthropometric and DXA-derived adiposity measures to predict metabolic syndrome (MetS) and CM risk factors in 4831 “baby boomers” aged 45–69 yr. Anthropometric and whole body DXA (GE Lunar Prodigy) measures were collected. Cross-sectional relationships of overall adiposity (BMI; DXA fat mass index, body fat %), central adiposity (waist circumference (WC); DXA trunk fat, android fat, abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT)) and ratio index (waist-to-hip ratio; DXA trunk/legs fat, android/gynoid ratio, VAT/total fat) with MetS and its components (as both continuous and binary outcomes) were evaluated using linear and logistic regression adjusting for age and lifestyle factors. Youden's Index was used to determine the optimal cut-points for predicting MetS. In linear regression analyses, central adiposity measures showed stronger associations with MetS score and CM risk factors than overall adiposity measures and fat ratio index, and DXA-VAT provided stronger associations than WC. Logistic regression models showed similar findings. For MetS diagnosis present in 35.9% of males and 24.4% of females, the highest odds ratio (95% CI) per SD change was observed for DXA-VAT (males: 5.02 [4.28, 5.88]; females: 3.91 [3.40, 4.49]), which remained significant (all p < 0.001) after further adjustment for BMI (males: 3.27 [2.65, 4.02]; females: 3.37 [2.79, 4.06]) or WC (males: 2.46 [1.95, 3.10]; females: 2.75 [2.21, 3.43]). The optimal DXA-VAT mass cut-point for predicting MetS was 1608 grams in males and 893 grams in females. DXA-VAT was superior to standard anthropometric and other DXA-derived adiposity measures for prediction of cardiometabolic risk factors, and has clinical utility for identifying middle-aged individuals at increased risk of MetS.

CLINICAL PROFILE AND OUTCOME OF CHILDREN WITH SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION ADMITTED AT NUTRITIONAL REHABILITATION CENTER OF MCCH-ASSOCIATED HOSPITAL OF GMC-ANANTNAG

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to study the clinical profile and outcome of children Admitted in NRC of MCCH-associated hospital of GMC-Anantnag. Methods: Children in the age group of 1 month-5 years, admitted to NRC of our hospital between April 2019 and May 2022 with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) were enrolled for the study. As per a predesigned pro forma, a detailed history was taken from mothers or caregivers and nutritional status assessment using standard anthropometric methods was performed. Classification of malnutrition was made according to the WHO guidelines. Anthropometric measurements including weight in kg and length/height in cm, weight for height, Z score, mid-upper arm circumference, and presence of edema were used to classify the grades of malnutrition. After basic workup and starting nutrition rehabilitation, serial weight gain was recorded. Outcome of patients (home discharge, referral to higher center, and death) was recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 306 children with SAM admitted to NRC of our hospital were enrolled for the study. Majority were of 7–12 months of age (n=93; 30.4%), of female gender (n=178; 58.2%), were from nuclear families and from families with spacing between two children &lt;2 years. SAM was more among children of illiterate and unskilled parents and of parents in the lower and upper lower socioeconomic status (288, 94%). Acute gastroenteritis (n=206; 67.32%) and acute respiratory tract infection (n=158; 51.6%) were most predominant comorbidities seen among hospitalized children. Hypoglycemia (n=183; 59.80%) and hypokalemia (n=56; 18.30%) were most common metabolic derangements. Among the admitted children 119 (38.88%) had good weight gain (10 mg/kg/day), 136 (44.44%) had moderate weight gain (5-10gm/kg/day) and 51 (16.66%) had poor weight gain (&lt;5 g/kg/day). Out of 306 children admitted, 276 (91%) children were discharged after successful rehabilitation and 27 (9%) were transferred to higher center. No death was documented among SAM children during the study period. Conclusion: Malnutrition in under five children is high and multi-factorial. Hospital-based management of SAM is an important step in reducing the morbidity and mortality among such children.

