Stand-alone Unit Research Articles

Advancing acute MI care in densely populated low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): innovative stand-alone chest pain units for expedited triage and timely management

The incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) and its adverse effects on health and mortality remain high in densely populated low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To address the issue of densely populated areas and timely access to primary PCI, chest pain units (CPUs) were deployed at strategic locations in Karachi, with a populace of over 23 million people. This study describes the results of this initiative in expediting MI care. Between 2017 and 2023, 18 CPUs, each with a cardiologist, technician, ECG machine, crash cart and an ambulance were placed in high density areas. A total of 915,564 patients were seen at 18 CPUs over the study period. 692,444 (75.6%) were categorized as non-cardiac and subsequently discharged. 223,120 (24.6%) patients were directed for additional care. Of these, 9% had ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (19, 580), 29% NSTE ACS/Unstable angina, and 31% with various other cardiac conditions. Additionally, 31% were referred for medical outpatient evaluation. CPU inception led to a significant annual growth (16-20%) in primary PCI procedures at NICVD, totaling 20,000 by 2022-2023. The median first medical contact to device time was 100min (IQR 80-135), while total ischemic was 232min (IQR: 172-315; 5th-95th %le: 50-920). The overall in-hospital mortality rate for patients undergoing primary PCI was 5.58%, with a range between 5.1% and 6.9% through the study period. Novel standalone chest pain units, operational from 2017 in Karachi, Pakistan, have expedited triage and enhanced the timely management of AMI. This initiative's transformative impact presents a model that resonates beyond borders, serving as a role model for global healthcare systems. The CPU and primary PCI program is fully funded by the government of Sindh. No specific funding was allocated for this study.

Conceptual Design and Economic Optimization of Different Valorization Routes for Orange Peel Waste: The Application of the Biorefinery Concept for an Integral Use of Raw Material

Biorefineries are novel biotechnological routes designed to generate sustainable processes from renewable raw materials. The valorization of orange peel waste (OPW) provides high-value products based on their composition. The economic optimization of biorefineries through conceptual design and generation of superstructures based on the analysis of processing units is a topic of great interest. This work aimed to obtain the most profitable biorefinery through economic optimization strategies based on high-value-added products from OPW. Two stages were considered: The first stage consisted of the conceptual design of multiple OPW processing units (production of essential oil, mucic acid, phenolic compounds, biogas, among others). An OPW flow rate of 140 kg/h was selected as the base case. From the stand-alone units, a biorefinery superstructure (second stage) was designed. Finally, the units with the best mass and energy results were selected in order to maximize the net present value (NPV) and obtain an optimal biorefinery configuration. The results evidenced that the production of essential oil and biogas presented the best yields (2.61 mL and 0.028 m3 per kg OPW, respectively). This biorefinery configuration obtained an NPV of −7.7 mUSD from the base case. Through the evaluation of the different superstructure configurations, the combined production of essential oil, biogas, and mucic acid and a scale-up of over 22 times the base case generated the minimum processing scale. Under a Colombian context, the implementation of the biorefineries analyzed are promising since the minimum processing scale contemplated only 8.8% of the OPW production. Efforts to increase yields and decrease capital and operating expenses while keeping environmental impacts low should be pursued.

Ex-post assessment of merger remedies: the CMA’S 2023 merger remedy evaluations

Evaluating the impact and implementation of interventions is an important aspect of public policy. Evaluations help policymakers understand what worked well and what has been less successful. They provide the basis for continuous improvement and can drive legislative reform and policy development, as well as informing future interventions. This article considers the findings of the CMA’s most recent update in its merger remedy evaluation programme, which focussed on the learnings from a set of merger case studies where the CMA required ‘carve-out’ divestiture remedies to be implemented. This recent research highlights the generally higher risk profile of carve-out remedies compared to the divestiture of stand-alone business units, which decision makers will need to take into account before concluding whether such a remedy will be effective.

Engineered Protein-G variants for plug-and-play applications.

