Stand-up Paddle Research Articles

A Systematic Review for Stand-up Paddle

Background: The goal is to investigate how the length and height of passes impact a team's performance in national championships. A predictive model will be developed to analyse the success of different pass characteristics, including short, medium, and long length and ground, low, and high height. The model will be based on the points earned and will determine which combination of pass characteristics is most effective. Objective: Therefore, this systematic review aims to identify and synthesize the external and internal parameters commonly used to evaluate SUP performance under different test conditions. Methods: The search was conducted in multiple scientific databases (Google Scholar, MEDLINE/(PubMed), Science Direct, and Web of Science) and was completed on January 31, 2022, using the following keywords: “stand up paddle,” “stand up paddling”, and “stand up paddle boarding.” Results: Twenty-one articles were selected, involving a total of 238 subjects at both the competitive and recreational levels. SUP athletes have increased muscle mass, decreased body fat percentage, and used more efficient paddling techniques, highlighting the importance of equipment evaluation in improving athletic performance. Conclusion: More research is needed to improve the performance and expand the culture of SUP. The integration of specific technologies can help to understand better the variables that affect performance outcomes.

Neuromuscular Assessment of a Stand-Up Paddle Stroke

This study analyzed muscle activity during the stand-up paddle stroke, considering the paddling side and the adjacent and opposing muscles relative to the position of the arms during paddling. Methods: Fourteen male paddleboarders performed three trials covering 195 m in which surface electromyography of the upper trapezius, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius medialis were recorded (four-cycle strokes on each side). The data were processed according to percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (% MVC). The MVC activation values (µV) for each muscle were then calculated and presented as percentage MVC (% MVC). Results: The recovery phase accounted for 60% of the paddle cycle, while the pull phase represented 39%. During right-side paddling, higher % MVC was found in the opposite-side upper trapezius (24.35%, p < 0.01) during the pulling phase and in the adjacent biceps brachii (8.36%, p < 0.03) during the recovery phase. In left-side paddling, greater % MVC was found in the opposite-side upper trapezius (27.60%, p < 0.01) during the pulling phase and in the opposite-side triceps brachii (42.25%, p < 0.04) during the recovery phase. Furthermore, the pulling phase exhibited higher MVC in the opposite-side upper trapezius compared to the recovery phase, both in the right-side (24.35%, p < 0.03) and left-side (27.60%, p < 0.01) paddling. Conclusions: these findings help establish the muscular activity of both sides of the paddling technique and the differences between the upper and lower limbs.

Shoulder, Trunk, and Hip Sagittal Plane Kinematics during Stand-Up Paddle Boarding.

Stand-up paddle boarding (SUP) as both a competitive and recreational sport has grown in popularity over the last decade. Better understanding paddling kinematics is beneficial for both injury prevention and informing coaching practices in this growing sport. The purpose of this study was to analyze sagittal plane kinematics during both standing and kneeling paddling postures commonly adopted by injury-free, recreational SUP participants. Eighteen recreational SUP participants (seven males/eleven females) were asked to complete a series of paddling tasks on a SUP ergometer in two postures, during which kinematic data were acquired. Sagittal plane kinematic data were analyzed for joint excursion, or range of motion used, while paddling on both sides of the body in each posture. Analysis of variance was used to compare joint excursions across tasks. There were no significant differences in hip or trunk sagittal plant excursion between postures. However, there was significantly greater sagittal plane excursion at the shoulder in the kneeling as compared to the standing posture with the shoulder opposite the paddling side demonstrating the greatest total excursion. These results help establish the parameters of the paddling technique currently in use among injury-free SUP participants and may be used in the future to inform coaching practices.

Freedom on Water through Stand-Up Paddling

In Denmark mental disorders are the most prevalent disease, accounting for 25 % of the total burden of disease. This underlines the need of initiatives for prevention and treatment in which the role of physical activity and bodily experiences contains unexploited opportunities and obvious catches people’s attention. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences from people with mental disorders doing Stand-Up Paddle (SUP) and to explore if and how the experiences influenced their mental health. Anthropological fieldwork including participant observation and qualitative interviews for three months in Denmark among eight people living with mental disorders, participating in a project called ‘Freedom on water’ including SUP. Empirical material was thematically analysed at first and secondly theoretically analysed with perspectives of Merleau-Ponty, Deci & Ryan and Csikszentmihalyi. Themes identified concerned social interaction, nature, mind-body connection, and experiences of success. The participants’ mental health was affected positively by doing SUP. When fully concentrated, managing the (bodily) challenges on the SUP-board their rumination disappeared and they felt present in the moment. Forgetting oneself, flow, skills, coping mechanisms, self-confidence and positively social integration were strengthened. This study proves the value of including the physical body in initiatives for mental health.

