Standard Anthropometric Measurements Research Articles

Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors, and Health Conditions of Dominican Adults Living in Puerto Rico.

Dominicans are the largest migrant community in Puerto Rico, yet understudied. We compared risk factors and health conditions of Dominicans versus Puerto Ricans (PRs). Cross-sectional survey of Dominicans (n = 55) and PRs (n = 310) aged 30-75years, assessed with validated questionnaires and standardized anthropometric measurements. Significantly, more Dominicans than PRs had attained <8th grade education (37.7 vs. 8.0%), reported household income ≤$10,000 (76.1 vs. 56.9%), lacked health insurance (19.6 vs. 5.5%), and reported food insecurity (24.5 vs. 12.1%). They spent fewer hours/day watching television (2.9 vs. 3.8), and were less likely to smoke (7.6 vs. 19.6%). Medically-diagnosed depression was lower among Dominicans than PRs (9.6 vs. 23.0%); questionnaire-based high depressive symptomatology was similar (47.9 vs. 52.8%). Dominicans living in Puerto Rico had more socioeconomic risk factors but healthier lifestyle behaviors and lower prevalence of medically-diagnosed depression than PRs. Tailored approaches are needed to ameliorate disparities in each ethnic group.

Nutritional Considerations in Pediatric Chronic Disease

1. Wednesday Marie A. Sevilla, MD, MPH, CNSC* 1. *Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA * BMI: : body mass index CF: : cystic fibrosis CHD: : congenital heart disease CKD: : chronic kidney disease DRI: : daily required intake ESLD: : end-stage liver disease GH: : growth hormone GI: : gastrointestinal IBD: : inflammatory bowel disease MCT: : medium-chain triglycerides 1. Clinicians should be knowledgeable of the multiple factors that affect nutritional status and cause growth failure in children with chronic disease. 2. Clinicians should be knowledgeable of the basic elements of nutritional assessment in children who need nutritional support for growth failure. 3. Clinicians should be aware of the effects of limited dietary intake on nutritional status and growth. After completing the article, readers should be able to: 1. Determine the pathophysiological factors in childhood chronic disease that lead to growth failure. 2. Describe components of clinical evaluation and basic anthropometric measurements that are used to monitor nutritional status in children with chronic disease. 3. Recognize the effects of a restricted diet on nutritional intake adequacy. Growth failure, defined as the inability to reach expected growth potential based on standard anthropometric measurements for age regarding weight and height, is common in chronic childhood disease. Growth failure in chronic childhood disease is multifactorial. Nutritional outcome is affected by baseline nutritional status, disease state, and, rarely, an inherent genetic abnormality. (1) A sign of growth failure is stunting, defined as length or stature below the minimum cutoff for age, usually the fifth percentile. (2) It represents systemic dysfunction during an important phase of physical development and is the hallmark of chronic malnutrition. Related to this is the definition of short stature—a height measurement 2 standard deviations (SD) scores below the mean for age and sex. Wasting, on the other hand, is an indicator of acute malnutrition and is defined as weight-for-height or -length 2 SD scores or more below the mean for age and sex. It usually signals more recent weight loss. (2) The measurement of height and …

Adolescents’ Level of Perceived Stress and its Relationship with Body Mass Index in a Bangladeshi Population

