Stand-up Paddle Board Research Articles

Paddle Board and Three Different Sport Modalities: Kayak, Stand up Paddle (Sup) and Paddle-Yoga

The paddle surf is a relative recent sport, that started at the beginning of this century. However, through history, human beings have had always methods and techniques to navigate over rivers or lakes for fishing. Recently the inflatable stand-up paddleboard (iSUP) enables the athlete to visit and explore remote liquid areas. Over the board of the paddle surf, at least three different sportive practise are possible, two propelling modes (kayak and SUP) and one stretching mode (Pilates or YogaSUP). Some risks for injuries and preventive measures are described in the text

Injury Trends in Special Olympics Athletes From the 2018 USA Games.

To categorize injury types and occurrence among athletes participating in the Special Olympics (SO). Retrospective cross-sectional cohort study. 2018 SO USA Games. Athletes participating in 14 sports at the 2018 SO USA Games (n = 2251). Individual and team sports. Percentage of athletes injured per individual sport, percentage of injury type by sport, rate of injuries per 1000 exposures, and number of injuries per game in team sports. In individual sports, the percentage of athletes injured ranged from 38.5% in gymnastics to 12.9% in golf. Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries occurred in 53.3% of gymnastics injuries and 58.6% of tennis injuries. For stand-up paddleboard, most injuries were non-MSK (66.7%). The highest rate of MSK injuries occurred in gymnastics (25.6/1000 exposures), whereas the highest rates of non-MSK injuries (95.2/1000 exposures) and minor injuries (47.6/1000 exposures) were among stand-up paddleboard athletes. In team sports, the highest number of injuries per game occurred in softball (1.9 per game). A high percentage of injuries occurred at the 2018 SO USA Games. The high rate of non-MSK injuries is unique to the SO and should be considered when planning medical coverage for future events.

Modelling of Drag Force Reduction for a Waterjet Propulsion System

Abstract The paper provides simulation results for SUP (Stand Up Paddle) board appendage resistance. Additional propulsion is added to the SUP board. It is equipped with a waterjet. The waterjet is attached to the board rudder. This increases the drag coefficient for rudder five times. To reduce the drag variable, design options for the waterjet duct were proposed. The simulation tests were performed using SolidWorks Flow software using two types of simulations, namely, the pressure on the body and the flow around the body. The objective was to streamline the bluff duct of the waterjet and thus to create the appendage design with minimum drag force from fluid flow and possibly greater Inlet Velocity Ratio. Calculations showed that rounding-off the edges of waterjet duct resulted in 35 % of drag coefficient reduction, while further streamlining reduced it by additional 10 %.

Observing and Modeling the Pacific Ocean [Video

Marine scientists incorporate a wide array of observations and models to understand the oceans, their dynamics, and the life they support. The development of new sensing technologies such as satellites, gliders, and robotic floats, as well as increasing public interest and funding for projects to investigate the ocean’s role in climate change, has transformed marine sciences into “big data” sciences. But the observational scientist still faces numerous obstacles in measuring ocean characteristics such as sea surface height, currents, temperature, salinity, water color, ocean chemistry, and undersea life: electromagnetic radiation does not readily penetrate its waters, which makes it harder to conduct observations and communicate with underwater instruments, and because oceans are full of life, so called “biofouling” is a challenge to observing, especially in the sun-lit layers near the surface. Nevertheless, new technologies such as robotic vehicles and new sensors are enabling observations throughout the ocean water column. These technologies, coupled with rapidly advancing ocean models, are revolutionizing our understanding of the marine biosphere. [Image: UCSB undergraduates Andie Rupprecht and Sean Jawetz recover a robotic stand-up paddle board used for measuring ocean currents. Photograph by Libe Washburn.] <br> Video available: https://vimeo.com/527397347

A Parametric Method to Customize Surfboard and Stand Up Paddle Board Fins for Additive Manufacturing

At all levels of sporting competition, from recreational to elite, athletes desire products that improve their performance, comfort, safety, or enjoyment. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, provides a new method of producing sporting equipment that can be customized to the unique needs of an individual. This study examines the opportunity to produce surfboard and stand up paddle (SUP) board fins through 3D printing and details a parametric computer-aided design (CAD) system for surfers to modify the geometry of a surf fin in real-time. Specifically, the fin system, fin position on the board, cant, fin depth, sweep, base length, base foil profile, tip sharpness, tip thickness, as well as the overall dimensions can be modified using simple interactive controls that do not require any CAD experience. Indicative cost data was collected for ten virtual fins designed through this system intended for fused filament fabrication (FFF), selective laser sintering (SLS) and multi jet fusion (MJF) technologies. Two designs were 3D printed and trialled on a SUP board. The method of creating the parametric system is sufficiently detailed in order to be replicable and built upon by designers, with future research directions outlined in order to improve surfing performance and extend the well-established culture of experimentation within the sport.

