Stance Width Research Articles

Greater squat stance width alters three-dimensional hip moment demands

Barbell squat exercise may be performed with different stance widths, which will influence lower limb kinematics and joint reaction forces. Consequently, three-dimensional hip moments may vary with stance width, influencing muscle loading, and the muscles trained when performing squat exercise. To examine how squat stance width affects hip moments, males (n = 11) and females (n = 13) performed barbell squats at narrow, medium, and wide stance widths. Motion capture and force platform data were used to calculate three-dimensional hip net joint moments (NJM) as indicators of the muscular moments required. Hip extensor NJM was greater for wide than medium (P < 0.001) and narrow (P < 0.001) stance squats. Hip adductor NJM was not different between squat stance widths (P = 0.414). Hip lateral rotator NJM was greater in medium versus narrow squats (P < 0.001), and in wide versus medium (P < 0.001) and narrow (P < 0.001) squats. Taken together, the rotational demands at the hip increase as stance width increases, due to higher hip extensor and lateral rotator NJM. In contrast hip adductor NJM is invariant. These data provide insight into the three-dimensional requirements that muscles must meet at the hip when squat exercise is performed at different stance widths.

Safety and Effectiveness of Acceleration Training as Cardiac Rehabilitation Immediately After Open Heart Surgery - A Pilot Study.

We examined the safety and efficacy of acceleration training (AT) in patients immediately after cardiac surgery. This randomized controlled study included patients who underwent open-heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. Of these patients, 31 received regular cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and 39 received AT in addition to regular CR (AT group). AT was provided using a vibration platform (Power Plate®Pro7TMand Power plate®personal; Performance Health System, Chicago, IL, USA). The AT group performed 5 static resistance training sessions: squats, wide stance squats, toe stands, banded squats, and front lunges. Each vibration session lasted 30 s. We evaluated the short physical performance battery, anterior mid-thigh thickness, maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors, and serum intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) concentrations as indicators of endothelial function. The observation period was during hospitalization and lasted approximately 20 days. No adverse events occurred during AT. Ultrasound revealed a significantly lower reduction in muscle mass at discharge in the AT group. No significant differences were observed in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 concentrations between the 2 groups preoperatively, postoperatively, or at discharge. AT is considered safe and effective for patients immediately after open-heart surgery. AT, along with regular CR, may prevent skeletal muscle mass loss, muscle weakness, and physical function loss immediately after open-heart surgery.

A Biomechanical Comparison Between a High and Low Barbell Placement on Net Joint Moments, Kinematics, Muscle Forces, and Muscle-Specific Moments in 3 Repetition Maximum Back Squats.

Larsen, S, de Zee, M, Kristiansen, EL, and van den Tillaar, R. A biomechanical comparison between a high and low barbell placement on net joint moments, kinematics, muscle forces, and muscle-specific moments in 3 repetition maximum back squats. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1221-1230, 2024-This study aimed to investigate the impact of a high barbell vs. low barbell placement on net joint moments, muscle forces, and muscle-specific moments in the lower extremity joints and muscles during maximum back squats. Twelve recreationally trained men (age = 25.3 ± 2.9 years, height = 1.79 ± 7.7 m, and body mass = 82.8 ± 6.9 kg) volunteered for the study. A marker-based motion capture system and force plate data were used to calculate the net joint moments, and individual muscle forces were estimated using static optimization. Muscle forces were multiplied by their corresponding internal moment arms to determine muscle-specific moments. Statistical parametric mapping was used to analyze the effect of barbell placement as time-series data during the concentric phase. The 3 repetition maximum barbell load lifted by the subjects was 129.1 ± 13.4 kg and 130.2 ± 12.7 kg in the high bar and low bar, which were not significantly different from each other. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in net joint moments, muscle forces, or muscle-specific moments for the hip, knee, or ankle joint between the low- and high bar placements. The findings of this study suggest that barbell placement plays a minor role in lower extremity muscle forces and moment-specific moments when stance width is standardized, and barbell load lifted does not differ between barbell placements among recreationally resistance-trained men during maximal back squats. Therefore, the choice of barbell placement should be based on individual preference and comfort.