Swimming flume case report of stand-up paddle boarding

Swimming flume case report of stand-up paddle boarding

Modelling of Drag Force Reduction for a Waterjet Propulsion System

Abstract The paper provides simulation results for SUP (Stand Up Paddle) board appendage resistance. Additional propulsion is added to the SUP board. It is equipped with a waterjet. The waterjet is attached to the board rudder. This increases the drag coefficient for rudder five times. To reduce the drag variable, design options for the waterjet duct were proposed. The simulation tests were performed using SolidWorks Flow software using two types of simulations, namely, the pressure on the body and the flow around the body. The objective was to streamline the bluff duct of the waterjet and thus to create the appendage design with minimum drag force from fluid flow and possibly greater Inlet Velocity Ratio. Calculations showed that rounding-off the edges of waterjet duct resulted in 35 % of drag coefficient reduction, while further streamlining reduced it by additional 10 %.

Injuries and Use of Safety Equipment in Stand-up Paddle Boarding.

Background:Stand-up paddleboarding (SUP) is a water sport that has gained in popularity. Still, very little is known about its injury profile.Purpose:To analyze the incidence, mechanisms, and risk factors for SUP-related injuries in mainly calm waters and the use of safety equipment.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:The authors distributed an online survey that gathered information on characteristics, injury history over the past 12 months, use of (safety) equipment, and health issues of SUP riders in German-speaking countries.Results:A total of 438 participants completed the survey. The mean participant age was 45 years (range, 8-82 years), 48% were female athletes, and 19.6% took part in competitions. Over the past 12 months, 72 (17%) of 431 respondents experienced a SUP-related injury, resulting in an overall incidence rate (IR) of 1.95 injuries per 1000 hours of activity. Male competitive athletes using a hardboard had the highest risk of injury. The IR for competitive riders was higher (3.21 injuries per 1000 hours) than that for recreational riders (1.41 injuries per 1000 hours). Mechanisms of injury were overuse (n = 29) and contact with the board (n = 18) or ground (n = 12). Injuries affected mainly muscles/tendons and joints of the upper arm/shoulder (n = 20), followed by wrist/hand (n = 18), knee (n = 16), elbow/forearm (n = 12), and foot (n = 11). The highest risk of injury occurred when paddling in wild water (33.3%), followed by SUP surfing (29.4%), and the lowest risk occurred while paddling on a lake (16.1%). A life vest was always used by 27, depending on the situation by 201, and never by 202 participants; a leash was always used by 161, depending on the situation by 244, and never by 26 participants. Of the 272 participants who paddled in winter, 253 wore a drysuit or wetsuit, whereas 19 paddled without any special clothing.Conclusion:SUP-related injuries predominantly happened in wild water or while SUP surfing, and male competitive athletes using a hardboard had the highest risk of injury. The main mechanisms of injury were overuse and hitting the board or ground. The upper extremity was more prone to injury, followed by the knee and foot. More effort should be made to educate paddlers on the necessity and correct use of the life vest, leash, and specialized outfits.

EFFECTS OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES NAUTICAL SPORTS IN LEISURE ON THE STRENGTHENING OF MOTOR SKILLS IN CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE

As children grow, motor performance develops. Motor performance skills allow children to process information in the effective management of specific tasks. Although children develop motor skills in a variety of physical activities, it may still be easy to achieve when engaging in voluntary activities according to their interests and pleasures. In this sense, the nautical activity, based on the navigation with the canoeing and standup paddle on smooth waters, offers the possibility to the children to relax and to play in the same measure in safe conditions, without rules of constraint and limitation of the capacity of expression and initiative.