We have developed a portfolio of antibody-based modules that can be prefabricated as standalone units and snapped together in plug-and-play fashion to create uniquely powerful multifunctional assemblies. The basic building blocks are derived from multiple pairs of native and modified Fab scaffolds and protein G (PG) variants engineered by phage display to introduce high pair-wise specificity. The variety of possible Fab-PG pairings provides a highly orthogonal system that can be exploited to perform challenging cell biology operations in a straightforward manner. The simplest manifestation allows multiplexed antigen detection using PG variants fused to fluorescently labeled SNAP-tags. Moreover, Fabs can be readily attached to a PG-Fc dimer module which acts as the core unit to produce plug-and-play IgG-like assemblies, and the utility can be further expanded to produce bispecific analogs using the "knobs into holes" strategy. These core PG-Fc dimer modules can be made and stored in bulk to produce off-the-shelf customized IgG entities in minutes, not days or weeks by just adding a Fab with the desired antigen specificity. In another application, the bispecific modalities form the building block for fabricating potent Bispecific T-cell Engagers (BiTEs), demonstrating their efficacy in cancer cell-killing assays. Additionally, the system can be adapted to include commercial antibodies as building blocks, greatly increasing the target space. Crystal structure analysis reveals that a few strategically positioned interactions engender the specificity between the Fab-PG variant pairs, requiring minimal changes to match the scaffolds for different possible combinations. This plug-and-play platform offers a user-friendly and versatile approach to enhance the functionality of antibody-based reagents in cell biology research.

Coupled indoor air quality and dynamic thermal modelling to assess the potential impacts of standalone HEPA filter units in classrooms

The quality of the classroom environment, including ventilation, air quality and thermal conditions, has an important impact on children’s health and academic achievement. The use of portable HEPA filter air cleaners is widely suggested as a strategy to mitigate exposure to particulate matter and airborne viruses. However, there is a need to quantify the relative benefits of such devices including the impacts on energy use. We present a simple coupled dynamic thermal and air quality model and apply it to naturally ventilated classrooms, representative of modern and Victorian era construction. We consider the addition of HEPA filters with, and without, reduced opening of windows, and explore concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter PM2.5, airborne viral RNA, classroom temperature and energy use. Results indicate the addition of HEPA filters was predicted to reduce PM2.5 by 40–60 % and viral RNA by 30–50 % depending on the classroom design and window opening behaviour. The energy cost of running HEPA filters is likely to be only 1 %–2 % of the classroom heating costs. In scenarios when HEPA filters were on and window opening was reduced (to account for the additional clean air delivery rate of the filters), the heating cost was predicted to be reduced by as much as − 13 %, and these maximum reductions grew to − 46 % in wintertime simulations. In these scenarios the HEPA filters result in a notable reduction in PM2.5 and viral RNA, but the CO2 concentration is significantly higher. The model provides a mechanism for exploring the relative impact of ventilation and air cleaning strategies on both exposures and energy costs, enabling an understanding of where trade-offs lie.

Performance Assessments of Direct Contact Serpentine Tube Based Photovoltaic Thermal Module: An Experimental Comparison

Solar energy is the most focused in the field of renewable energy. It is a clean, green, environmentally friendly energy source. One of the modern technologies utilized by researchers to investigate the wasted heat by the photovoltaic module is the photovoltaic thermal collector, which simultaneously provides thermal and electrical power for various engineering applications. This study presented a new configuration of a water-cooled photovoltaic thermal module that utilizes a copper serpentine tube attached directly using thermal silicon to the poly-crystalline PV module for water circulation. The created PV/T was well-insulated using fiber material, insulation cork, and Wooden parts. The water flow was circulated via a DC pump with low power consumption. The fabricated unit was compared to the standalone photovoltaic module for the performance evaluation. The main result showed a significant enhancement in the electrical productivity of the photovoltaic thermal module compared to the standalone unit. The cell temperature was reduced by 13.3% compared to the standalone photovoltaic module. Accordingly, the water-based PV/T module effectively eliminated the heat dissipated to the surrounding region by the PV module by using a serpentine tube, assuring sustainable contribution.

