Stamping Press Research Articles

PEMBUATAN BRACKET FINISH PANEL MOUNTING D74 MENGGUNAKAN MESIN PRESS STAMPING PUX 100

This practical work report describes the process of making part bracket finish panel mounting type d74 using PUX 100 stamping press machine and the operating procedures of stamping press machine at PT Persada Selaras Indoensia. The aim is to know directly during the process of making part bracket finish panel mounting type d74, and to know how to operate the stamping press machine. The manufacturing process of bracket finish panel mounting type d74 consists of several stages starting from material checking using SPC440, product design checking, Stamping Press process with four stages of production process (blanking, forming, bending, & Pierching). In addition, this report discusses how to operate the stamping press starting from the machine inspection stage to the stamping press machine setting. Through this practical work report, it is hoped that readers can gain insight into the process of making bracket finish panel mounting type d74 parts and the company's contribution in maintaining product quality. Keywords : Stamping Press, SPC440, Production Process

PEMBUATAN PART BRACKET PIPE MAIN L/SIDE 844A7-I7000 MENGGUNAKAN MESIN STAMPING PRESS

This practical work report explains the process of making the Bracket Pipe Main P/Side 844A7-17000part using a stamping press machine and operating procedures for the stamping press machine at PT Persada Selaras Indonesia. The aim is to find out directly the process of making the Bracket Pipe Main P/Side 844A7-17000 part, and to know how to operate the stamping press machine. The process of making the Bracket Pipe Main P/Side 844A7-17000 consists of several stages starting from checking the material using SPHC-PO, checking the product design, the Stamping Press process with four stages of the production process (blanking, bending 1 and forming, bending 2 and restrike, & Piercing). Apart from that, this report discusses how to operate a stamping press machine starting from the machine inspection stage to setting up the stamping press machine. Through this practical work report, it is hoped that readers will gain insight into the process of making the Bracket Pipe Main P/Side 844A7-17000 and the company's contribution to maintaining product quality.

Innovative Integration of Triboelectric Nanogenerators into Signature Stamps for Energy Harvesting, Self-Powered Electronic Devices, and Smart Applications

In this manuscript, we present a novel approach for integrating Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) into signature stamps, termed Stamp TENG (S-TENG). We have modified a commercially available stamp holder to integrate triboelectric layers for multiple applications like effective energy harvesting, sensing, and embedded electronics for data prediction. S-TENG has been further explored in remote monitoring systems for elderly individuals and for gathering real-time statistics regarding persons or events at specific locations. The S-TENG is fabricated using FEP and Al as functional layers. It demonstrates an output voltage of 310 V, a current of 165 μA, and a power density of 14.8 W/m2. The simplicity of the S-TENG’s design is noteworthy. Its ability to generate energy through simple, repetitive stamping actions, which anyone can perform without specialized training, stands out as a key feature. The device is also designed for ease of use, being handheld and user-friendly. Its flexible and adaptable structure ensures that individuals with varying physical capabilities can comfortably operate it. An impressive capability of the TENG is its ability to illuminate 320 LEDs with each stamp press momentarily. Furthermore, using energy management circuits, the S-TENG can power small electronic gadgets such as digital watches and thermometers for a few seconds. In addition, when integrated with electronics, the S-TENG shows great potential in data prediction for various practical applications.