Investigating the Effects of Center of Gravity (CoG) Shift Due to a Simulated Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU) Suit on Balance

Maintaining balance is critical to minimizing astronauts’ risk of falling and reducing injury or suit damage. Previous studies involving spacesuits have not examined the effects of the superior shift of the center of gravity (CoG) on astronauts’ ability to balance. Here, the purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of CoG shift due to a simulated Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU) on balance. Seventeen participants’ standing balance was examined for three test configurations: unsuited, weighted with an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU) vest, and xEMU hard upper body torso (HUT). Using a Tekscan forceplate walkway, the CoG locations were determined. Balance assessments were performed to determine the limits of stability and standing balance performance during wide or tandem stances with eyes open/closed. The center of pressure (CoP) time series was examined in terms of displacement, velocity, and frequency measures. During the eyes-open wide stance, the xEMU vest significantly increased the mediolateral balance parameters, while the HUT significantly increased the total displacement (TOTEX), mean velocity (MVELO), and mean frequency (MFREQ) of the CoP. In the eyes-closed wide stance, the HUT significantly increased these parameters. In the eyes-closed tandem stance, the xEMU vest significantly decreased the parameters. The xEMU vest significantly reduced the TOTEX, MVELO, and MFREQ (improved standing balance), while the HUT decreased standing balance ability, seen with significant increases in said parameters. By quantifying CoG’s effect on balance, our results form the basis for future balance and posture studies of xEMU spacesuits.

Pharmacological inhibition of STING reduces neuroinflammation-mediated damage post-traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major public health concern worldwide with unmet effective treatment. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and its downstream type-I interferon (IFN) signalling are now appreciated to be involved in TBI pathogenesis. Compelling evidence have shown that STING and type-I IFNs are key in mediating the detrimental neuroinflammatory response after TBI. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of STING presents a viable therapeutic opportunity in combating the detrimental neuroinflammatory response after TBI. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of the small-molecule STING inhibitor n-(4-iodophenyl)-5-nitrofuran-2-carboxamide (C-176) in the controlled cortical impact mouse model of TBI in 10- to 12-week-old male mice. Thirty minutes post-controlled cortical impact surgery, a single 750-nmol dose of C-176 or saline (vehicle) was administered intravenously. Analysis was conducted 2h and 24 h post-TBI. Mice administered C-176 had significantly smaller cortical lesion area when compared to vehicle-treated mice 24 h post-TBI. Quantitative temporal gait analysis conducted using DigiGait™ showed C-176 administration attenuated TBI-induced impairments in gait symmetry, stride frequency and forelimb stance width. C-176-treated mice displayed a significant reduction in striatal gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines Tnf-α, Il-1β and Cxcl10 compared to their vehicle-treated counterparts 2h post-TBI. This study demonstrates the neuroprotective activity of C-176 in ameliorating acute neuroinflammation and preventing white matter neurodegeneration post-TBI. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of small-molecule inhibitors targeting STING for the treatment of trauma-induced inflammation and neuroprotective potential.

A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice.

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Feasibility of Using Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging Technology for Contactless 3D Body Scanning and Anthropometric Assessment of Athletes.

The scope of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of using the laser imaging detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology for contactless 3D body scanning of sports athletes and deriving anthropometric measurements of the lower limbs using available software. An Apple iPad Pro 3rd Generation with embedded LiDAR technology in combination with the iOS application Polycam were used. The effects of stance width, clothing, background, lighting, scan distance and measurement speed were initially assessed by scanning the lower limbs of one test person multiple times. Following these tests, the lower limbs of 12 male and 10 female participants were scanned. The resulting scans of the lower limbs were complete for half of the participants and categorized as good in quality, while the other scans were either distorted or presented missing data around the shank and/or the thigh. Bland-Altman plots between the LiDAR-based and manual anthropometric measures showed good agreement, with the coefficient of determination from correlation analysis being R2 = 0.901 for thigh length and R2 = 0.830 for shank length, respectively. The outcome of this pilot study is considered promising, and a further refinement of the proposed scanning protocol and advancement of available software for 3D reconstruction are recommended to exploit the full potential of the LiDAR technology for the contactless anthropometric assessment of athletes.