Anthropometric Breast Measurements: Analysis of the Average Breast in the Mexican Female Population

Introduction: The elements and perception of beauty vary between populations around the world. To obtain better results, surgical techniques should be planned based on anthropometric characteristics of the race, location, and body mass index (BMI). Objectives: To determine which are the standard measurements and anatomical proportions of the breast in a healthy Mexican women population. Materials and Methods: Female Mexican volunteers between 20 and 60 years of age, without any history of breast illness or breast surgery were studied. Demographic information and standard breast anthropometric measurements were collected manually by one of the authors. For the statistical analysis a Student-T test was performed, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained using the latest version of SPSS software. Results: 78 volunteers were included in the analysis. Mean height, weight and BMI were 1.6 m, 68.9 Kg, and 26.6 Kg/m2 respectively. The mean anthropometric values found were: Supra Sternal notch to nipple distance (SSN:N) 22 cm, Breast volume (BV) 372.6 cm3, Upper breast pole length (UBPL) 11 cm, Lower Breast Pole length (LBPL) 7.7 cm, Midline to Nipple distance (ML:N) 10.2 cm, Transverse diameter of the Nipple areola complex (NAC-T) 4.1 cm, Height of the Nipple Areola Complex (NAC-H) 4.1 cm, Base of the breast (BB) 13.4 cm, Upper Pole to Lower Pole Ratio (UPP:LPP) 58.9:41.1. A statistically significant difference between Right and left breast was not found. The UPP/ LPP ratio in our population is far different from what is considered internationally aesthetic (45:55). A positive correlation was found between weight/ BMI and SSN:N, BV, BB, ML:N and LBPL. Also between age and SSN:N, LBPL, BV and BB. Conclusion: This study sets the Anthropometric grounds in Mexican population for an objective individual patient analysis and comparison with the female population of this and other nations.

Estimation of Stature using Lower Limb Dimensions among Adolescent Population of Kolkata: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Apart from age, sex and racial affiliation, estimation of stature from human extremities is an important step in developing a biological profile for identification of an unknown individual especially when the body found is either dismembered, mutilated, or disfigured. Stature estimation plays an important role in developing a biological profile for human identification and provides as a valuable indicator for an unknown individual in a population. Aim: To identify stature using various lower limb dimensions. Materials and Methods: This analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted at Kolkata based school from March 2019 to September 2019 amongst 120 adolescent school going boys aged 10-16 yrs of age. The lower limb length, knee height, navicular height, foot length and foot breadth were taken by using standard anthropometric procedures. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for assessing relationship between stature and various lower limb dimensions. Significance of differences was tested using independent t-test. Results: This study showed that all variables of both right and left side were significant predictors of stature (p&lt;0.01).While taking the prediction accuracy, lower limb length (right, R2=89.7%, and left, R2=89.7%), knee height (right, R2=55.4%, and left, R2=55.5%), foot breadth (right, R2=58.0%, and left, R2=56.8%) provided the highest prediction accuracy for stature. Following multivariate linear regression model, only four variables- lower limb length (both right and left side), foot breadth (both right and left side) significantly (p&lt;0.001) contributed to prediction model for stature with the use of regression equations. Conclusion: All variables (lower limb length, knee height, foot length and breadth, navicular height) were found to be statistically significant predictors of stature. Amongst all these variables lower limb length, knee height and foot breadth provided highest prediction accuracy. These measurements of lower limbs and regression equations can be used for identification of unknown human remains, particularly in cases of dismembered bodies.