Development of the Anthropomorphic Arm for Collaborative and Home Service Robot CHARMIE

Service robots are rapidly transitioning from concept to reality, making significant strides in development. Similarly, the field of prosthetics is evolving at an impressive pace, with both areas now being highly relevant in the industry. Advancements in these fields are continually pushing the boundaries of what is possible, leading to the increasing creation of individual arm and hand prosthetics, either as standalone units or combined packages. This trend is driven by the rise of advanced collaborative robots that seamlessly integrate with human counterparts in real-world applications. This paper presents an open-source, 3D-printed robotic arm that has been assembled and programmed using two distinct approaches. The first approach involves controlling the hand via teleoperation, utilizing a camera and machine learning-based hand pose estimation. This method details the programming techniques and processes required to capture data from the camera and convert it into hardware signals. The second approach employs kinematic control using the Denavit-Hartenbergmethod to define motion and determine the position of the end effector in 3D space. Additionally, this work discusses the assembly and modifications made to the arm and hand to create a cost-effective and practical solution. Typically, implementing teleoperation requires numerous sensors and cameras to ensure smooth and successful operation. This paper explores methods enabled by artificial intelligence (AI) that reduce the need for extensive sensor arrays and equipment. It investigates how AI-generated data can be translated into tangible hardware applications across various fields. The advancements in computer vision, combined with AI capable of accurately predicting poses, have the potential to revolutionize the way we control and interact with the world around us.

Standalone and Hybridised Flywheels for Frequency Response Services: A Techno-Economic Feasibility Study

Frequency response services are one of the key components used by major electrical networks worldwide, acting to help control the frequency within set boundaries. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are commonly deployed for this purpose; however, their potential is limited by susceptibility to cycle-based degradation and widely reported safety incidents. Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESSs) do not share these weaknesses and hence could be a potential candidate for longer-term participation in frequency response markets. This study presents the most in-depth and wide-ranging techno-economic analysis of the feasibility of FESSs for frequency response to date. Standalone FESSs are shown to be economically viable across a range of different specifications, achieving a positive Net Present Value (NPV) under varying economic conditions. At a capital cost of 500 GBP/kW with a discount rate of 4%, a 5C FESS can achieve an NPV of GBP 38,586 as a standalone unit. The complex trade-offs when considering hybridising FESSs and BESSs for this application are also investigated in-depth for the first time, again showing positive changes to NPV under various scenarios. Conversely, under some conditions, hybridisation can have a significant negative impact, showcasing the optimisation needed when considering hybrid systems. The impact of introducing a hybrid BESS varies from a low of decreasing the NPV of the system by GBP 97,955 to a high of increasing the NPV by GBP 119,621 depending on the configuration chosen. This comprehensive work provides the foundations for future research into FESS deployment for frequency response services and shows for the first time the circumstances under which deployment for this application would be both technically and economically viable.

Temporal dynamics of in vitro hemostatic function in platelets cryopreserved using a novel approach for rapid issuance.

Current procedures for thawing and issuing of cryopreserved platelets (CPPs) are laborious and have remained challenging in emergency settings such as blood banks and military operations. In this prospective study, a novel processing method designed to facilitate the rapid issuance of CPPs with no postthaw handling required was developed and functionally characterized in parallel with standard CPPs manufactured. Double-dose plateletpheresis units (n = 42) were cryopreserved at -80°C in 5%-6% dimethyl sulfoxide to produce matched pairs thawed successively over a 27-month period for comparison between two processing arms. In contrast to the standard CPPs manufactured as standalone units, platelets were frozen in tandem with resuspending plasma in a distinct partition as a single unit in the novel method, herein referred to as tandem CPPs. Postthaw (PT) CPPs from both arms were assessed at PT0-, 12-, and 24-h to measure platelet recovery, R-time (time to clot initiation; min), and maximum amplitude (MA; clot strength; mm) using thromboelastography. In the overall dataset, mean platelet recovery was higher (p < .0005) for tandem CPPs (83.9%) compared with standard CPPs (73.3%) at PT0; mean R-times were faster (p < .0005) for tandem CPPs (2.5-3.6 min) compared with standard CPPs (3.0-3.8 min); mean MA was higher for tandem CPPs (57.8-59.5 mm) compared with standard CPPs (52.1-55.8 mm) at each postthaw time point (p < .05). Robust temporal dynamics of superior hemostatic functionality were established for tandem CPPs over extended cryopreservation up to 27 months and 24 h of postthaw storage.