PHYSICO-MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PROCESS OF PRESSING FUEL BRIQUETTES FROM PLANT MATERIALS

In the process of forming a briquette, compression is characterized by a change in density, i.e., the process of translating a solid medium that has the properties of a bulk material and has a complex three-phase system consisting of natural polymers, sorbed moisture, air and particles of different shapes and sizes into a continuous solid medium with the properties of a monolith given shape and size. In it, the connection between particles is characterized by Van der Waals and Laplace forces. Different researchers describe this process with different empirical formulas, which are based on taking into account the relevant physico-mechanical and technological properties of pressed materials and their individual components. The plant materials considered in the article, which are secondary products of the agro-industrial complex, have specific physical and mechanical properties. As a result, the development of a physico-mathematical model of the process of pressing fuel briquettes from vegetable materials of small-seeded and cereal crops is proposed for the purpose of research. As a result of the analysis of literary sources, it was found that the physical and mechanical properties of pressed materials are determined by the fractional composition, humidity, pressing temperature, type and content of the binder. These indicators affect both the energy indicators of the process and the quality indicators of the briquettes. The multi-component nature, origin and structure of materials of different nature entails the expansion of the variety of physical and mechanical properties that must be taken into account. The influence of elastic, viscous and frictional properties of the materials selected for pressing is considered and taken into account. A physico-mathematical model of the process of pressing fuel briquettes from plant materials was developed, which allows determining the final density of the material, taking into account the peculiarities of briquetting using a stamp press with a crank mechanism. It was established that the parameters and modes of operation of the stamp press briquetting machine with a crank-and-rod mechanism are interconnected with each other and the physical, mechanical and technological properties of the pressed material

PROSES PEMBUATAN PLATE HOOK FUEL LID MENGGUNAKAN MESIN STAMPING PRESS

When starting to do practical work at PT Persada Selaras Indonesia several problems were found, one of which was why the SPHC-PO material was used in the production of Plate Hook Fuel Lid and how the production process was used Stamping Sheet Metal Press in the production process using the Blanking and Bending processes Based on the process of making the Plate Hook Fuel Lid, this practical work has the goal of knowing the working process of the Stamping Press machine. The methods used in this practical work are the process of observing, summarizing and recording data from sources and hard copies from PT. Persada Selaras Indonesia After carrying out the methods systematically obtained several results from practical work, including being able to make a product using a Stamping Press machine and recognizing the flow of the production process in the automotive part industry

DIAGNOSTICS OF THE PRESS POWER FRAME WITH THREADED CONNECTIONS OF LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS BY STRAIN GAUGE METHOD

The distribution of tightening forces between several threaded connections of power elements of machines and mechanisms directly affects the strength and reliability of the entire structure. When operating heavily loaded mechanisms with threaded connections in excess of the deadlines set in the technical documentation, the likelihood of loosening the tightening increases. This negatively affects the distribution of stresses in the power frame and, under unfavorable conditions, can lead to an increase in the level of mechanical stresses to critical values. The purpose of the work is a strain gauge method for monitoring the power frame of a hydraulic stamping press with threaded connections to assess the operability of the structure and conclude on the feasibility of repairs. Using strain gauges and finite element modeling methods, the regularities of the distribution of deformations in the material of columns and press racks with a maximum workload of 10 thousand tons are established. It is shown that in the working cycle, deformations are determined by the force and moment of force associated with the eccentricity of the application of the working force. Criteria for assessing the quality of threaded connections based on the relative difference and simultaneity of changes in mechanical stresses in the material of columns and press racks have been developed. The immobility of the connections of the power frame of the press during operation with maximum effort is ensured by the uniformity of the stress distribution on the racks and columns, taking into account the error of the results of the strain gauge method of 5%. The influence of the sliding elements of the movable elements of the press on the experimentally established patterns of stress distribution is substantiated by the method of finite element modeling.

Building The Health Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis Models For Stamping Press

A stamping press is widely used for the metal forming process. To achieve continuous automation and high precision forming, monitoring the press's health and diagnosing faults during stamping is necessary. The three primary types of faults that may occur in the stamping press are lack of lubrication oil, quality variation of lubrication oil, and clearance variation, which can lead to a decline in workpiece quality and reduced lifespan of the dies and presses. This study adopted the Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) technique to implement a predictive maintenance system for the stamping press. To extract relevant data, the National Instrument (NI) DAQ was used to acquire the three-phase currents and X, Y, and Z vibration signals. Six signals provided a total of seventy-two features, and the top three key features were selected for building a health assessment model using the Logistic regression and PCA algorithms. An early warning is triggered when the health indicator drops below the threshold, alerting the operators. Additionally, fault diagnosis was achieved using classification algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The fault diagnosis model achieved high accuracies of up to 99%.