Injury Trends In Special Olympics Athletes From The 2018 USA Games

PURPOSE: We analyzed injury data from the Seattle Special Olympics USA Games 2018. Our findings and analysis may inform ways by which medical coverage at future similar events can be reinforced, prepared, and improved. METHODS: Deidentified injury data, collected by the RaceSafe app, was categorized by injury type: Musculoskeletal (MSK), Non-musculoskeletal (Non-MSK) and Minor Injury (including ice, bandaging, and massage). Individual event data was analyzed by percent of athletes injured and by injuries per 1000 athlete exposures. For each team sport, injury data was analyzed by injuries per game. RESULTS: The individual events with the highest percent of athletes injured were gymnastics (38.5%, 95% CI 22.4-62.0), tennis (31.5, 95% CI 21.5-44.7) and stand-up paddleboard (28.6%, 95% CI 11.6-59.4). The individual event with the lowest percent of athletes injured was golf (12.9%, 7.9-19.9). Among the gymnastics and tennis injuries, 53.3% and 58.6% were MSK, respectively. For stand-up paddleboard there were no MSK injuries with the majority being non-MSK (66.7%). Per 1000 athlete exposures, gymnastics had the highest rate of MSK injuries at 25.6 (95% CI 11.9-48.7), while stand-up paddleboard had the highest rate of both non-MSK injuries at 95.2 (95% CI 30.3-23.0) and minor injuries at 47.6 (95% CI 8.0-157.3). The team sports with the highest rate of injuries per game were softball at 1.9 (95% CI 1.6-2.4), followed by soccer at 1.7 (95% CI 1.4-2.0), and flag football at 1.6 (95% CI 1.3-1.9). CONCLUSION: The Special Olympics 2018 USA Games required a well-staffed and organized medical team to meet the injury needs of its athletes. Based on our analysis, future events should provide a team with many medical personnel divided amongst the competition venues. A unique feature of the Special Olympics is the high rates of non-MSK injuries requiring medical attention, and appropriate measures should be taken to address these conditions.

The physiological and perceptual responses of stand-up paddle board exercise in a laboratory- and field-setting

This study quantified the physiological and perceptual responses of stand-up paddle boarding (SUP) during a range of stroke rates in a laboratory- and field-setting. Ten participants (eight male, two female; mean ± standard deviation [SD] age: 23 ± 3 years; body mass: 70.5 ± 9.1 kg; height: 170 ± 9 cm; body mass index [BMI]: 24.3 ± 1.5 kg m2) completed a SUP ⩒O2peak trial, and two SUP trials in both a laboratory- and field-setting (5-min at 10, 20 and 30 strokes min−1 per stage). Energy expenditure (EE), metabolic equivalents (METs), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout. In the laboratory-setting, mean ± SD EE and METs increased (P < .001) linearly when SUP at 10 (3.3 ± 1.0 kcal min−1, 2.7 ± 0.5), 20 (5.5 ± 0.9 kcal min−1, 4.4 ± 0.7) and 30 strokes min−1 (7.6 ± 1.6 kcal min−1, 6.1 ± 1.2), respectively. During these efforts, mean ± SD percentage of maximal HR were 56 ± 5%, 69 ± 6% and 84 ± 8%, respectively. In the field-setting, mean ± SD EE and METs also increased (P < .001) linearly when SUP at 10 (3.6 ± 0.9 kcal min−1, 2.7 ± 0.9), 20 (4.3 ± 1.8 kcal min−1, 3.5 ± 1.0) and 30 strokes min−1 (6.3 ± 2.1 kcal min−1, 4.6 ± 1.4). During the three conditions, mean ± SD percentage of maximal HR were 58 ± 8%, 65 ± 7% and 73 ± 9%. SUP at ≥20 strokes min−1 in the laboratory- and field-setting meet the criteria for moderate-intensity exercise (3.0–5.9 METs). These findings may now be included in the latest Compendium of Physical Activities guidelines and offer the potential to improve cardiorespiratory fitness if SUP is undertaken regularly by young, healthy adults.

A biomechanical analysis of the stand-up paddle board stroke: a comparative study.