The effects of wide vs. self-selected squat stance width on performance indices in elite rugby league players; an 8-week pre-season randomized controlled intervention

This study examined the efficacy of wide compared to self-selected stance width squats in terms of mediating performance improvements during an 8-week period of pre-season training in elite rugby league players. Participants (N = 26) were randomly separated into either wide (N = 13) (i.e. self-selected squat stance width increased by 20%) or self-selected (N = 13) squat stance width training groups, and they completed an 8-week pre-season training block. Measures of 505-agility test time (primary outcome), 3 repetition maximum (3RM) squat strength in participants self-selected stance position and counter movement jump height were measured at baseline and 8-weeks. There were no significant differences between training groups in terms of the improvements made during the intervention period for 505-agility test (wide: pre = 2.47 ± 0.08 &amp; post = 2.34 ± 0.11’s and self-selected: pre = 2.46 ± 0.05 &amp; post = 2.35 ± 0.08’s), counter movement jump (wide: pre = 42.68 ± 9.57 &amp; post = 44.65 ± 9.04 cm, and self-selected: pre = 49.33 ± 6.70 &amp; post = 50.33 ± 4.67 cm) or 3RM squat strength (wide: pre = 159.00 ± 15.24 &amp; post = 178.00 ± 19.32 kg and self-selected: pre = 168.33 ± 11.73 &amp; post = 185.56 ± 16.48kg). As such the findings from the current randomized controlled trial suggest that there is not sufficient evidence to suggest that wide stance width squats represent a more efficacious method of resistance training prescription in elite rugby league.

Red urine syndrome in dromedary camels: Clinical, etiological, hematobiochemical sonographic and pathologic findings

Background: Although blood urine is frequently observed in dromedary camels, little attention is gained and only it was reported as case reports. Aim: This study was carried out to examine dromedary camels suffering from red urine syndrome from the points of the clinical, etiological, hematobiochemical, ultrasonographic and pathological characteristics. Methods: Thirty-one camels with red urine and fifteen controls were enrolled. With a duration ranging from five days to nine months, clinical manifestations included weakness, red discoloration of the urine, dribbling of urine, straining during urination and abdominal pain. Blood was sampled in EDTA and plain tubes. Results: The urine red color intensity was marked in 23 camels. In 5 camels discolored red urine was moderate while red urine was voided intermittently in the remaining 3 camels. Wide stance of the hind legs and pain reactions during urination were recorded in 18 camels. In all 31 camels, urine samples were centrifuged and sedimentation of red deposits was found. Nephrolithiasis was detected in 3 animals. one female camel had bilateral hydronephrosis. Hyperechoic urine was imaged within the renal pelvis in 7 camels. In addition, hypoechoic fluid was imaged within the peritoneal cavity in 8 animals. Ruptured and collapsed urinary bladder was found in 2 male camels. In addition, bilateral pyelonephritis was found in another male camel. Abscessation of the left and right kidneys confirmed by ultrasound-guided aspiration was confirmed in 3 and 2 females, respectively. Peri-renal abscessation of the right kidney was detected in a female camel. Large, misshaped hypoechoic mass involving the right kidney was found in 1 female. A large mass king neoplasia was also imaged in a female camel distal to and compressing the left kidney, which proved histologically to be leiomyoma. Moderate to severe thickening and corrugation of the urinary bladder mucosa was detected in 18 of the diseased camels. Conclusion: This study's syndrome of red urine in camels resulted mainly from hematuria. The existing etiologies were the nephrolithiasis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, peri-renal and renal abscessation, and renal neoplasia. Ultrasonography was superior in assessing the renal parenchyma and urinary bladder for the verification of the existing nephrolithiasis, hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis, peri-renal and renal abscessation, cystitis and ruptured or perforated bladder.

Relationship Between Stance Width Variation During One Repetition Maximum Barbell Hip Thrust Performance and Kicking Speed for Young Elite Silat Athletes