Observing and Modeling the Pacific Ocean [Video

Marine scientists incorporate a wide array of observations and models to understand the oceans, their dynamics, and the life they support. The development of new sensing technologies such as satellites, gliders, and robotic floats, as well as increasing public interest and funding for projects to investigate the ocean’s role in climate change, has transformed marine sciences into “big data” sciences. But the observational scientist still faces numerous obstacles in measuring ocean characteristics such as sea surface height, currents, temperature, salinity, water color, ocean chemistry, and undersea life: electromagnetic radiation does not readily penetrate its waters, which makes it harder to conduct observations and communicate with underwater instruments, and because oceans are full of life, so called “biofouling” is a challenge to observing, especially in the sun-lit layers near the surface. Nevertheless, new technologies such as robotic vehicles and new sensors are enabling observations throughout the ocean water column. These technologies, coupled with rapidly advancing ocean models, are revolutionizing our understanding of the marine biosphere. [Image: UCSB undergraduates Andie Rupprecht and Sean Jawetz recover a robotic stand-up paddle board used for measuring ocean currents. Photograph by Libe Washburn.] <br> Video available: https://vimeo.com/527397347

Epidemiology of injuries in water board sports: trauma versus overuse injury.

Surfing is an increasingly popular sport in the world, but it is not sufficiently investigated in terms of epidemiology of injuries and possible prevention strategies. Moreover, there are different surfing disciplines, with specific characteristics and therefore different potential risks of injury. The aim of this study was to look at the injuries of recreational surfers in an Italian cohort, distinguishing between trauma and overuse lesions and putting in evidence any difference between specific water board sports. The design is that of a retrospective observational study. An online survey was distributed to a group of Italian surfers that are members of a surfing association. The survey comprised: demographic data, surfing information such as number of sessions per year and years of experience, and surfing injuries story. The sample size consisted of 126 recreational surfers who practiced four different types of surfing: surf, kitesurf, windsurf and stand-up paddle. The incidence of trauma was significantly higher than the incidence of overuse lesions in all four water board sports evaluated (e.g. in surf, 81% for trauma vs. 27% for overuse, with a difference of 55% , P<0.0001). There was a statistically significant effect of the number of surfing sessions per year both for trauma (W=6.36, P=0.0117) and for total injuries (trauma + overuse; W=4.30, P=0.0381), with a 12-times increased risk for the surfers who performed more than 80 sessions per year. The risk of overuse injuries was higher for those who practice surf for more than seven years (P=0.0193). Traumas are more frequent than overuse injuries for all the investigated surfing disciplines. The risk of injury increases as the number of annual sessions and the years of practice increase, demonstrating that experience is not a protective factor, whereas higher exposure is certainly a risk factor. New injury prevention strategies should be based on athletic training and preparation programs, traditionally lacking among recreational surfers.

Effect of Stand-Up Paddle Boarding on Hydration Status in Recreational and Competitive Individuals

Effect of Stand-Up Paddle Boarding on Hydration Status in Recreational and Competitive Individuals

Common Injuries in Whitewater Rafting, Kayaking, Canoeing, and Stand-Up Paddle Boarding.

Paddle sports continue to be popular forms of outdoor recreation in the United States and around the world. This includes not only the more traditional sports of rafting, kayaking, and canoeing but also the newer and growing sport of stand-up paddle boarding. Because these sports are based in an aquatic environment, and frequently whitewater, there are unique, significant risks of injury. Overall, injuries in paddling sports are mostly musculoskeletal and are both acute and chronic in nature. Some injuries, such as environmental and head injuries, are especially problematic because they can lead to serious morbidity and mortality, most importantly drowning. This review describes the epidemiology, type, and location of injuries across paddle sports. It not only focuses on whitewater injuries but also includes information on injuries sustained in other aquatic paddling environments.

A Parametric Method to Customize Surfboard and Stand Up Paddle Board Fins for Additive Manufacturing

At all levels of sporting competition, from recreational to elite, athletes desire products that improve their performance, comfort, safety, or enjoyment. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, provides a new method of producing sporting equipment that can be customized to the unique needs of an individual. This study examines the opportunity to produce surfboard and stand up paddle (SUP) board fins through 3D printing and details a parametric computer-aided design (CAD) system for surfers to modify the geometry of a surf fin in real-time. Specifically, the fin system, fin position on the board, cant, fin depth, sweep, base length, base foil profile, tip sharpness, tip thickness, as well as the overall dimensions can be modified using simple interactive controls that do not require any CAD experience. Indicative cost data was collected for ten virtual fins designed through this system intended for fused filament fabrication (FFF), selective laser sintering (SLS) and multi jet fusion (MJF) technologies. Two designs were 3D printed and trialled on a SUP board. The method of creating the parametric system is sufficiently detailed in order to be replicable and built upon by designers, with future research directions outlined in order to improve surfing performance and extend the well-established culture of experimentation within the sport.