BackgroundStand-up paddle boarding (SUP) is a rapidly growing global aquatic sport, with increasing popularity among participants within recreation, competition and rehabilitation. To date, few scientific studies have focused on SUP. Further, there is no research examining the biomechanics of the SUP paddle stroke. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether variations in kinematics existed among experienced and inexperienced SUP participants using three-dimensional motion analysis. This data could be of significance to participants, researchers, coaches and health practitioners to improve performance and inform injury minimization strategies.MethodsA cross-sectional observational design study was performed with seven experienced and 19 inexperienced paddlers whereby whole-body kinematic data were acquired using a six-camera Vicon motion capture system. Participants paddled on a SUP ergometer while three-dimensional range of motion (ROM) and peak joint angles were calculated for the shoulders, elbows, hips and trunk. Mann–Whitney U tests were conducted on the non-normally distributed data to evaluate differences between level of expertise.ResultsSignificant differences in joint kinematics were found between experienced and inexperienced participants, with inexperienced participants using greater overall shoulder ROM (78.9° ± 24.9° vs 56.6° ± 17.3°, p = 0.010) and less hip ROM than the experienced participants (50.0° ± 18.5° vs 66.4° ± 11.8°, p = 0.035). Experienced participants demonstrated increased shoulder motion at the end of the paddle stoke compared to the inexperienced participants (74.9° ± 16.3° vs 35.2° ± 28.5°, p = 0.001 minimum shoulder flexion) and more extension at the elbow (6.0° ± 9.2° minimum elbow flexion vs 24.8° ± 13.5°, p = 0.000) than the inexperienced participants.DiscussionThe results of this study indicate several significant kinematic differences between the experienced and inexperienced SUP participants. These variations in technique were noted in the shoulder, elbow and hip and are evident in other aquatic paddling sports where injury rates are higher in these joints. These finding may be valuable for coaches, therapists and participants needing to maximize performance and minimize injury risk during participation in SUP.

Training, Diet and Supplement Regimen of an Elite Female Standup Paddler in Preparation for an Ultra-distance Event: a Case Study

PURPOSE: Standup paddleboard (SUP) racing is the quintessential power-endurance sport that requires a combination of skill, aerobic power as well as muscular strength and endurance. The purpose of this case study was to examine the training, diet and supplement regimen of an elite paddler in preparation for an ultra-distance Standup paddleboard race (i.e., Molokai to Oahu [M2O) 32-mile open ocean SUP race). METHODS: The physical characteristics of the paddler are as follows: 32-year old female, 167.6 cm height, 62.7 kg weight and 19% body fat (Bod Pod®). During the six-month training program, the athlete's daily average intake of the macronutrients was as follows: protein 151 g/d, carbohydrate 122 g/d and fat 62 g/d. Through this time the athlete incorporated more protein-based supplements pre-and post-training as well as supplementing with beta-hydroxy methylbutyrate (HMB) and beta-alanine. The athlete also incorporated a periodized training plan over the 6 months prior to the race. This included an average distance of run training of 24 miles/month as well paddle training 74 miles/month. Paddling training increased from 64 miles in the first month, eventually working up to 105 miles for the fifth month followed by a taper. The periodized plan was designed to increase paddling mileage 15 to 25% every four weeks and included a mix of various training types such as high intensity interval training, steady state cardio, and sprint training. RESULTS: The interventions listed above, along with a periodization training program resulted in an increase of 2.2 kg body mass and a decrease of 2% body fat. CONCLUSION: The nutritional strategies undertaken included an increased daily protein intake, as well as supplementation with HMB and beta-alanine. Together, these strategies resulted in a 3.16 kg gain in LBM as well as a 2% decrease in body fat. In addition, the prescribed strategies lead to a successful finish of 6th place overall female with a time of 6:37:36 at the M2O Stand-up Paddleboard Championship.

Stability of coupled human and stand-up paddle board

This study investigates the rider stability on a stand-up paddle board (SUP) based on board dimensions, rider body parameters, and skill level using a buoyant body dynamics approach. For this study, the system of a rider standing on an SUP is modeled as a planar motion of a rectangular cross-sectional buoyant body with an added mass attached at a fixed height. A stability map is developed to visualize stability regions for various system parameters. The result shows that eigenvalue contours are in good agreement with qualitative terms, such as beginner and professional. A new approach of describing rider skill level is proposed. Wave tank experiments are conducted to verify the analytic equations. Analytical results of the rectangular board show the same trend as the experimental results from a real SUP product.

Companion interview

Edinburgh graduate Cal Major stroked her way into the record books this summer as the first person to travel from Land’s End to John O’Groats on a stand-up paddleboard. Along the way she raised thousands of pounds to support mental health services for the veterinary profession and others, as well as raising awareness of the threat posed by plastic pollution to our inland and coastal waterways. She told John Bonner about the highlights of her trip.