Intravenous Labetalol vs Intravenous Clonidine for Attenuation of Haemodynamic Responses during Laryngoscopy and Intubation in Controlled Hypertensive Patients Undergoing General AnaesthesiaA Randomised Clinical Trial

Introduction: Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation during general anaesthesia are associated with haemodynamic surges which can be detrimental, particularly if there is preexisting hypertension or cardiovascular disease. Intravenous (i.v.) labetalol, a β-adrenergic blocker with additional α1- adrenoceptor blocking activity, and clonidine, a centrally acting α2 agonist, are known to attenuate this haemodynamic response. Aim: To compare the effects of i.v. labetalol and clonidine in attenuating haemodynamic changes during laryngoscopy and intubation in controlled hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: This single centre, parallel-group, double-blind, randomised clinical trial was conducted in the Surgery Operation Theater (OT) of Midnapore Medical College, District Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India, from February 2018 to August 2019. The study included 90 adult patients of either sex, who were randomly allocated to receive either clonidine 1 mcg/kg or labetalol 0.15 mg/kg by intravenous route. After recording baseline parameters, patients were preoxygenated with 100% oxygen for 3 min and the study drug was given 5 min prior to induction. Heart Rate (HR), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and the rate pressure product were recorded prior to induction, at the time of intubation and 1, 3, 5, and 10 min after intubation. General anaesthesia maintenance was done in a similar manner in both groups. Two-sample t-test was used to assess significance of difference in means between independent samples. Fisher’s exact test was employed for comparing categorical data. Analysis was two-tailed and p-value&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Both the groups were evenly matched at baseline with respect to age and sex as well as standard anthropometric parameters (p-value&gt;0.05). Both drugs were able to attenuate the expected rise in HR following intubation but labetalol was more effective than clonidine throughout the postintubation period. SBP and DBP were comparable between the two groups at baseline but underwent greater attenuation in the labetalol group at intubation and subsequent measurements. The differences were around 10 bpm for HR, 20-30 mmHg for SBP and 10 mmHg for DBP, in favour of labetalol. Adverse events like bradycardia, hypotension, sedation or undesirable ECG changes were not encountered. Conclusion: Intravenous labetalol is more effective than i.v. clonidine in controlling haemodynamic changes during laryngoscopy and intubation in controlled hypertensive patients undergoing general anaesthesia without any complications

Антропометрические показатели и нутритивный статус детей с тяжелой формой атопического дерматита и пищевой аллергией

Objective. To assess the nutritional status and factors affecting it in children with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA). Patients and methods. This single-center, observational, cross-sectional, uncontrolled, retrospective study enrolled 315 children aged between 1 month and 17 years 11 months with severe AD and FA. Standard anthropometric parameters were measured and calculated, including WAZ (weight-for-age Z-score), HAZ (height-for-age Z-score), and BAZ (BMI-for-age Z-score). Patients’ medical histories were examined, and the levels of total IgE and specific IgE to food allergens, hemoglobin, ferritin, iron, and vitamin D were evaluated. Results. On average, anthr opometric parameters in the examined patients were below the reference values. Failure to thrive of mild degree was detected in 27.6% of children, moderate degree in 13.7%, and severe degree in 2,2%. The frequency of overweight and obesity was 9.5% and 3.8%, respectively. A correlation was found between HAZ and children’s age (r = 0.21, p = 0.015) and the number of excluded food groups (r = -1.66, p = 0.031), and between BAZ and the number of excluded food groups (r = -1.39, p = 0.019). HAZ (p = 0.014) and BAZ (p = 0.017) values were lower in children following a dairy-free diet than in children on other types of elimination diets. At the same time, BAZ was higher in children who did not strictly follow the diet than in those who did (p = 0.011). There was a correlation between BAZ and vitamin D levels (r = 0.29, p = 0.012). Formulas based on extensive hydrolyzed protein and free aminoacides reduced severity and frequency of failure to thrive in management children with CMPA. Conclusion. Children with severe AD and FA require careful planning of their diets to reduce the risk of failure to thrive. It is necessary to study the influence of dietary composition and eating behavior of patients on their nutritional status. Key words: children, atopic dermatitis, nutritional status, elimination diet, food allergy, physical development, vitamin D

Detection of ocular hypertelorism among Indian children.