Oxide semiconductor based deep‐subthreshold operated read‐out electronics for all‐printed smart sensor patches

AbstractThe ability to fabricate an entire smart sensor patch with read‐out electronics using commercial printing techniques may have a wide range of potential applications. Although solution‐processed oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) are capable of providing high mobility electron transport, resulting in large ON‐state current and power output, there is hardly any literature report that uses the printed oxide TFTs at the sensor interfaces. Here, printed amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (a‐IGZO)‐based deep‐subthreshold operated TFTs that comprise signal amplifiers and analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs) that can successfully digitalize the analog sensor signals up to a frequency range of 1 kHz are reported. In addition, exploiting the high current oxide TFTs, a current drive circuit placed after the ADC unit has been found useful in producing easy‐to‐detect visual recognition of the sensor signal at a predefined threshold crossover. Notably, the entire smart sensor patch is demonstrated to operate at a low supply voltage of ≤2 V, thereby ensuring that it can be an on‐chip energy source compatible and standalone detection unit.

Novel Control of PV-Battery Powered Standalone Power Supply System with Neuro-Fuzzy Controller

Photovoltaic (PV) powered standalone electrical power supply systems are becoming more precious networks nowadays worldwide. Many challenging tasks are existed in PV based standalone systems due to random changes in solar irradiances, load and it is absent during nighttime. Innovative controllers are necessary to uphold power quality in these systems. A battery pack is required in this standalone system since solar irradiance is unpredictable and in order to provide continuous stable power to electrical loads during no irradiance. Therefore, a battery bank is connected to a standalone unit via a DC to DC bidirectional circuit. The maximum power point tracking converter, in conjunction with the perturbed and observe algorithm, is employed to optimize the operation of the PV system and enhance the overall efficiency of the system. Neuro-Fuzzy controller based novel controller is designed for both inverter as well as bidirectional circuit to supply quality power to both single and three phase loads. Comprehensive findings have been showcased and accessed via hardware-in-loop testing on the OPAL-RT platform to optimize the suggested controller for a 1MW standalone system in various scenarios. Keywords PV, Neuro-Fuzzy, MPPT, HIL, Standalone System, Power Quality.

Investigations on the performance of a novel hybrid twisted tapered, three-bladed horizontal axis small wind turbine

Small wind turbines could bring a lot of difference in providing power to remote and inaccessible locations. These turbines could be mounted on rooftops as standalone units or hybrid units. One of the factors deciding the magnitude of power generation in wind turbines is the rotational speed of the blades. A proper blade selection and orientation could make a lot of difference in such a scenario. This work is focused on a novel hybrid twisted tapered three-bladed wind turbine made of NACA4412 and E193 blade profiles, for better aerodynamic performance and high structural stability. A simple tapered three-bladed turbine (STBT) was considered for performance comparison using testing parameters like tip speed ratio, coefficient of performance, actual power generated at wind velocities (2 m/s to 8 m/s) and pitch angles (0, ± 2o, and ± 10o). The results indicate that the hybrid twisted-bladed turbine (HTBT) generated 1.52 times more power at −10oAoA, and 1.11 times more power at −2oAoA; the increase in power between 42.5% to 121.5%, the increase in rotor speed from 30.5% to 94.4%, over the simple tapered blade-mounted turbine. However, the simple tapered blade profiled wind turbine performed better without altering the blade pitch angle.

Techno-economic analysis and tri-objective optimization of a novel HDH desalination with PVT and vapor-compression chiller for sustainable water supply in remote areas

Desalination is a powerful tool for addressing freshwater scarcity. This study introduces a stand-alone desalination unit based on humidification-dehumidification, photovoltaic-thermal, and vapor-compression chiller technologies for providing sustainable water supply in remote areas. The system is evaluated from both technical and economic perspectives, and three refrigerants (R22, R134a, and R407C) are tested to determine the best option for the vapor-compression chiller. The system is comprehensively modeled using an artificial neural network trained for tri-objective optimization by employing a genetic algorithm. The optimization aims to maximize the freshwater production rate and gain output ratio while minimizing the cost rate. The results indicate that the photovoltaic-thermal unit comprises about 97% of the cost rate. At the optimum point, the freshwater production rates are 43.81 m3/day for R22, 40.56 m3/day for R407C, and 36.65 m3/day for R134a. The cost rates are highest for R407C at 48.04 $/h, followed by R134a at 45.72 $/h and R22 at 43.74 $/h. Similarly, the gain output ratio follows the same order, with R407C having the highest ratio of 1.28, followed by R134a with 1.27 and R22 with 1.24. The study concludes that R407C is the best option in terms of technical, economic, and environmental factors.