Anaerobic Threshold in Stand-up Paddle: Comparison Between Direct and Alternative Methods.

Balikian, P, Gomes de Araujo, G, Prado, ES, Ryan Geraldes, AA, Marinho de Lima, AH, and Mendes, EV. Anaerobic threshold in stand-up paddle: comparison between direct and alternative methods. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1896-1900, 2022-The purpose of this study was to test the validity of alternative protocols, mean velocity during 30 minutes of continuous effort (V30min) and critical velocity (CV), to estimate the anaerobic threshold in stand-up paddle (SUP). Eight athletes performed: 3 maximal efforts at 400-, 500-, and 800-m distances to determine CV values, using the distance-time relationship; 3 efforts at 85, 90, and 100% of maximal 500-m effort to determine the velocity related to 3.5 mmol·L-1 of lactate, assumed as the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) and; a 30-minute continuous effort to determine the V30min. All evaluations were separated by 48 hours, with the athletes using their own boards and paddles in the water. No differences were observed between the OBLA (2.35 ± 0.13 m·s-1) and alternative methods (CV: 2.42 ± 0.20 m·s-1; p = 0.10 and V30min: 2.32 ± 0.13 m·s-1; p = 0.63). Although strong correlations were observed between the OBLA and alternative methods (CV: r = 0.84 and V30min: r = 0.94), the limits of agreement were higher in CV (±0.23 m·s-1) than V30min (±0.08 m·s-1). These results demonstrate that both the CV and V30min are valid to estimate the OBLA. In view of the specificity of SUP and the high levels of agreement, the use of the V30min is recommended to prescribe training intensities.

The Effect of Different Cadence on Paddling Gross Efficiency and Economy in Stand-Up Paddle Boarding.

Background: Due to the importance of energy efficiency and economy in endurance performance, it is important to know the influence of different paddling cadences on these variables in the stand-up paddleboarding (SUP). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of paddling at different cadences on the energy efficiency, economy, and physiological variables of international SUP race competitors. Methods: Ten male paddlers (age 28.8 ± 11.0 years; height 175.4 ± 5.1 m; body mass 74.2 ± 9.4 kg) participating in international tests carried out two test sessions. In the first one, an incremental exercise test was conducted to assess maximal oxygen uptake and peak power output (PPO). On the second day, they underwent 3 trials of 8 min each at 75% of PPO reached in the first test session. Three cadences were carried out in different trials randomly assigned between 45–55 and 65 strokes-min−1 (spm). Heart rate (HR), blood lactate, perceived sense of exertion (RPE), gross efficiency, economy, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured in the middle (4-min) and the end (8-min) of each trial. Results: Economy (45.3 ± 5.7 KJ·l−1 at 45 spm vs. 38.1 ± 5.3 KJ·l−1 at 65 spm; p = 0.010) and gross efficiency (13.4 ± 2.3% at 45 spm vs. 11.0 ± 1.6% at 65 spm; p = 0.012) was higher during de 45 spm condition than 65 spm in the 8-min. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) presented a lower value at 4-min than at 8-min in 55 spm (4-min, 0.950 ± 0.065 vs. 8-min, 0.964 ± 0.053) and 65 spm cadences (4-min, 0.951 ± 0.030 vs. 8-min, 0.992 ± 0.047; p < 0.05). VO2, HR, lactate, and RPE were lower (p < 0.05) at 45 spm (VO2, 34.4 ± 6.0 mL·kg−1·min−1; HR, 161.2 ± 16.4 beats·min−1; lactate, 3.5 ± 1.0 mmol·l−1; RPE, 6.0 ± 2.1) than at 55 spm (VO2, 38.6 ± 5.2 mL·kg−1·min−1; HR, 168.1 ± 15.1 beats·min−1; lactate, 4.2 ± 1.2 mmol·l−1; RPE, 6.9 ± 1.4) and 65 spm (VO2, 38.7 ± 5.9 mL·kg−1·min−1; HR, 170.7 ± 13.0 beats·min−1; 5.3 ± 1.8 mmol·l−1; RPE, 7.6 ± 1.4) at 8-min. Moreover, lactate and RPE at 65 spm was greater than 55 spm (p < 0.05) at 8-min. Conclusion: International male SUP paddlers were most efficient and economical when paddling at 45 spm vs. 55 or 65 spm, confirmed by lower RPE values, which may likely translate to faster paddling speed and greater endurance.