Background: Several behavioral factors, specially stress, eating behavior, and physical activity have been linked with adolescent obesity. In our country, mental health of adolescents is often neglected. So, we designed this study to describe the current perception of stress in Bangladeshi adolescent students.Objective: Aim of this study was to assess association between stress and body mass index of adolescents while controlling for physical activity and examining stress associated eating behavior.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 278 adolescent students during the period from January to December 2013. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaire which included physical activity questions, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), Adolescent stress questionnaire (ASQ) and standard anthropometric measurements and were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 21.0.Results: In this study majority of the respondents were males. Among the female respondents, about 12.23% were overweight and obese compared to their male peers (4.1%). The normal and high BMI adolescents in the study showed significantly different proportions regarding gender (p&lt;0.001), father’s education (p=0.036) and smoking status (p=0.22). Findings in this study reveals negative correlation between physical activity score and body mass index (?=?0.15, p&lt;0.05). Body mass index was found significantly correlated with all three DEBQ eating subscales the restraint score, emotional eating score (?=0.58 p&lt;0.001), and external eating score (?=0.55, p&lt;0.001). Based on sample data, the mean stress scores were due to home life (3.40±0.54), school performance (3.31±0.63), school attendance (2.42±0.87), romantic relationship (3.02±0.92), peer pressure (2.85±0.72), due to teacher interaction (2.89±0.56), future uncertainty (3.83±0.90), school/leisure conflict (3.55±0.68), financial pressure (2.99±0.79) and emerging adult responsibility (3.11±0.76). Majority of the respondents (86.7%) were highly stressed. The study identified gender (OR,19 with 95% CI; 4.7,90.6), Father’s education (OR,16 with 95% CI; 1.6,16), and stress contributed by school/leisure conflict (OR, 4 with 95% CI; 1.2,13.8) as significant predictors of adolescents’ BMI when adjusted for other factors.Conclusion: School/leisure conflict related stress was found associated with body mass index when adjusted for other factors. School is reported to be an important source of adolescent stress and should be the focus of stress management campaigns.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(2): 77-85

Factors associated with underweight among lactating women in Womberma woreda, Northwest Ethiopia; a cross-sectional study

BackgroundEnsuring nutritional status of women is important because the malignant effects of malnutrition are procreated to the next generation through women and their off-springs. Malnutrition causes 3.5 million death of women and children each year and almost 11% of the disease burden in the world. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess nutritional status and factors associated with underweight among lactating women in Womberma woreda, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016.MethodsA Community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Womberma woreda, Northwest Ethiopia. A total of 668 lactating women who have 6–24 months of child were included in the study. Study participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using interview-administered questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was used to measure the nutritional status of lactating women. Women’s body weight and height were measured using the standard anthropometric measurement procedures. Data were entered using EpiData software and analysis was done using SPSS software. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable logistics regression analysis were used to present the findings. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 on multiple variable logistic regression were taken as significant variables.ResultsLactating women with normal nutritional status (BMI = 18.5–24.99 kg/m2) were 498 (74.5%), and underweight women (BMI < 88.5 kg/m2) were 170(25.4%). Respondents with less than five family size (AOR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.81, p-value = 0.007), women whose age of first pregnancy was less than 18 years old (AOR: 3.72, 95% CI: 2.33, 6.49 at p-value = 0.0001), home delivery for the recent child birth (AOR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.50, 3.72 at p-value = 0.0001), and the absence of nutritional education programs in the community (AOR: 5.5, 95% CI: 1.8, 16.79 at p-value = 0.003) were the significant variables with underweight of lactating women.ConclusionsNutritional status of lactating women in the study area was poor. One fourth of lactating women was underweight. Factors associated with underweight of lactating women include; respondents with less than five family size, women whose age of first pregnancy was less than 18 years old, home delivery for the recent childbirth, and the absence of nutritional education programs in the community. Early childbearing and short birth intervals between births should be discouraged. Programs which encourage institutional delivery and community-based nutritional education are important to improve women nutritional status.

Diet quality, disordered eating and health-related quality of life in Greek adolescents