Ocular hypertelorism constitutes an important component of many clinical syndromes. It is typically recommended to use inter-pupillary distance (IPD) for objective evaluation of ocular hypo/hypertelorism. Barring infancy, there is a scarcity of data on this anthropometric parameter relating to the ocular apparatus. This study aims to study auxological dynamics of IPD in children of Indian origin. A total of 3622 ( 2239 males and, 1383 females) normal, healthy Indian children of North-western origin, aged one month to 14 yr comprised the sample for this study. Inner and outer-canthal distance were measured using standardized anthropometric techniques. None of the children who participated in this study had craniofacial dysmorphism or any body deformity. Mean (standard deviation SD) and percentiles were calculated for IPD in male and female subjects at different age levels. IPD increased from 4.68±0.21 to 6.19±0.36 cm in males and from 4.59±0.26 to 6.08±0.25 cm in females between one month and 14 yr of age. Boys in general, possessed larger IPD than girls, however, the gender differences became significant (P≤0.05) at 10, 11, 16-18 and 22-24 months, respectively, and five and 10 yr of age, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the patients having IPD less than the 3rd percentile should be treated as cases of hypotelorism while, those exceeding 97th percentile as cases of hypertelorism. The use of percentile grids presented for IPD may be used to detect ocular hypotelorism and hypertelorism in male and female children to corroborate diagnosis of different syndromes.

Stature estimation from the hand dimensions in the Eastern Saudi Arabian adult male population.

Background and aim:Anthropometry is widely used in preliminary forensic investigations involving the identification of unknown dismembered body parts. Stature estimation is an important indicator of forensic identification considered during such initial investigations. Different populations have different body sizes and proportions that affect the forensic anthropometric estimation of stature. Hence, the need for population-specific databases and analyses. The present study was conducted with the objective of estimating stature from the hand dimensions in the Eastern Saudi Arabian adult male population.Methods:The present study included 200 Eastern Saudi Arabian males aged from 20 to 56 years. Stature and hand dimensions of hand length, palm length, and hand breadth were measured as per standard anthropometric procedures. Linear and multiple regression equations were derived to estimate stature from the aforementioned hand dimensions.Results:Correlation coefficients between stature and the aforementioned hand dimensions were found to be statistically significant. The hand length and palm length showed higher correlation coefficients than the hand breadth. Single variable linear regression and multi-variable linear regression equations were derived to estimate stature from the hand dimensions. Higher correlation coefficients were obtained for multi-variable linear regression than single variable linear regressions.Conclusions:In conclusion, hand dimensions can be used as a reliable predictor to estimate stature in the Eastern Saudi Arabian adult male population. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Comparison of Avatar Posture Formation According to 3D Virtual Garment Modeling Programs-Focusing on Cycling Movements of High-School Male Cyclist-

The study aimed to analyze the functional differences in 3D virtual garment programs and compare body scan data with the corresponding 3D virtual models. We selected 3D virtual garment programs, formed virtual models in a representative size for high-school male cyclists, and analyzed them using the Design-X program. The results were as follows. In the 3D virtual garment programs, the anthropometric items for virtual model forming differed significantly from the standard anthropometric items suggested by Size Korea. Comparing the lower body scan data and virtual models formed by the 3D virtual garment programs, the biggest difference was in the shapes of the waist and hips, i.e., the flatness values of the waist and hips were different for each program in the cross-section view. In the lower body, a data-input-based program was needed for changing the exact measurement position of the waist circumference and hips'' shape in detail. If a 3D virtual garment program provides functions for the virtual model''s joint angle input and free motion transformation, it is expected to be widely used in the sportswear industry.