Accounting undergraduates’ perspectives on integrating forensic accounting into the curriculum in Sri Lanka

Purpose: This study examines the current level of forensic accounting education in Sri Lanka and its level of sufficiency from the viewpoint of accounting undergraduates studying in Sri Lankan government universities. Research methodology: Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire targeting third and fourth-year accounting undergraduates of Sri Lankan government universities. To achieve the research objectives, descriptive statistics were used as analytical tools. Results: The study revealed that existing auditing course modules and stand-alone forensic accounting course units do not adequately cover forensic accounting topics in response to the rising demand for forensic accountants' services in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan government universities are required to restructure the integration of forensic accounting education with greater coverage. Moreover, as per accounting undergraduates, the precise method of covering forensic accounting within accounting education would be to introduce a separate degree program that covers all forensic accounting discussions. Limitations: The main limitation of this study is that it focuses only on the perspectives of government university undergraduates. Perceptions of accounting undergraduates in private universities and professional qualification institutions that offer accounting degree programs were not considered. Contribution: This study provides insights for university administrators on how to integrate forensic accounting into the accounting curriculum. Moreover, the suggested modifications will provide undergraduates with the skills required to practice forensic accounting after graduation.

APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC IN THE CONTROL SYSTEM OF ELECTROMECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

The article considers the option of solving the problem of automatic selection of settings of proportional-integral-differential (PID) regulators to control the thermal process with chaotically changing dynamic properties. Based on analytical and experimental data, it illustrates the influence of various factors on changes in the dynamic properties of electromechanical equipment (EME) when heated during operation. The work of classical and fuzzy PID controllers was investigated using simulation models in Matlab and Simulink environments. The article illustrates the expediency of changing the configuration charts of the PID regulator when controlling the process, which can be carried out with the help of a phasing unit that implements variants of the rules for controlling the signals of the charts. The Control System ToolboxTM application was used to determine the application rules for adjusting electrical values. The attractive nature of the changes in the transition processes reflects the graphical and tabular data. Transient processes in a nonlinear control algorithm (NCA) are characterised by improved parametric characteristics. To increase the accuracy of the chart settings, it is advisable to use data from actual thermal events that determine perturbing variables. Realisation of the above-mentioned intelligent device for automatic setting of the real-time regulator, providing the formation of a more accurate output of the control signal, determines the advantages of the proposed engineering solution and the feasibility of its use at similar technological facilities. In the article, the practical implementation of fuzzy logic with the help of the Arduino family microcontroller is recommended. In addition, the stand-alone NCA unit can be used with an additional actuator for smoother thermal control during the operation of EM components, while maintaining the same basic automation system with a classic PID controller. Keywords: electromechanics, automation, controller, microcontroller, modelling, electronic model, fuzzy logic, algorithm, controller settings.

Supercavity mode in a single metallic resonator

Bound states in the continuum are exotic nonradiating modes with very high quality factors enabling enhanced wave-matter interactions. While they typically require array-type of systems, versions of such states have been reported in single dielectric resonators, giving rise to suppressed scattering states termed supercavity modes. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a supercavity mode in an all-metallic resonator open for probing by free-space microwaves. Our design exploits careful tailoring of the boundaries around the resonator, which supports an octupole mode fostering a significant increase in the quality factor. The main advantage of the resonator is its simplicity and robustness, and it may be utilized as a stand-alone unit for energy harvesting and sensing or as an element for advanced functional material designs.

Photomultiplier tube signal conditioning for high-temperature applications

Abstract Ionizing radiation detection in harsh environment conditions often requires additional signal processing to match the requirements of the commercial data readout systems. The subject of this paper is the design of the high-temperature (HT) signal conditioning module that ensures the applicability of scintillation detectors that utilize photomultiplier tubes (PMT) with moderate sampling rate instrumentation. The design was developed for the operation in HT environments (up to 120°C). In order to achieve the optimal signal shape, the module combines a charge amplifier and a low-pass filtering circuitry. An embedded power supply section makes it a complete, standalone unit requiring a single 12 V supplying line. A comprehensive analysis of the developed device, named “PreAmp Shape”, was conducted in order to prove the intended functionality over the different working conditions.

A High-Performance Circularly Polarized and Harmonic Rejection Rectenna for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting.