PLAHS: A Partial Labelling Autonomous Hyper-heuristic System for Industry 4.0 with application on classification of cold stamping process

In real-life industry it is difficult to have fully-labelled datasets due to lack of time, resources or knowledge. In this sense, this paper proposes the design and development of a Partial Labelling Autonomous Hyper-heuristic System PLAHS, a solution that autonomously labels partially labelled databases and evaluates the yielded labelling solution by means of a novel Trustworthiness Metric (TM). The proposal combines a hyper-heuristic inspired approach with a Semi Supervised Learning Clustering (SSLC) methodology that optimizes the parameters of different clustering algorithms, based on a novel semi-supervised metric named Partially Supervised Optimization Metric (PSOM). The proposal has been tested with promising and excellent results on both a real use case for labelling work orders in a cold stamping press, and 13 databases from the UCI (multivariate data) and UCR (time series data) repositories.

Virtual Sensor of Gravity Centres for Real-Time Condition Monitoring of an Industrial Stamping Press in the Automotive Industry.

This article proposes the development of a novel tool that allows real-time monitoring of the balance of a press during the stamping process. This is performed by means of a virtual sensor that, by using the tonnage information in real time, allows us to calculate the gravity centre of a virtual load that moves the slide up and down. The present development follows the philosophy shown in our previous work for the development of industrialised predictive systems, that is, the use of the information available in the system to develop IIoT tools. This philosophy is defined as I3oT (industrializable industrial Internet of Things). The tonnage data are part of a set of new criteria, called Criterion-360, used to obtain this information. This criterion stores data from a sensor each time the encoder indicates that the position of the main axis has rotated by one degree. Since the main axis turns in a complete cycle of the press, this criterion allows us to obtain information on the phases of the process and easily shows where the measured data are in the cycle. The new system allows us to detect anomalies due to imbalance or discontinuity in the stamping process by using the DBSCAN algorithm, which allows us to avoid unexpected stops and serious breakdowns. Tests were conducted to verify that our system actually detects minimal imbalances in the stamping process. Subsequently, the system was connected to normal production for one year. At the end of this work, we explain the anomalies detected as well as the conclusions of the article and future works.

Substitutive models of press deflections for efficient numerical die cambering

Cost and time for stamping die tryouts are significant within the car industry. A major contributing factor is that elastic deflections of stamping dies and presses are usually not considered during the virtual die design and forming simulation phase. Active surfaces of stamping dies are only cambered based on previous experiences of tool types and stamping presses. However, almost all stamping dies and presses are unique, and available experiences are not valid for new sheet materials. This leads to component deviations and often several loops of tool adjustments are needed. Previously partners within the SMART Advanced Manufacturing research project CAMBER have developed advanced deflection measuring devices to quantify the elastic deformations of stamping presses. Using these measurements, cambering methodologies can be utilized in sheet metal forming simulations. In this paper numerical substitutive stamping press models are described which are capable of compensating for measured stamping press dynamics. The result show that a numerical compensated tool can improve the contact by over 80% compared to the corresponding contact without compensation.

HDR image-based deep learning approach for automatic detection of split defects on sheet metal stamping parts

Sheet metal stamping is widely used for high-volume production. Despite the wide adoption, it can lead to defects in the manufactured components, making their quality unacceptable. Because of the variety of defects that can occur on the final product, human inspectors are frequently employed to detect them. However, they can be unreliable and costly, particularly at speeds that match the stamping rate. In this paper, we propose an automatic inspection framework for the stamping process that is based on computer vision and deep learning techniques. The low cost, remote sensing capability and simple implementation mean that it can be easily deployed in an industrial setting. A particular focus of this research is to account for the harsh lighting conditions and the highly reflective nature of products found in manufacturing environments that affect optical sensing techniques by making it difficult to capture the details of a scene. High dynamic range images can capture details of an environment in harsh lighting conditions, and in the context of this work, can capture highly reflective metals found in sheet metal stamping manufacturing. Building on this imaging technique, we propose a framework including a deep learning model to detect defects in sheet metal stamping parts. To test the framework, sheet metal ‘Nakajima’ samples were pressed with an industrial stamping press. Then optimally exposed, sequence of exposures, tone-mapped and high dynamic range images of the samples were used to train convolutional neural network-based detectors. Analysis of the resulting models showed that high dynamic range image-based models achieved substantially higher accuracy and minimal false-positive predictions.