PurposeHealth-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a subjective multi-dimensional concept referring to an individual’s perception of health and well-being in domains related to physical, mental, emotional and social functioning. The current study aims at investigating possible associations between dietary quality, disordered eating attitudes and HRQOL in Greek adolescents.Design/methodology/approachA total of 400 students (198 boys; 202 girls), 14-17 years old, were recruited from five high schools in the area of Kallithea in Athens, Greece. Standard anthropometric measurements were taken, and obesity classification was conducted using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points. Students completed the KIDMED index, which evaluates the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) as a diet quality index, the EAT-26 questionnaire, which assesses disordered eating attitudes and the KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire for children and adolescents assessing perceived HRQOL.FindingsDisordered eating attitudes are significantly negatively correlated with the total score of HRQOL (p < 0.01) and with the subcategories: psychological well-being (p < 0.01), parents and autonomy (p < 0.01) and school environment (p < 0.001), whereas adherence to the MedDiet was positively correlated with all the components and total score of HRQOL. Linear regression analysis revealed that adherence to the MedDiet (p < 0.05), total number of meals/day (p < 0.01) and number of meals with the family (p < 0.05) were significant predictors of HRQOL in adolescents.Research limitations/implicationsThe convenient sampling of 400 students was conducted from five schools, from one municipality of Athens, Greece.Originality/valueAdherence to the MedDiet positively affects important components of HRQOL in adolescents, whereas disordered eating attitudes has a negative effect. Identifying adolescents with low HRQOL is highly important because it could result in an early detection of individualised healthcare needs and possible non-diagnosed ill-health problems.

Three-dimensional surface scanners compared with standard anthropometric measurements for head shape

Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging devices designed to capture and quantify craniofacial surface morphology are becoming more common in clinical environments. Such scanners overcome the limitations of two-dimensional photographs while avoiding the ionizing radiation of computed tomography. The purpose of this study was to compare standard anthropometric cranial measurements with measurements taken from images acquired with 3D surface scanners.Two 3D scanners of different cost were used to acquire head shape data from thirteen adult volunteers: M4D scan and Structure Sensor. Head circumference and cephalic index were measured directly on the patients as well as on 3D scans acquired with the two scanners. To compare head volume measurements with a gold standard, magnetic resonance imaging scans were used. Repeatability and accuracy of both devices were evaluated.Intra-rater repeatability for both scanners was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.99, p < 0.001). Direct and digital measures of head circumference, cephalic index and head volume were strongly correlated (0.85 < r < 0.91, p < 0.001). Compared to direct measurements, accuracy was highest for M4D scan.Both 3D scanners provide reproducible data of head circumference, cephalic index and head volume and show a strong correlation with traditional measurements. However, care must be taken when using absolute values.

Relationship between non\u2013high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and carotid atherosclerosis in normotensive and euglycemic Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults

BackgroundWe investigate whether non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) provides a better estimate of cardiovascular risk than other lipid profiles in normotensive and euglycemic middle-aged and elderly adults.MethodsA total of 512 males and 958 females were enrolled from the Changfeng Study. A standard interview, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analyses were performed for each participant. Bilateral carotid intima-media thicknesses (CIMTs) were measured using ultrasonography, and the presence of carotid plaques was assessed.ResultsThe mean values of non-HDL-C were 3.4 ± 0.8 mmol/l and 3.6 ± 0.9 mmol/l for male and female subjects, respectively. Compared with female subjects with non-HDL-C in the first quartile, female subjects with non-HDL-C in the fourth quartile had 1.317-fold increased risks for carotid plaques after adjusting for conventional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and increasing quartiles of all lipid levels. Non-HDL-C was positively associated with the CIMT after adjusting for CVD risk factors in female subjects (β = 0.062, P = 0.034).ConclusionsThese results suggest that non-HDL-C is independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis in normotensive and euglycemic females.

Growth attainment in German children born preterm, and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence. Analysis of the population representative KiGGS data.

To compare the growth attainment of preterm children and their cardiovascular risk factors at adolescence with the values measured in term children in Germany. About 17,641 children aged 0 to <18 years were studied between 2003 and 2006 in the population representative German KiGGS survey ("German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents") using questionnaires, physical examinations, standardized anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and blood sample analyses. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was employed for the analyses of anthropometric parameters. About 11.8% of the 16,737 children with complete and valid data had been born preterm. After adjustment for covariates the estimated z-scores over the total age range were larger in term compared to preterm children for length/height (P<0.001; estimated difference B=0.277, 95% CI 0.191-0.362), head circumference (P<0.001; B=0.238, 95% CI 0.144-0.333), BMI (P=0.001; B=0.160, 95% CI 0.069-0.252), and skinfold thickness (P=0.220; B=0.058, 95% CI -0.035 to 0.151). The onset of pubertal development was slightly (but not significantly) earlier in term compared to preterm children. At 14 to <18 years, anthropometric and biochemical indicators of cardiovascular diseases were not worse in preterm compared to term children. Preterm-born German adolescents remained significantly shorter, lighter, and had a smaller head circumference than term-born adolescents, but the risk indicators for cardiovascular diseases were not higher.