A BOARD MADE OF PLASTIC BOTTLES: A FUNCTIONAL, ECOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE FOR LEARNING STAND UP PADDLE BOARDING

The main aim of actual research is to determine whether using the alternative board made of plastic bottles in comparison to conventional board affects the learning and practice of Stand up paddle (SUP) boarding. A sample of 16 healthy participants were recruited for convenience (aged M=23.5 years, CI95%: 21.62–25.54; body height M=170.13 cm, CI95%: 165.00–175.51; body mass M=69.63 kg; CI95%: 62.37–77.72) and randomly assigned to two groups: a) Conventional Material (CM; n=8) and; b) Alternative Material (AM; n=8). As criteria of learning, we considered variables as the number of falls, balance, body control, movement pattern of the paddling and the amount of time required to get stability on the board. No differences between groups in any criteria were found. We also observed that producing a board made of plastic bottles is 20 times cheaper than purchasing a conventional board made of resin. It can be concluded that the recycled board is as functional as a conventional board, but cheaper and less damaging to the environment.

Electromyography Analysis of Muscle Activation During Stand-Up Paddle Boarding: A Comparison of Paddling in Kneeling and Standing Positions

Background: This study aimed to understand individual muscle use in different paddling postures in stand-up paddle boarding (SUP). Methods: Sixteen college students were recruited in this study. Surface electromyography of 16 muscles on the dominant side was recorded. Results: In the time series, the biceps muscle exhibited a continuous activation pattern in the pull phase when kneeling, whereas when standing, the muscle contracted considerably in the exit and recovery phases, implying that it plays different roles in the two postures. The biceps also exhibited significantly higher muscle activation in the kneeling position than it did in the standing position. The maximum muscle activity levels of the external oblique abdominis and triceps were significantly higher when standing than when kneeling. In addition, an unstable SUP board activated the gastrocnemius to help paddlers maintain stability on a swaying surface. Moreover, additional power from the wrist flexor must be used in the recovery and catch phases to stabilize paddle control in the standing position. Conclusion: The knowledge that changes in SUP posture activate different muscle groups can enhance training efficiency and provide a reference for designing individualized training programs.

AWWA Water Science Author Spotlight

Laboratory Simulation of Postfire Effects on Conventional Drinking Water Treatment and Disinfection Byproduct Formation Amanda K. Hohner, R. Scott Summers, and Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz My research group evaluates the effects of extreme events and watershed disturbances on the resilience of drinking water systems. We study how events such as wildfire, floods, and droughts affect source water quality and treatment process performance, and how utilities can best adapt to address these disruptions in water quality. Our research was motivated by the needs of water utilities across North America, but especially utilities in the West that have experienced wildfires or are concerned about the risk of future wildfires to their water treatment system. The rise in wildfire activity has created new and unknown risks to source water quality, and there was a lack of scientific knowledge of the postfire impacts on treatment processes. Our goal was to develop a systematic approach to understand the effects of forest floor heating on water quality and treatment and to provide guidance to utilities that are vulnerable to wildfire. Amanda (Mandi) pauses with her dog, Holly, during a hike to Ice Lake in the Wallowa Mountains in northeast Oregon. I love spending time hiking and camping in forest watersheds. In the Pacific Northwest and in Colorado, we are fortunate to rely on these forest watersheds for high-quality drinking water supplies. When driving or hiking in wilderness areas, you often come across areas that have burned, and I want to understand how these drastic changes and visible changes affect downstream communities. With climate-change-related wildfires and other extreme weather events becoming more frequent, it will be increasingly important for water utilities to be prepared to adapt to climatic impacts. Our research in AWWA Water Science is a step toward understanding the potential risk of wildfire to water treatment and finished water quality. Our goal is to influence how water utilities and regulators are investing their resources as they now have to prepare for more uncertainty and greater variability in source water quality. I grew up in the state of Washington and have always lived out West, where there is a focus on the importance of water resources. Watching the effects of climate change through the rise in wildfire activity in areas that haven't burned historically—like the western Cascades—truly highlights the rapid changes and challenges we face as a scientific community. Adapting to consequences of climate change within the drinking water community will only become more important in the coming years. For fun and to clear my head, we like to spend time outdoors, hiking and running with our pup. In the winter, we cross-country ski around where we live, and in the summer we head to the lake to do stand-up paddle boarding. To learn more about this research, see the abstract on page 25 of the December issue of Journal AWWA and visit the article, available online at https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1155.