Deforming devices with a power drive made of a shape memory material Design solutions, calculation and design procedure

The article presents engineering solutions developed to create deforming devices with a power drive made of a shape memory material. As an example, the paper considers designs of a press, a stamp press made using new designs of multi-link power drives. A method is proposed for engineering a universal multi-link power drive with power elements made of a thermally thin shape memory material. The paper provides the analysis of thermal processes in power elements of various shapes, geometric dimensions and using different methods of their heating (current transmission heating, convective and radiant heat exchange) to determine the efficiency of the engineered devices. Processing and operational properties of thermally thin power elements of a multi-link power drive are investigated. To determine their qualitative and quantitative indicators, a measuring bench was created with such functions as recording the amperage, temperature change, displacement, and developed forces on a single time scale. A relationship between the heating rate, rate of operating force development and return deformation force was found. A line of universal power drives with a developed deformation force of 500–10000 N and a displacement of 1.0–8.0 mm was created based on the calculations performed with the results of their testing and use in existing models of deforming devices presented.

POSSIBILITY OF IDENTIFYING DEFECTS IN MASSIVE CAST STRUCTURES BY NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS

In the context of improving methods and means of non-destructive testing (NDT), along with increasing in formativeness, complex technical problems arise. For example, when examining structural elements with a service life of more than 20 – 30 years, modern NC tools detect defects that have not been rejected by the manufacturer. Assessment of the impact of such defects on the operability of the structure requires a comprehensive study using NC and strain gauge. The purpose of the work is to evaluate the parameters of defects in a cast part of a hydraulic stamping press with a service life of more than 60 years in order to make a decision on the possibility of its further operation. The defect was investigated using magnetic powder, eddy current and ultrasonic control methods. By means of strain gauges, mechanical stresses are measured directly during operation. The indicator pattern of the magnetic particle inspection defect has signs uncharacteristic for fatigue defects: branching, intermittent and broken (not smooth) character. To quantify the degree of smoothness of the indicator pattern, it is proposed to use a fractal dimension, which for the defect under study was 1.07. The estimated depth of the defect detected by the eddy current method was from 4 to 6 mm, by ultrasound – from 8 to 18 mm. The presence of an echo signal by a direct converter indicates the volumetric nature of the defect. After mechanical removal of the surface layer with a thickness of 2 mm in some areas, the width of the defect increased to 2 mm, and the depth to – 20 mm. On the inner side surface of the defect, a dense, dark scale characteristic of high temperatures is visually determined.The defect is classified as a casting shell with a depth of 20 mm. No traces of fatigue failure were found. Compressive mechanical stresses with an amplitude of no more than 41 MPa amounted to less than 20 % of the fatigue endurance limit of 35L steel. During the year, the average number of working cycles is 20 thousand, repeated examination of the press defect is recommended in 5 – 10 years (100 – 200 thousand cycles).

ВИБІР ТА ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ МЕТОДУ ПОПЕРЕДНЬОЇ МЕХАНІЧНОЇ ОБРОБКИ ДРІБНОДИСПЕРСНОЇ ФРАКЦІЇ ТВЕРДИХ ПОБУТОВИХ ВІДХОДІВ ПЕРЕД УТИЛІЗАЦІЄЮ