Optimal level of continuous positive airway pressure: Auto-CPAP titration versus predictive formulas

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most effective treatment of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). The therapeutic level of CPAP is achieved by manual titration or an auto CPAP device, but an alternative way involves the use of mathematical equations.Aim of the work: to compare between CPAP pressure obtained by autoCPAP titration and that calculated from five different mathematical formulas. MethodsWe enrolled 30 patients with OSAHS. In addition to standard examination, anthropometric measurements and investigations, all patients underwent an over-night polysomnography (PSG) AutoCPAP (level II) to diagnose OSAHS. Manual scoring of polysomnographic data was performed according to criteria established by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine in 2012. All patients used AutoCPAP with pressure ranging from 4 to 20cm H2O. Information recorded was downloaded and the following data were retrieved: 1) P90% (90th percentile pressure delivered by the autoCPAP device and eliminated snoring, flow limitation and apnea), this pressure was chosen as the therapeutic pressure, 2) peak pressure level, 3) mean pressure level, 4) the estimated residual apnea hypopnea index (AHI), 5) P90%/mean pressure level ratio, which is an index of pressure variability, was calculated. Five predictive formulas were retrieved from published literature and calculated for all patients. ResultsThe mean±SD of AHI was 47.94±27.21events/h. OSAHS was mild in 5 patients (16.67%), moderate in seven patients (23.33%), and severe in 18 patients (60%). AutoCPAP P90% was 10.59±2.66cm H2O and showed significantly direct correlation with each of Epworth sleepiness scale (p=0.000), BMI (p=0.001), neck circumference (p=0.002), neck to height ratio (p=0.000), and AHI (p=0.000). Also it was found to show statistically significant inverse correlation with each of minimal (p=0.000), and average minimal oxygen saturation (p=0.032). The pressure calculated by Hoffstein et al. equation was significantly lower than autoCPAP P90%. There was no significant difference with pressure calculated by the other four formulas and P90%. The following model of predictive equation was derived from the studied sample: Predicted therapeutic pressure=4.740+68.575 X (N/H) – 0.153 X (Minimal SpO2). ConclusionsPredictive formulas might be useful as an alternative to autoCPAP. The model of predictive formula derived from the present small sample of Egyptian patients with OSAHS should be validated on a larger sample size.

Vitamin D Levels Are Inversely Associated with Liver Fat Content and Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Chinese Middle-Aged and Elderly Population: The Shanghai Changfeng Study.

Background/ObjectivesVitamin D exerts metabolic activities. We investigated whether the 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] is associated with liver fat content (LFC) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a middle-aged, elderly Chinese population.Subject/MethodsA total of 2,960 participants (954 men and 2,006 women) aged over 45 years old were enrolled. Each participant underwent a standard interview, anthropometric measurements and laboratory examinations. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was diagnosed when serum 25(OH) D level was < 50 and 50–75nmol/L. An ultrasound quantitative method was used to assess the LFC.ResultsAmong the 2,960 participants, 1,982 (67.0%) subjects had vitamin D deficiency, 769 (26.0%) had vitamin D insufficiency, and 209 (7%) had normal vitamin D. Male subjects with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency had significantly higher LFC than those with normal 25(OH)D (P = 0.034), while the LFC values showed no significant difference among the female subjects with vitamin D sufficiency, insufficiency and deficiency (P = 0.396). Univariate correlation analysis showed that 25(OH)D had a significantly negative association with LFC in men (r = -0.085, P = 0.009), but not in women. After adjusting for age, cigarette smoking, examination season, serum calcium, PTH and all possible confounders that displayed significant associations with LFC in univariate correlation analysis, serum 25(OH)D remained associated with LFC in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men.ConclusionSerum 25(OH)D level was inversely associated with LFC in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men.