This paper presents a novel circularly polarized rectenna designed for efficient electromagnetic energy harvesting at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. A compact antenna structure is designed to achieve high performance in terms of radiation efficiency, axial ratio, directivity, effective area, and harmonic rejection over the entire bandwidth of the ISM frequency band. The optimized rectifier circuit enhances the RF harvested energy efficiency, with an AC-to-DC conversion efficiency ranging from 36% to 70% for low-level input power ranging from -10 dBm to 0 dBm. The stable output of DC power confirms the suitability of this design for various practical applications, including wireless sensor networks, energy harvesting power supplies, medical implants, and environmental monitoring systems. Experimental validation, which includes both the reflection coefficient and radiation patterns of the designed antenna, confirms the accuracy of the simulation. The study found that the proposed energy harvesting system has a high total efficiency ranging from 53% to 63% and is well-suited for low-power energy harvesting (0 dBm) from ambient electromagnetic radiation. The proposed circularly polarized rectenna is a competitive option for efficient electromagnetic energy harvesting, both as a standalone unit and in an array, due to its high performance, feasibility, and versatility in meeting various energy harvesting requirements. This makes it a promising and cost-effective solution for various wireless communication applications, offering great potential for efficient energy harvesting from ambient electromagnetic radiation.

Final Design and Analysis of the Superconducting Magnets for the Material Plasma Exposure Experiment

The Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX), which has completed its final design, is a new linear plasma device to advance the understanding of plasma-material interactions through the generation and delivery of plasmas as they are expected in future fusion reactor divertors. MPEX will be a steady-state device to study high-fluence exposures of plasma-facing materials and components. The requirements for the magnetic field at the heating stages and the target make the application of superconducting coils necessary. The final designs for the superconducting magnets have been developed using three cryostat designs with warm bore diameters of 65 cm and 156 cm. The large bores are required to for other systems such as vacuum, water cooling, and RF power. There are 19 superconducting coils in MPEX that are contained in six cryostats. Although design, fabrication, and testing for the magnets as stand-alone units are straightforward, challenges will arise during the integration of the system. Various field profiles will be used during operation. The magnetic field where the electron cyclotron heating occurs needs to operate at both 1.25 and 2.50 T. Analyses that have been performed on the final design include designing the coils and determining operating currents to meet field requirements, forces between cryostats, the effects of coil and/or cryostat movement, and quench analysis. To ensure that the magnetic field requirements are met, a plan for monitoring the magnetic field at specified locations has been developed which includes the effect of coil and/or cryostat movement.

FULLY AI-DRIVEN HUMANOID VHH PHAGE LIBRARY

Abstract Background &amp; Significance VHHs are small and stable fragments that have great potential as therapeutics due to their small size, stability, versatility, and potential for oral administration. The traditional source of VHHs is camelids, but humanization is usually needed for therapeutic development. A human VHH library is highly desirable for the generation of therapeutic VHHs, but natural human VH domains are usually unstable as standalone units. We developed a humanoid VHH library of AI-designed sequences that both resemble camelid VHHs in terms of stability and have such high human content that humanization is no longer needed. Methods In this study, we present a fully AI-driven approach for the de novo design of a VHH phage library. Firstly, public camelid data and nearly one million private human sequences were collected. Secondly, one autoregressive AI model was trained on human data and another AI model was trained on the mixed data of humans and camels. Thirdly, the CDR1, CDR2, CDR3 regions of VHH were all generated by the mentioned two AI models. Finally, an ultra large quantity (4E10) of VHH sequences generated by AI were utilized to build the Humanoid VHH phage library. Results In order to verify the effectiveness of our method, we randomly synthesized and expressed 26 VHH antibodies from our AI based library. At the same time, 3 human VH molecules reported in previous literature were included as positive controls. First of all, the success rate of expression is 96.1%, which is much higher than 72% of Progen and 66% of ESMdesign. Secondly, the average titer is 59.6mg/L, which is 1.5 times the average value of the positive control group. Thirdly, the hydrophobicity of 80% de novo sequences is comparable to the positive control group. Moreover, the immunogenicity of all AI sequences is less than the average value of the positive control group according to our proprietary algorithms. Finally, the diversity and naturalness of the Humanoid VHH phage library are also excellent. Conclusions In conclusion, we have developed a fully AI-driven solution that could stably and massively generate human-like VHH sequences satisfying multiple requirements (including high titer, low hydrophobicity, low immunogenicity and ultra high success rate of expression, high diversity, high naturalness) simultaneously. As VHH is a powerful therapeutic fragment, our approach has the potential to accelerate nanobody and bispecific antibody drug development.