Insight Into the Development and Competitiveness of Male UK-Based Stand-up Paddleboard Flatwater Distance Racing From 2013 to 2017.

Dyer, B. Insight into the development and competitiveness of male UK-based stand-up paddleboard flatwater distance racing from 2013 to 2017. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 535-541, 2021-An analysis of 2 stand-up paddleboard "distance" events was undertaken to investigate any change in their participation, racing behavior, and whether such events should be approached differently by practitioners. The completion time paddler-to-paddler gap was investigated as a means of assessing the performances in 2 flatwater distance events from 2013 to 2017. The level of participation at these events had not noticeably changed. An analysis indicated that both events did not significantly change in their completion time paddler-to-paddler range from year to year when looking at 3 subgroups (p > 0.05) and did not differ significantly in behavior when normalized against each other (p > 0.05). Post hoc tests revealed that the paddler time gaps at an event held in 2015 were significantly different when compared with all the other years it had taken place (p < 0.05). The use of a performance intensity chart indicated that there was different finishing paddler-to-paddler gap behavior between the 2 events. Ultimately, it is proposed that athletes and coaches should be aware that 2 events with the same generic classification of being designated a "distance event" may warrant different training methodologies and tactical decision-making.

The Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Physiological Response during a Stand-Up Paddle Surfing Session.

Stand Up Paddleboard (SUP) surfing entails riding breaking waves and maneuvering the board on the wave face in a similar manner to traditional surfing. Despite some scientific investigations on SUP, little is known about SUP surfing. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological response during SUP surfing sessions and to determine how various environmental conditions can influence this response. Heart rate (HR) of an experienced male SUP surfer aged 43 was recorded for 14.9 h during ten surfing sessions and synced with on board video footage to enable the examination of the effect of different surfing modes and weather conditions on exercise intensity. Results indicated that the SUP surfer’s HR was above 70% of HRmax during 85% of each session, with the greatest heart rates found during falls off the board (~85% HRmax) and while paddling back to the peak (~83% HRmax). Total time surfing a wave was less than 5%, with the majority of time spent paddling back into position. Wind speed positively correlated with HR (r = 0.75, p < 0.05) and wave height negatively correlated with wave caching frequency (r = 0.73, p < 0.05). The results highlight the aerobic fitness for SUP surfing, where wave riding, paddling back to the peak, and falls appear to be associated with the greatest cardiovascular demand and demonstrate that environmental conditions can have an effect on the physiological response during SUP surfing sessions.

A Performance Analysis of a Stand-Up Paddle Board Marathon Race

Stand-up paddle boarding (SUP) is a rapidly growing sport and recreational activity in which little scientific research exists. A review of the literature failed to identify a single article pertaining to the physiological demands of SUP competition. The purpose of this study was to conduct a performance analysis of a national-level SUP marathon race. Ten elite SUP athletes (6 male and 4 female athletes) were recruited from the Stand Up Paddle Surfing Association of Australia to have their race performance in the Australian Titles analyzed. Performance variables included SUP speed, course taken, and heart rate (HR), measured with a 15-Hz global positioning system unit. Results demonstrated that there was a variation in distance covered (13.3-13.9 km), peak speed (18.8-26.4 km·h), and only moderate correlations (r = 0.38) of race result to distance covered. Significantly greater amounts of time were spent in the 5- to 10-km·h speed zones (p ≤ 0.05) during the race. Peak HR varied from 168 to 208 b·min among the competitors with the average HR being 168.6 ± 9.8 b·min. Significantly higher durations were spent in elevated HR zones (p ≤ 0.05) with participants spending 89.3% of their race within 80-100% of their age-predicted HRmax. Marathon SUP races seem to involve a high aerobic demand, with maintenance of near-maximal HRs required for the duration of the race. There is a high influence of tactical decisions and extrinsic variables to race results. These results provide a greater understanding of the physiological demands of distance events and may assist in the development of specialized training programs for SUP athletes.

Reactions of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) to vessel traffic in the coastal waters of South West Wales, UK