The Relationship between Anthropometric Variables and Isokinetic Strength in a Women’s Collegiate Soccer Team

Knee isokinetic strength has been reported to be correlated with body fat, fat free mass, and BMI in college students. It is unclear if these anthropometric variables are related to isokinetic performance in relatively homogeneous groups of athletes. PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between common anthropometrics and average torque production of the knee extensors in a women’s collegiate soccer team. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy female collegiate soccer athletes aged 18-22 years participated. The participants had no history of significant lower leg injuries. Participants were screened using standard anthropometric measurements that included: height, weight, and skinfold measures of the triceps, suprailiac, and thigh areas. The measurements allowed for calculation of the BMI, lean body mass, lean body mass index (LBMI), and body fat percentage. Isokinetic strength of knee flexion and extension was measured through three angular velocities of 60, 180, and 300 degrees/sec. The relationships between the anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BMI, lean body mass, LBMI, body fat percentage) and average peak torques at the three angular velocities were assessed utilizing hierarchal linear regression and bivariate correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Hierarchal linear regression revealed a significant relationship for average peak torque at 180 degrees/sec, (F = 3.994 (3, 24); p = .019), with BMI, lean body mass, and body fat as the predictors. Further analysis utilizing Pearson’s bivariate correlation coefficient matrix found moderate correlations between average peak torque and BMI (.362 to .557; p<.05), lean body mass (.404 to .425; p<.05), and LBMI (.376 to .413; p<.05). CONCLUSION: The results found in this athletic population differ from previous research involving physically active nonathletes of a similar age. While anthropometric measures have been reported to be related to isokinetic knee strength in nonathletes, in this athletic population the relationship varied depending on the angular velocity. The results suggest that anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, BMI, lean body mass, LBMI, and body fat percentage may not be strong predictors of isokinetic knee muscle strength across angular velocities in an athletic population.

A Comparative Study Of Variation Of Foot Arch Index With Body Mass Index Among Young Adults

The foot forms an important support for the body, which endure high ground reaction forces generated during activities of daily living. The structure and movements of the foot are crucial for lower limb gait kinematics . The medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot is the primary shock-absorbing structure particularly important for foot function . Increased body mass index (BMI) has been shown to affect the foot arch index. An arch index of less than 0.21 indicates cavus foot while greater than 0.26 is indicative of a planus foot whereas arch index between 0.21 and 0.26 corroborates normal arch height.The aim of the present study is to correlate the arch index derived from foot print measurement in BMI based normal weight, overweight and obese young adults.Methodology: The present study was conducted on 60 students of either sex in the age group of 18 to 25 years in the Department of Anatomy, School of medical sciences and research,Sharda University, Greater noida,UP. The standard anthropometric measures of height and weight were taken and BMI was calculated . Based on BMI, the students were divided into normal (19 to 24.9kg/m2), overweight (25 to 29.9kg/m2) and obese (>30kg/m2).Foot prints were taken on a graph paper and arch index was calculated.Results: The mean arch index in normal, overweight and obese subjects was found to be 0.19±0.028, 0.2±30.043 and 0.26±0.045 respectively. Gender comparison did not reveal any significant difference(p>0.05) in all the three groups.Conclusion: The results of the study may help in establishing preventive and rehabilitative interventions to improve the quality of life of overweight and obese individuals.