Glycoprotein Profile Measured by a 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Based on Approach in Patients with Diabetes: A New Robust Method to Assess Inflammation.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), so an interest in discovering inflammation biomarkers as indicators of processes related to CVD progression is increasing. This study aims (a) to characterize the plasma glycoprotein profile of a cohort of 504 participants, including patients with and without T2DM and/or AD and controls, and (b) to study the associations between the glycoprotein profile and other lipid and clinical variables in these populations. We characterized the plasma glycoprotein profiles by using 1H-NMR. We quantified the two peaks associated with the concentration of plasma glycoproteins (GlycA and GlycB) and their height/width ratios (H/W GlycA and H/W GlycB), as higher and narrower signals have been related to inflammation. We also quantified GlycF, the signal of which is proportional to the concentration of the acetyl groups of free N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic in the samples. The lipoprotein profile was also determined (Liposcale®). Standard clinical and anthropometric measurements were taken. Multivariate classification models were developed to study the differences between the study groups. Reduced HDL-C levels, increased small dense LDL and HDL particles, and elevated TG levels were significantly associated with glycoprotein variables. Glycoprotein values in the diagnostic groups were significantly different from those in the CT groups. AD and DM conditions together contribute to a positive and significant synergetic effect on the GlycA area (<0.05) and the H/W ratios of GlycA (<0.01) and GlycB (<0.05). By adding the new glycoprotein variables to the traditionally used marker of inflammation C-reactive protein (CRP), the AUC increased sharply for classification models between the CT group and the rest (0.68 to 0.84), patients with and without dyslipidemia (0.54 to 0.86), and between patients with and without diabetes (0.55 to 0.75). 1H-NMR-derived glycoproteins can be used as possible markers of the degree of inflammation associated with T2DM and AD.

Nutritional and immunization status of under-five children of India and Bangladesh

BackgroundThe nutritional and immunization status of children can play an important role in determining their future health status of a particular country. The aim of the present study is to investigate the nutritional and immunization status of under-five children in India and Bangladesh, and to find the difference in the status between these two countries.MethodsWe have used the National Family Health Survey data, 2015–2016 of India and Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2017–2018 datasets. The sample sizes are 222,418, among them 8759 and 8759 children for India and Bangladesh respectively. The nutritional status of under-five children is measured by standard anthropometric indicators of height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ). Regarding child immunization status, only BCG, DPT, polio and measles vaccinations are considered for the present study. Multiple binary logistic model has been used for analysing the data.ResultsThis study reveals that the prevalence of stunting and underweight of under-five children in India are higher than Bangladeshi children. Secondary and higher educated mothers are more likely of having normal HAZ and WAZ children than up to primary educated mothers for both countries. Chances of having normal HAZ and WAZ are higher among non-poor category for both countries. The present study also shows that immunization status of Bangladeshi children is better than Indian children except measles. Religion of mother also shows influence on immunization status of children in India whereas Bangladesh shows no significant results regarding religion. Mother’s educational attainment and wealth index show influence on immunization status among children for both countries.ConclusionsThe study concludes that a remarkable number of under-five children are suffering from under nutrition for both countries, however Bangladeshi children have better nutritional and immunization status compared to Indian children. Higher wealth index, better educational attainment and lower unemployment of Bangladeshi mothers may be the causes for better nutritional and immunization status of children. Mother’s socio-economic factors have significant impact on determining the child’s health status. Our findings can help to government of Indian and Bangladesh for taking health policy to improve under-five children nutritional and immunization status.

Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight and Obesity among Adults in Urban Bissau, Western Africa.

Overweight and obesity affect a large proportion of the population and are important causes of death in both developed and low- and middle-income countries. In Guinea-Bissau, there are no previous population-based studies assessing this phenomenon. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among adults in Bissau. A stratified and cluster sample of 935 adults was assembled in 2021 and was evaluated using standardized questionnaires and anthropometric measurements, following the World Health Organization Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. Underweight, obesity, and overweight were defined by body mass index based on the World Health Organization definitions. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 48.7% among women and 25.0% among men. The proportion of women with abdominal obesity was 14 times higher than it was in men (35.3% vs. 2.5%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age and income. Underweight was more prevalent in the age group of 18 to 24 years (18.4% in women and 28.9% in men) and was less frequent among individuals with higher socioeconomic status. In conclusion, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is similar to the trends that are observed in many other urbanized populations in Africa and is already a major public health issue in urban Guinea-Bissau.