Anthropometric profile, body composition, and somatotype in stand-up paddle (SUP) boarding international athletes: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: the anthropometric characteristics of international stand-up paddle (SUP) boarders are relevant aspects when it comes to their performance. However, very little research has been carried out within this sport, almost none regarding the body composition and anthropometric characteristics of SUP practitioners. Therefore, the aim of this research will be to describe the anthropometric profile of international SUP boarders. Material and methods: a cross-sectional design in thirty-one international SUP boarders (34.2 ± 12.4 years). Height, body mass, 8 skinfolds, 2 bone diameters, and 5 perimeters were measured, and corrected perimeters were calculated by the same two level-2 internationally certified anthropometrists. Anthropometric measurements were taken following the International Society of Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocol. Body fat mass (FM) was calculated using Carter, Faulkner, Yuhasz, and Withers equations, whereas muscle mass (MM) was estimated using the Lee 2000 equation. Somatotype was calculated by applying the Heath and Carter equation. Bioimpedance (BIA) measurements were also recorded. Results: international SUP athletes had a body mass of 74.6 (6.6) kg, a body fat percentage of 7.6 % (2.1 %) (Carter), 11.3 % (3.5 %) (Faulkner), 7.6 % (2.1 %) (Yuhasz), and 9.0 % (3.6 %) (Whiters), and skinfold sums of 48.2 (20.6) mm for 6, and 57.8 (22.2) mm for 8 skinfolds. Muscle mass was 47.3 % (2.6 %) and somatotype was ecto-mesomorphic with values of 1.9 (0.9) for endomorphy, 5.4 (1.0) for mesomorphy, and 2.4 (0.9) for ectomorphy. BIA results for FM were 11.7 % (4.4 %), and for MM were 50.0 % (2.9 %). Conclusion: these results suggest that a low body fat percentage and high muscle mass are representative characteristics of international stand-up paddlers, as well as a balanced mesomorphic somatotype. According to these, a low skindfold sum and high arm muscle mass may represent key factors for performance in this sport because of their relation to acceleration and stroke force.

The physiological and perceptual responses of stand-up paddle board exercise in a laboratory- and field-setting

This study quantified the physiological and perceptual responses of stand-up paddle boarding (SUP) during a range of stroke rates in a laboratory- and field-setting. Ten participants (eight male, two female; mean ± standard deviation [SD] age: 23 ± 3 years; body mass: 70.5 ± 9.1 kg; height: 170 ± 9 cm; body mass index [BMI]: 24.3 ± 1.5 kg m2) completed a SUP ⩒O2peak trial, and two SUP trials in both a laboratory- and field-setting (5-min at 10, 20 and 30 strokes min−1 per stage). Energy expenditure (EE), metabolic equivalents (METs), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout. In the laboratory-setting, mean ± SD EE and METs increased (P < .001) linearly when SUP at 10 (3.3 ± 1.0 kcal min−1, 2.7 ± 0.5), 20 (5.5 ± 0.9 kcal min−1, 4.4 ± 0.7) and 30 strokes min−1 (7.6 ± 1.6 kcal min−1, 6.1 ± 1.2), respectively. During these efforts, mean ± SD percentage of maximal HR were 56 ± 5%, 69 ± 6% and 84 ± 8%, respectively. In the field-setting, mean ± SD EE and METs also increased (P < .001) linearly when SUP at 10 (3.6 ± 0.9 kcal min−1, 2.7 ± 0.9), 20 (4.3 ± 1.8 kcal min−1, 3.5 ± 1.0) and 30 strokes min−1 (6.3 ± 2.1 kcal min−1, 4.6 ± 1.4). During the three conditions, mean ± SD percentage of maximal HR were 58 ± 8%, 65 ± 7% and 73 ± 9%. SUP at ≥20 strokes min−1 in the laboratory- and field-setting meet the criteria for moderate-intensity exercise (3.0–5.9 METs). These findings may now be included in the latest Compendium of Physical Activities guidelines and offer the potential to improve cardiorespiratory fitness if SUP is undertaken regularly by young, healthy adults.