P-06-010 Sexual function in women with Turner syndrome in Lithuanian population

The aim of the study was to evaluate the sexual function in the women with TS in Lithuanian population. The study was undertaken at the Department of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. 32 women with TS aged 18-45 years were enrolled and compared with aged-matched healthy counterparts. The sexual function was investigated by The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Women with total FSFI scores of less than 26.55 were classified as “being at risk” for female sexual dysfunction (FSD). Standard anthropometric measurements (body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio) were evaluated. The participants were classified with the BMI cut off value of 25kg/m2 and with a waist-hip ratio as < 0.85 or ≥ 0.85 55% (n = 17) of women with TS did not have a stable relationship, 39% (n = 13) had a partner and 6% (n = 2) were divorced. Mean FSFI score in sexually active females with TS (n = 13) did not differ if compare with controls (p = 0.92), but women with TS reported a lower arousal (p = 0.015) and orgasm (p = 0.041) scores. 66% of TS patients with BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 and 10% of TS patients with BMI < 25kg/m2 were estimated as being at risk for female sexual dysfunction (p = 0.092). TS females with waist-hip ratio < 0.85 had better sexual function if compare with TS women with waist-hip ratio ≥ 0.85 (28.79 ± 2.49 vs 24.66 ± 5.71 (p = 0.058)).

A Comparative Study Of Variation Of Foot Arch Index With Body Mass Index Among Young Adults

The foot forms an important support for the body, which endure high ground reaction forces generated during activities of daily living. The structure and movements of the foot are crucial for lower limb gait kinematics . The medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot is the primary shock-absorbing structure particularly important for foot function . Increased body mass index (BMI) has been shown to affect the foot arch index. An arch index of less than 0.21 indicates cavus foot while greater than 0.26 is indicative of a planus foot whereas arch index between 0.21 and 0.26 corroborates normal arch height.The aim of the present study is to correlate the arch index derived from foot print measurement in BMI based normal weight, overweight and obese young adults.Methodology: The present study was conducted on 60 students of either sex in the age group of 18 to 25 years in the Department of Anatomy, School of medical sciences and research,Sharda University, Greater noida,UP. The standard anthropometric measures of height and weight were taken and BMI was calculated . Based on BMI, the students were divided into normal (19 to 24.9kg/m2), overweight (25 to 29.9kg/m2) and obese (>30kg/m2).Foot prints were taken on a graph paper and arch index was calculated.Results: The mean arch index in normal, overweight and obese subjects was found to be 0.19±0.028, 0.2±30.043 and 0.26±0.045 respectively. Gender comparison did not reveal any significant difference(p>0.05) in all the three groups.Conclusion: The results of the study may help in establishing preventive and rehabilitative interventions to improve the quality of life of overweight and obese individuals.

Deterioro cognitivo y factores de riesgo cardiovascular y metabólico en una muestra de adultos de Bogotá

Introducción: la relación entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) y los factores metabólicos con deterioro cognitivo (DC), definido como deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) o demencia, es controversial.&#x0D; Objetivo: describir los FRCV y metabólicos relacionados con DC, en una muestra de adultos de Bogotá.&#x0D; Material y métodos: se diseñó un estudio de corte transversal y se evaluó el estado cognitivo en dos fases, en adultos mayores de 50 años, autónomos, no institucionalizados, aplicando pruebas neuropsicológicas y un protocolo de evaluación neuropsiquiátrica. Los FRCV y metabólicos fueron documentados por autoreporte, y se tomaron medidas antropométricas.&#x0D; Resultados: en 1.045 adultos estudiados, el promedio de edad fue de 68 años (DS 8.6), y de educación 8 años (DS 6.0), 76 % fueron mujeres, 56 % presentaba hipertensión arterial (HTA), 40 % dislipidemia, 37 % fueron fumadores, 37 % tenían sobrepeso, 28 % hipotiroidismo, 25 % obesidad, 17 % consumían alcohol y 16 % eran diabéticos. El DCL se asoció con escolaridad de primaria-incompleta OR:1.94 (95 % IC: 1.21- 3.14), primaria-completa OR:1.96 (95 % IC: 1.18- 3.25), bachillerato- incompleto OR:3.01 (95 % IC: 1.80-5.05), bachillerato-completo OR: 2.54 (95 % IC: 1.45- 4.45) y con edad entre 70 y 79 años OR:2.06 (95% IC: 1.32-3.23). La demencia se asoció con escolaridades de primaria-incompleta OR: 11.20 (95 % IC: 4.99- 25.12), primaria-completa OR: 7.91 (95 % IC: 3.44-18.16), bachillerato- incompleto OR: 2.87 (95 % IC: 1.17- 7.01) y con edades entre 70 -79 años OR: 2.82. (95 % IC: 1.37-5.80), o mayores de 80 años OR: 7.68 (95 % IC: 3.49- 16.90) y con sufrir HTA OR: 1.45 (95 % IC: 1.03-2.05).&#x0D; Conclusión: la baja escolaridad, una edad avanzada y sufrir HTA son en su orden los factores más importantes para el desarrollo de la demencia. Los adultos entre 70 y 79 años con bachillerato incompleto, tienen mayor riesgo de DCL.