Association between Mother’s Literacy and INFANT &amp; Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices and Nutritional Status of Urban under 5 Year Children

Aim: To assess the association of mother’s literacy status with infant &amp; young child feeding (IYCF) practices and nutritional status of urban under 5 year children.&#x0D; Methods: A community based cross- sectional study was carried out among 356 urban children under 5 years from 30 randomly selected Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) in Hyderabad, during 2017-18. The information regarding infant &amp; young child feeding (IYCF) practices was obtained from the mothers of under 5 year children. Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight of all the children were measured adopting standard procedures and using standard anthropometric equipment.&#x0D; Results: About half of the mothers reportedly initiated breast feeding to their newborns within one hour of birth. The proportion of mothers fed pre-lacteals and colostrum to newborn was 35% and 96% respectively. A higher proportion of literate mothers (45.1%) exclusively breast fed their infants for the first 6 months as compared to their illiterate counterparts (32.9%). Significantly a higher proportion (63.3%) of literate mothers initiated complementary feeding to their infants soon after completion of 6 months as against 50% in illiterate mothers (p&lt;0.05). The proportion of children with undernutrition i.e. underweight, stunting and wasting was 38.5%, 40.6% and 16.8%, respectively. The prevalence of underweight and stunting was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher among the children of illiterate mothers as compared to literate mothers.&#x0D; Conclusion: In general, mother’s literacy was significantly associated with the IYCF practices as well as nutritional status of their children. Therefore, respective Governments should initiate appropriate measures to increase female literacy levels in India.

Скринінг абдомінального ожиріння та цукрового діабету при онкологічних захворюваннях у жінок

Мета. Оцінювання наявності надмірної маси тіла (НМТ), абдомінального ожиріння (АО) та цукрового діабету (ЦД) 2-го типу при онкологічних захворюваннях у жінок молодого та середнього віку. Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 32 амбулаторні пацієнтки віком від 31 до 59 років із верифікованим онкологічним захворюванням. Проведено стандартні клінічні методи дослідження, статистичну обробку результатів за методами непараметричної статистики. Результати. Рак шийки матки (РШМ) верифіковано у 24 (75,0 %), аденокарциному — рак молочної залози (РМЗ) — у 5 (15,6 %), рак прямої кишки (РПК) — у 3 (9,4 %) осіб. Підвищений індекс маси тіла (ІМТ) виявлено у 24 (75,0 %) жінок: НМТ — у 11 (34,4 %), АО I ступеня — у 8 (25,0 %), АО II ступеня — у 5 (15,6 %) осіб. За показником окружність (ОТ)/зріст НМТ або АО мали 30 (93,8 %) осіб. Цукровий діабет (ЦД) 2-го типу виявлено лише у 2 осіб (6,3 %). Ускладнену спадковість щодо онкопатології зафіксовано у 50,0 % жінок, серед них з АО — у 8 (25,0 %) пацієнтів, із ЦД 2-го типу — у 5 (15,6 %) хворих. Виявлено прямий вірогідний кореляційний зв’язок між спадковістю щодо онкологічних захворювань і масою тіла (r = 0,62, р &lt; 0,01), ОТ (r = 0,61, р &lt; 0,01), ІМТ (r = 0,66, р &lt; 0,01), ОТ/зріст (r = 0,49, р &lt; 0,05), ОТ/об’єм стегон (r = 0,41, р &lt; 0,01). Висновки. НМТ і ожиріння поширені серед жінок з онкологічними захворюваннями, насамперед із РШМ. Відзначена залежність між підвищеними антропометричними показниками й обтяженим сімейним анамнезом щодо онкологічних захворювань серед жінок. Для комплексної діагностики НМТ, окрім стандартних антропометричних показників, слід використовувати співвідношення ОТ/зріст, а також додаткові обстеження для виявлення ЦД 2-го типу, інсулінорезистентності, метаболічних змін.