Study purpose. This study aimed to determine the relationship between kicking speed performance and different stance widths during barbell hip thrust (BHT) at one repetition maximum (1RM) scores among young elite Silat athletes. Materials and methods. 15 male and 15 female Silat athletes with at least one year of resistance training experience and a mean age of 21.3 ± 1.2 years participated in this study. The load indicator performance associated with kicking performance was measured using 1RM load during BHT at varying stance widths. The data was analyzed using Pearson correlation tests through the SPSS Version 25 application. Results. A significant correlation was found between stance width, physical characteristics, and performance metrics with a low to moderate relationship. For physical features, weight (r=0.43, p&lt;.05), height (r= 0.64, p&lt;.05), and leg length (r= 0.44, p&lt;.05) show positive relationship. Low to moderate significant relationships were found during WSW-RFK (r=0.39, p&lt;.05) regarding 1RM and kicking performance. No significant correlations were found between NSW or NRW and the observed variables, except for a negative correlation between NRW and strength (r= -0.43, p &lt; .05). There was a significant difference between males vs. females in RFK-NSW, RFK (p=0.006, p&lt; .05), and LFK-NRW (p=0.001, p&lt; .05) in kicking performance. Conclusions. This study revealed that stance width in barbell hip thrusts moderately correlates with physical characteristics and performance in young elite Silat athletes, where wider stances align with physical characteristics and narrower stances align with lower kicking performance. It also highlighted the importance of personalized training due to observed gender differences in kicking speed.

Can we enable individuals to reach further down without rounding their backs before beginning a lift? Examining the influence of starting foot and trunk position on reach depth

There is disagreement regarding the efficacy of ‘safe’ lifting recommendations for reducing low back disorder risk. These recommendations commonly focus on minimising lumbar spine flexion, which limits the range of allowable starting lift positions for that person. This study evaluated whether starting postural adaptations could allow a person to reach down further without rounding their lumbar spine before beginning a lift. Reach displacement was measured as participants performed a series of maximal reach tasks under different combinations of stance width, foot orientation and trunk inclination, with their lumbar spine motion restricted. There were no interactions between any of the three postural adaptations or any effect of stance width or trunk inclination. Seventy-nine percent of participants achieved their greatest reach displacement with their feet externally rotated, which contributed to a 4 cm greater reach displacement compared to a neutral foot orientation (p < 0.001). Practitioner summary: This study examined whether aspects of initial posture could influence the ability to adhere to ‘safe’ lifting recommendations across a range of lift heights. As a component of lifting (re)training interventions, practitioners should consider starting lift posture adaptations (e.g. manipulating foot external rotation) to improve capacity to adhere to recommendations.

Thinking on your feet: Anticipatory foot placements in repeated bimanual object displacements

Effective handling of objects requires proper use of the hands. If the object handling is done while standing or walking, it also requires proper use of the feet. We asked how people position their feet to meet future and ongoing object-handling demands. In previous research on this topic, participants walked to a table and picked up an object for a single displacement from one place to another. These studies shed light on sensitivity to kinematics but, strictly speaking, may not have revealed anything about sensitivity to dynamics. In the present study, we asked participants to walk to a table to move an object back and forth over different distances and at different rates. Prior to walking to the table, participants had full knowledge of what the task would be. By using a rhythmic rather than discrete object placement task, we could analyze participants' sensitivity to dynamics as well as kinematics. Consistent with our expectation that participants would tune their foot separations to demands related to dynamics, we found that stance width was wider for long than for short object displacements and was more pronounced for high displacement rates than for low displacement rates. Also consistent with our expectations about planning, these effects were evident as soon as participants reached the table. Our results add to the limited research on coordinated action of the hands and feet in purposeful object manipulation.

Effectiveness of Treadmill Training Alone Versus Treadmill Training with External Clues on Improving Gait and Functional Ability in Parkinson’s Patient

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disease caused by degeneration of nerve cells in Substantia Nigra. It is characterized by postural instability, slowing of movement and tremor. Treadmill Training with Visual clues extensively used as an intervention to improve gait and Functional mobility. Objective: To compare the Treadmill training alone versus treadmill training with visual clues on improve gait and functional ability in Parkinson’s disease. Methods: It is assessor blind randomized controlled trial conducted in CMA Research and Teaching hospital, Lahore from 6th June 2022 to 6th January 2023.The sample size of 74 were divided into two groups. Group A received treadmill training session for 30 minutes while. The Group B received treadmill training with external clues like visual, auditory, etc. Each Participant received total 56 sessions for 28 weeks. The outcome measures was functional Activity measures with Wisconsin gait scale for Gait and Motor Aspects of Experiences of Daily Living (M-EDL) questionnaire. The Data were assessing at baseline by using these two scales. Results: The between groups comparison of post value showed that Group B showed a significant (&lt;0.05) improvement in the (M-EDL) scale for the activities of daily living and significant (&lt;0.05) improvement in the step length, stance width, hip hiking, pelvic rotation, external rotation, and toe clearance. Conclusions: It was concluded that the treadmill training with external clues is better as compared to the treadmill training alone for improving the gait and functional ability in the Parkinson patient.