Only a limited number of studies on the effects of boats on cetaceans have been published, most concentrating on dolphin species (Family Delphinidae), with restricted research findings published regarding harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). From February 2011–May 2013, a count of boats (n = 2153) was conducted from seven land-based sites - Port Talbot deep water harbour, Tutt Head, Mumbles (39% of all vessel traffic occurred here), Pwll Du Head, Southgate, Port Eynon Point, Rhossili and Burry Holms, all located in the Swansea Bay and South Gower area of the UK - to give an analysis of boat traffic volume. A variety of vessel types was observed: large commercial cargo ship, kayak, recreational fishing, commercial fishing, rib, jet-ski, speedboat, cruiser, yacht, cargo or stand-up paddle board (SUP). Interactions between vessels and porpoise were noted during these surveys. During 729 h of survey effort (268 total surveys), 38% (n = 103) of surveys had no corresponding porpoise sightings, while 62% (n = 165) were porpoise positive. With regard to vessel/porpoise interactions, there were 39 occasions when porpoise exhibited only neutral or negative behaviour. Groups of two porpoise were the modal group size, accounting for 61% (n = 24) of porpoise/vessel interactions, with peak interactions documented in May (n = 9) and July (n = 8). Vessel type and speed rather than presence seemed to be the relevant factors; 75% of all negative reactions were in response to high-speed planing-hulled vessels, the remainder being neutral responses.

A sensor package for mapping pH and oxygen from mobile platforms

A novel chemical sensor package named “WavepHOx” was developed in order to facilitate measurement of surface ocean pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature from mobile platforms. The system comprises a Honeywell Durafet pH sensor, Aanderaa optode oxygen sensor, and chloride ion selective electrode, packaged into a hydrodynamic, lightweight housing. The WavepHOx has been deployed on a stand-up paddleboard and a Liquid Robotics Wave Glider in multiple near-shore settings in the Southern California Bight. Integration of the WavepHOx into these mobile platforms has enabled high spatiotemporal resolution pH and dissolved oxygen data collection. It is a particularly valuable tool for mapping shallow, fragile, or densely vegetated ecosystems which cannot be easily accessed by other platforms. Results from three surveys in San Diego, California, are reported. We show pH and dissolved oxygen variability >0.3 and >50% saturation, respectively, over tens to hundreds of meters to highlight the degree of natural spatial variability in these vegetated ecosystems. When deployed during an extensive discrete sampling program, the WavepHOx pH had a root mean squared error of 0.028 relative to pH calculated from fifty six measurements of total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon, confirming its capacity for accurate, high spatiotemporal resolution data collection.

Laboratory- and Field-Based Assessment of Maximal Aerobic Power of Elite Stand-Up Paddle-Board Athletes.

Stand-up paddle boarding (SUP) is a rapidly growing sport and recreational activity for which only anecdotal evidence exists on its proposed health, fitness, and injury-rehabilitation benefits. 10 internationally and nationally ranked elite SUP athletes. Participants were assessed for their maximal aerobic power on an ergometer in a laboratory and compared with other water-based athletes. Field-based assessments were subsequently performed using a portable gas-analysis system, and a correlation between the 2 measures was performed. Maximal aerobic power (relative) was significantly higher (P = .037) when measured in the field with a portable gas-analysis system (45.48 ± 6.96 mL · kg(-1) · min(-1)) than with laboratory-based metabolic-cart measurements (43.20 ± 6.67 mL · kg(-1) · min(-1)). There was a strong, positive correlation (r = .907) between laboratory and field maximal aerobic power results. Significantly higher (P = .000) measures of SUP paddling speed were found in the field than with the laboratory ergometer (+42.39%). There were no significant differences in maximal heart rate between the laboratory and field settings (P = .576). The results demonstrate the maximal aerobic power representative of internationally and nationally ranked SUP athletes and show that SUP athletes can be assessed for maximal aerobic power in the laboratory with high correlation to field-based measures. The field-based portable gas-analysis unit has a tendency to consistently measure higher oxygen consumption. Elite SUP athletes display aerobic power outputs similar to those of other upper-limb-dominant elite water-based athletes (surfing, dragon-boat racing, and canoeing).

Stand-Up Paddleboarding, Artibonite River, Verettes, Haiti

Stand-Up Paddleboarding, Artibonite River, Verettes, Haiti. In June 2014 I lead my fourth medical trip to the rural village of Verettes, Haiti, with Medical Student Missions (medicalstudentmissions.org). Our group brought down $6000 worth of medicines, 700 pairs of eyeglasses, and 17 medical students. I was able to bring down an inflatable 12’6” Naish One stand-up paddleboard thanks to generous donations from Naish Inc. (www.naishusa.com) of White Salmon, WA and Providence Health International (http://www2.providence.org/phs/phi/Pages/default.aspx). In addition to providing medical care to 800 underserved in the midst of the Chikungunya outbreak, I had a chance to build smiles, friendship, camaraderie, and many laughs on the Artibonite River with my Haitian friends. By the end of the week, Sonson, my friend and interpreter, was standing up padding solo. “Dr. Christopher, you changed my life.” Iʼm not sure I made major inroads, but perhaps I gave him hope and inspiration to strive upward. Submitted by Christopher Van Tilburg, image by Jennifer Donnelly.