Introduction. Every year in Ukraine about 40-50 million tons are dumped in landfills. household waste, of which only no more than 2 million tons are processed and disposed of. To date, more than 15 billion tons of waste have been accumulated in landfills. Insufficient number of official, registered and equipped landfills, lack of modern landfills, as well as insufficient level of waste disposal are the reasons for the emergence of so-called unauthorized landfills, often located within the city. Problem Statement. To date, the processes of utilization of fine fractions of waste, which include the decomposition products of organic waste, remain the least developed. In various methods of waste disposal there are problems when working with large volumes of dispersed waste at almost all stages of their processing. Thus, to increase the efficiency of waste disposal, it is necessary to increase the relative size of the material being processed. This can be done at the stage of preliminary preparation of raw materials. The right choice of pre-treatment method will reduce the negative impact on humans and the environment of harmful elements contained in household waste, as well as increase the efficiency of their disposal Purpose. Carrying out of theoretical and experimental researches of ways of granulation of dispersed fraction and products of disintegration of solid household waste as a stage of their preliminary preparation for utilization. Substantiation on the basis of the received parameters of technology of mechanical processing of waste by various methods of granulation and preparation of the recommendation to a choice of a way of preliminary preparation of dispersed waste for their effective utilization by thermolysis and energy recovery. Carrying out the analysis of ecological danger of formation of dioxins in the course of processing of waste, and also giving practical recommendations concerning their minimization. Materials and methods. As the main stage of preliminary preparation of the dispersed fraction of waste for further processing, three methods of compounding the decomposition products of household waste were considered. Two methods that do not directly affect the particle density - fluidization and granulation in a fluidized bed, as well as pressing. The process of encapsulation of fine waste was studied in an open-type plate granulator; fluidized bed granulation was performed in a laboratory unit-granulator of periodic action with a fluidized bed; compression of dispersed waste was carried out using a screw stamp press with a detachable matrix. Results. Peculiarities of granulation of the dispersed fraction of household waste by different methods have been established. Improving adjustments have been made to the existing developed scheme of thermolysis and energy recovery on the basis of the conducted methods of preliminary preparation of dispersed waste. The economic effect of the introduction of the method of thermolysis and energy recovery of waste into production on the territory of Ukraine, which is planned to be 8 million USD / year, was also calculated. Conclusions. The research results presented in the paper will facilitate the choice of method and means of preliminary preparation of waste for various existing types of their utilization. An experimental method of thermolysis-energy recovery is proposed as an effective method of waste utilization. Adjustments in the existing scheme of TERW on the basis of the conducted researches are planned to essentially increase efficiency of such processing. The ecological danger of formation and emissions of dioxins in the process of thermal processing of waste is considered, as well as practical recommendations for their minimization are given. Key words: solid household waste, decomposition, granulation, thermolysis recovery, dioxins

Analytical modeling of the biomass briquetting process in a closed channel

Annotation Purpose. Increasing the efficiency of biomass briquetting by developing, at the first stage, a graphic-analytical model of a shock-mechanical press with a closed matrix channel. Methods. Graphic-analytical modeling of impact pressing of biomass into briquettes in a closed channel of the matrix; linearization, according to which a non-linear function is replaced by a linear function; mathematical modeling, assumes the dependence of the degree of compaction of biomass on the magnitude of the shock load (impulse) and reveals the nonlinear nature of the resistance of biomass to shocks and deformations. Results. On the basis of the analysis, the main factors of the course of the biomass briquetting process in the closed matrix channel of the stamp press have been determined. The physical essence of obtaining briquettes from dispersed biomass is described. The developed graph-analytical model of biomass briquetting in the closed matrix of a stamp press is substantiated. The application of the method of linearization helps to simplify the mathematical model on the criterion of adequacy in relation to the real conditions of the process. Conclusions The developed graphic-analytical model of the process of briquetting of plant biomass in the closed matrix channel of the stamp press allows to find out in abstract form the physical essence of this complex phenomenon. According to the results of analytical modeling of the process of biomass compaction in the base with elastic properties it is established that the density of the briquette increases monotonically, asymptotically approaching the plastic state of the monolithic product. The application of the method of linearization of the nonlinear function F(y_1^((1) ) ) simplifies the analysis of the model on the length of the matrix channel in the interval (0; l_1 ), and the coefficient of linearization of the biomass resistance force is the basis of the mathematical model closed channel after each i-th blow. Keywords: briquette press, biomass, briquettes, shock method, stamp, closed channel, matrix, modeling, linearization.