Which is the best cutoff of body mass index to identify obesity in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis? A study using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition

IntroductionStandard anthropometric measures used to diagnose obesity in the general population may not have the same performance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ObjectiveTo determine cutoff points for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for detecting obesity in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by comparing these standard anthropometric measures to a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based obesity criterion. Patients and methodAdult female patients with more than six months of diagnosis of RA underwent clinical evaluation, with anthropometric measures and body composition with DXA. ResultsEighty two patients were included, mean age 55±10.7 years. The diagnosis of obesity in the sample was about 31.7% by BMI, 86.6% by WC and 59.8% by DXA. Considering DXA as golden standard, cutoff points were identified for anthropometric measures to better approximate DXA estimates of percent body fat: for BMI value≥25kg/m2 was the best for definition of obesity in female patients with RA, with sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 60%. For WC, with 80% of sensitivity and 35% of specificity, the best value to detect obesity was 86cm. ConclusionA large percentage of patients were obese. The traditional cutoff points used for obesity were not suitable for our sample. For this female population with established RA, BMI cutoff point of 25kg/m2 and WC cutoff point of 86cm were the most appropriate to detect obesity.

Obesity and Abdominal Fat Markers in Patients with a History of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attacks

Abdominal obesity is a well-recognized cardiovascular risk factor. Conflicting data concerning its significance with respect to stroke have been discussed in recent years. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between anthropometric parameters and the risk of stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in German primary care. Patient recruitment in this large-scale epidemiological study was performed in 3188 representative primary care offices in Germany. Among 6980 study participants, 1745 patients with a history of stroke or TIA were identified and matched for age and gender with 5235 regional controls. Associations between standard anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and cerebrovascular risk were investigated using logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, gender, and vascular risk factors. BMI showed no significant associations with the risk of stroke or TIA in any of the applied mathematical models. Markers of abdominal obesity were associated with an increased risk of stroke or TIA in the unadjusted model (waist circumference: odds ratio [OR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.32; waist-to-hip ratio: OR 1.21; 95% CI, 1.05-1.38; waist-to-height ratio: OR 1.25; 95% CI, 1.09-1.44, comparisons between top and bottom tertiles). After adjustment for vascular risk factors, all associations were insignificant. Abdominal obesity is a stronger predictor of risk of stroke or TIA than BMI. However, the association between abdominal obesity and the risk of stroke or TIA is not independent of other vascular risk factors. Stroke-related weight changes should be considered in longitudinal studies examining the role of obesity in cerebrovascular disease.

High prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk factors among medical students at Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.

BackgroundCardiovascular disease has become a leading global health challenge representing the largest cause of mortality in adults worldwide. Non communicable diseases are neglected in Uganda over infectious diseases. With increased urbanization, there is likely increase in burden of these NCDs yet there is paucity of reliable data regarding the NCD burden. We assessed the prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors among medical students at Makerere University, College of Health Sciences in Kampala, Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study at Makerere University comprising 180 medical students. We used a standardized questionnaire and anthropometric measurements to assess their cardiovascular disease risk factors using JNC-7. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with elevated blood pressure.ResultsOf the 180 students surveyed, 107 (59 %) were males, mean age was 22 years (SD = 3 years), and 159 (88 %) were in their preclinical years of training. Cardiovascular risk factors with the highest prevalence were alcohol consumption (31.7 %); elevated systolic blood pressure (14 %); and excessive salt intake (13 %). Participants with elevated systolic blood pressure were more likely to be older (OR = 1.18), overweight (OR = 1.08), and with a personal history of cardiovascular disease (OR = 4.68).ConclusionsThe prevalence of hypertension and known cardiovascular disease risk factors is high among the medical students. Strategies to prevent cardiovascular disease among the young population should be put in place.