The effects of stance width during barbell hip thrust on power and velocity output among adolescent Silat athletes

Background and Study Aim. In the physically demanding combat sport of Silat, strength and power dominate. Consequently, applying various stance widths during barbell hip thrusts may tailor athletes' lower-body exercises to individual needs. This has the potential to optimize performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact on performance of power, speed, and stance width among Silat combat athletes. Material and Methods. Participants performed 10RM tests in three stance widths: wider than shoulder width (WSW), normal shoulder width (NSW), and narrower than shoulder width (NRW). This was done using a 72-hour counterbalance cross-over study design. Power and velocity were measured and analyzed using a mixed ANOVA design. Results. The results indicated a significant main effect of stance width on power (F(2,56) = 3.086, p &lt; 0.05) and velocity (F(2,56) = 3.683, p &lt; 0.03) output. Both males and females demonstrated the highest power in NRW (M = 413.26, SD = 131.76; M = 239.53, SD = 111.16), followed by WSW and NSW. A strong positive correlation between power and velocity was observed for all stance widths: WSW (r(28) = 0.77, p &lt; 0.001), NSW (r(28) = 0.79, p &lt; 0.001), and NRW (r(28) = 0.89, p &lt; 0.001). NRW was associated with superior power production, while WSW facilitated higher velocity. Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of considering a variety of stance width techniques during exercise due to their effects on power and velocity during the barbell hip thrust exercise. Coaches can tailor training programs with a velocity-targeted strength and conditioning approach to enhance performance and competitiveness. Further research should investigate different athlete groups and age levels to refine training methodologies.

Multisensory and biomechanical influences on postural control in children

Children’s ability to maintain balance requires effective integration of multisensory and biomechanical information. The current project examined the interaction between such sensory inputs, manipulating visual input (presence vs. absence), haptic (somatosensory) input (presence vs. absence of contact with a stable or unstable finger support surface), and biomechanical (sensorimotor) input (varying stance widths). Analyses of mean velocity of the center of pressure and the percentage stability gain highlighted the role of varying multisensory inputs in postural control. Developmentally, older children (6–11 years) showed a multisensory integration advantage compared with their younger counterparts (3–5.9 years), with the impact of varying sensory inputs more closely akin to that seen in adults. Subsequent analyses of the impact of anthropometric individual difference parameters (e.g., height, leg length, weight, areas of base of support) revealed a shifting pattern across development. For younger children, these parameters were positively related to postural stability across experimental conditions (i.e., increasing body size was related to increasing postural control). This pattern transitioned for older children, who showed a nonsignificant relation between body size and balance. Interestingly, because adults show a negative relation between anthropometric factors and stability (i.e., increasing body size is related to decreasing postural control), this shift for the older children can be seen as a developmental transition from child-like to adult-like balance control.

COWPOX: A BRIEF OVERVIEW

Cowpox is a disease characterized by rapid development and a number of characteristic symptoms. The disease is characterized by a significant increase in body temperature, causing general weakness and loss of appetite. This in turn affects milk production. Papules appear on the cow's udder, which over time turn into abscesses and cracks. Due to discomfort and pain, the cow develops a wide stance. The CPXV genome has the most complete gene set of any orthopoxvirus. This unique feature of CPXV makes it ideal for mutating into different strains of the virus. This is a double-stranded DNA virus. The virus has an envelope that surrounds the virion. Literature studies that provide useful information on the clinical manifestations of sensitivity to this virus for various animal species and humans are analyzed. Studying the life cycle of this virus is also an important aspect, since uncovering its mechanisms allows for the development of effective control and control strategies. Specific examples of clinical manifestations associated with sensitivity to this virus in different animal species and humans are given. This allows for a more complete assessment of its potential consequences and impact on public health

The use of preferred footwear versus barefoot conditions in gait analysis: A methodological investigation