Neck circumference as a risk factor of screen-detected diabetes mellitus: community-based study

BackgroundWhereas an increase of neck circumference (NC) had been recently identified as a new independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome risk factor, similar assessments concerning screen-detected diabetes mellitus (SDDM) have not been made. Thyroid gland volume (ThV) can potentially affect NC however the significance of this influence concerning the risk of NC-related disease is unknown.MethodsWe performed a ThV-adjusted evaluation of NC within a population-based investigation of SDDM and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) prevalence. This study contains fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 75 g 2-h glucose tolerance test results (2-hPG) of 196 residents of Kyiv region, Ukraine, randomly selected from the rural population older than 44 y.o. who were not registered as diabetes mellitus patients. Standard anthropometric (height; weight; blood pressure; waist, hip circumferences), NC and ultrasonography ThV measurements were performed, hypotensive medication, CVD events and early life nutrition history considered. HbA1c was measured, if FPG/2-hPG reached 7.0/11.1 mmol/l respectively; HbA1c level 6.5 % was considered to be SDDM diagnostic; IGR if FPG/2-hPG reached 6.1/7.8 but less than 7.0/11.1 mmol/l respectively.ResultsNeck circumference among women with normal FPG/2-hPG was 35 (33–36) cm, IGR 36 (34.5–38) cm, SDDM HbA1c < 6.5 % 42 (40–43) cm, HbA1c > 6.5 % 42.5 (40–44) cm, p < 0.001, and for men from the same groups 38.5 (36.5–41.5) cm; 39 (37–42) cm; 42 (40–43) cm; 42.5 (40–44) cm, p = 0.063; medians (QI–QIII). Gender-adjusted logistic regression OR for SDDM HbA1c > 6.5 % vs. normal FPG/2-hPG category depending of NC as a continued variable, equaled to 1.60 (95 % CI 1.27–2.02) per cm. Additional adjusting by ThV, body mass or waist/hip index, high blood pressure, acute CVD events, or starvation history did not significantly influence this risk.ConclusionNeck circumference is a new risk factor of SDDM that is independent from other indicators of adipose tissue distribution as well as from the ThV.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13098-016-0129-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Qual o melhor ponto de corte de índice de massa corporal para diagnosticar a obesidade em mulheres com artrite reumatoide? Um estudo que usa a composição corporal pela absorciometria com raios X de dupla energia

IntroductionStandard anthropometric measures used to diagnose obesity in the general population may not have the same performance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ObjectiveTo determine cutoff points for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for detecting obesity in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by comparing these standard anthropometric measures to a dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)‐based obesity criterion. Patients and methodAdult female patients with more than six months of diagnosis of RA underwent clinical evaluation, with anthropometric measures and body composition with DXA. ResultsEighty two patients were included, mean age 55±10.7 years. The diagnosis of obesity in the sample was about 31.7% by BMI, 86.6% by WC and 59.8% by DXA. Considering DXA as golden standard, Cutoff points were identified for anthropometric measures to better approximate DXA estimates of percent body fat: for BMI value ≥ 25kg/m2 was the best for definition of obesity in female patients with RA, with sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 60%. For WC, with 80% of sensitivity and 35% of specificity, the best value to detect obesity was 86cm. ConclusionA large percentage of patients were obese. The traditional cutoff points used for obesity were not suitable for our sample. For this female population with established RA, BMI cutoff point of 25kg/m2 and WC cutoff point of 86cm were the most appropriate to detect obesity.