Laboratory-based gait analyses traditionally analyze baseline characteristics in individuals while they are barefoot. However, there is limited evidence on whether individuals’ preferred walking shoes alter lower extremity kinematics during over-ground walking. We present novel evidence regarding the effects of shoes on lower extremity kinematics in healthy, young adults. Fifteen volunteers participated in this study which obtained lower extremity kinematic data on two over-ground walking conditions (barefoot and preferred shoes). Gait velocity, stance width, and stride length, along with sagittal plane hip, knee, and ankle angular positions were computed; hip, knee, and ankle positions were normalized to 100% of the stride. Dependent t-tests were used to compare baseline and shoe conditions for gait velocity and stance width; a two-way analysis of variance was used for stride length. A point-by-point Model Statistic analysis was used to identify significant differences in angular joint positions between conditions. Our results indicate that shoes affected the ankle angular joint position for more than half of the gait cycle, and affected the knee angular joint position, but only for approximately 20% of the cycle. The hip was unaffected by shoes. Gait velocity and stance width were statistically significant, with gait velocity being greater for shoes, and stance width being greater while barefoot. Stride length was not statistically significant between conditions. These outcomes suggest that researchers should use caution if they are considering a barefoot condition as a ‘baseline’ for healthy, young adults, as there are marked changes in the ankle, and in traditional gait metrics.

Effects of gait modifications on tissue-level knee mechanics in individuals with medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis: A proof-of-concept study towards personalized interventions.

Gait modification is a common nonsurgical approach to alter the mediolateral distribution of knee contact forces, intending to decelerate or postpone the progression of mechanically induced knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Nevertheless, the success rate of these approaches is controversial, with no studies conducted to assess alterations in tissue-level knee mechanics governing cartilage degradation response in KOA patients undertaking gait modifications. Thus, here we investigated the effect of different conventional gait conditions and modifications on tissue-level knee mechanics previously suggested as indicators of collagen network damage, cell death, and loss of proteoglycans in knee cartilage. Five participants with medial KOA were recruited and musculoskeletal finite element analyses were conducted to estimate subject-specific tissue mechanics of knee cartilages during two gait conditions (i.e., barefoot and shod) and six gait modifications (i.e., 0°, 5°, and 10° lateral wedge insoles, toe-in, toe-out, and wide stance). Based on our results, the optimal gait modification varied across the participants. Overall, toe-in, toe-out, and wide stance showed the greatest reduction in tissue mechanics within medial tibial and femoral cartilages. Gait modifications could effectually alter maximum principal stress (~20 ± 7%) and shear strain (~9 ± 4%) within the medial tibial cartilage. Nevertheless, lateral wedge insoles did not reduce joint- and tissue-level mechanics considerably. Significance: This proof-of-concept study emphasizes the importance of the personalized design of gait modifications to account for biomechanical risk factors associated with cartilage degradation.

Kinematic Analysis of the Drag Push Technique on Ball Speed in Indoor Hockey

This research was aimed to analyze the drag push technique using a 3D kinematic analysis approach. Biomechanical parameters have a significant effect on the drag push technique so that they can be specific recommendations for training the drag push technique. The method used in this research was quantitative descriptive method. The samples participating in this study were professional hockey players from the Indonesian National men's team (n: 12; age: 21.3 ± 2.5 years; weight: 71.7 ± 5.2 kg; height: 170 ± 2, 4 cm; BMI: 21.2 ± 1.7; competition experience: 4 ± 2.2 years). The instrument used in this research was a High-Speed Camera (Fastecimaging; San Diego, USA) with a shutter speed of 120Hz to record the athlete movements when performing the drag push technique. Radar Speed Gun (Bushnell; Kansas, USA) was used to detect ball speed resulting from the drag push technique. Motion Analysis Software (Frame-DIAS; Fukuoka, Japan) was used to analyze motion kinematics in three dimensions. The collected data were analyzed statistically using descriptive statistics and stepwise linear regression. The results revealed that drag distance and stance width were the dominant variables for optimizing push-in performance of Indonesian Indoor Hockey athletes. This study suggests that maximizing the distance of the foot to the ball at the start of the push-in is important to maximize the distance of the pull and using a combination of simultaneous and sequential segment rotations is beneficial to optimize the ball speed and the drag speed.

Effect of stance width on lower extremities joint kinematics during a squat jump by musculoskeletal modeling in OpenSim software

Effect of stance width on lower extremities joint kinematics during a squat jump by musculoskeletal modeling in OpenSim software