Investigation on the Chemical and Thermal Behavior of Recycling Agglomerates from EAF by-Products

In addition to the blast furnace converter route, electric steel production in the electric arc furnace (EAF) is one of the two main production routes for crude steel. In 2019, the global share of crude steel produced via the electric steel route was 28%, which in numbers is 517 million metric tons of crude steel. The production and processing of steel leads to the output of a variety of by-products, such as dusts, fines, sludges and scales. At the moment, 10–67% of these by-products are landfilled and not recycled. These by-products contain metal oxides and minerals including iron oxide, zinc oxide, magnesia or alumina. Apart from the wasted valuable materials, the restriction of landfill space and stricter environmental laws are additional motivations to avoid landfill. The aim of the Fines2EAF project, funded by the European Research Fund for Coal and Steel, is to develop a low-cost and flexible solution for the recycling of fines, dusts, slags and scales from electric steel production. During this project, an easy, on-site solution for the agglomeration of fine by-products from steel production has to be developed from lab scale to pilot production for industrial tests in steel plants. The solution is based on the stamp press as the central element of the agglomeration process. The stamp press provides the benefit of being easily adapted to different raw materials and different pressing parameters, such as pressing-force and -speed, or mold geometry. Further benefits are that the stamp press process requires less binding material than the pelletizing process, and that no drying process is required as is the case with the pelletizing process. Before advancing the agglomeration of by-products via stamp press to an industrial scale, different material recipes are produced in lab-scale experiments and the finished agglomerates are tested for their use as secondary raw materials in the EAF. Therefore, the tests focus on the chemical and thermal behavior of the agglomerates. Chemical behavior, volatilization and reduction behavior of the agglomerates were investigated by differential thermogravimetric analysis combined with mass spectroscopy (TGA-MS). In addition, two melts with different agglomerates are carried out in a technical-scale electric arc furnace to increase the sample size.

Fabrication of Agglomerates from Secondary Raw Materials Reinforced with Paper Fibres by Stamp Pressing Process

The use of secondary raw materials in metallurgical processes such as steelmaking is an important contribution to the circular economy aspired to by EU members and many other countries. The agglomeration of dusts, fines and sludges is an important pretreatment step to enable the use of these materials in subsequent melting processes, such as steelmaking in electric arc furnaces (EAFs). It also reduces the amount of by-products and waste materials that are currently waste for disposal and are landfilled. The presented research is part of the Fines2EAF project, which aims to increase the value of steelmaking residues by internal recycling and use or reuse in the form of agglomerates. The approach followed in this project is the use of a hydraulic stamp press and alternative binder systems to produce cement-free agglomerates. The first results of lab-scale agglomeration tests of six different recipes with varying pressing forces are presented in this paper. It is shown that the addition of fibres from paper recycling has a strong effect on the cold compression stability of the agglomerates, by far exceeding other effects such as increased pressing force. Overall, the agglomerates produced in the lab show promising characteristics, for example, cold compression stability and abrasion resistance, which should allow for use in EAF steelmaking.

The validation of productivity on the changeover activity at the automotive stamping press line by comparing the embedded SMED frame-work versus SMED approach: A witness simulation case study

Single-Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) is a popular method used to optimize the die change processing time. The purpose of this study is to identify on how to reduce set-up time by using Embedded SMED in automotive stamping press line. An actual case study at an automotive company XYZ in Malaysia was conducted based on parts supply issues. The observations, assessments and standard manufacturing practices were carried out during the study. WITNESS simulation software was used to identify the critical processes and also enable the validation of actual output based on the production. The result of the particular press line (combination of 800 Tons and 500 Tons machines) which produced 6 parts in 1-shift operations with small lot size output has been identified and improved. The significant improvement based on the Embedded SMED compared to conventional SMED approach showed a decreasing change-over time from an average of 12.51 minutes to 9.41 minutes (effectively a single-digit minute) resulting in circa 62% reduction.

Wykorzystanie systemów CAD/CAE w projektowaniu głowicy do gwintowania na prasie wielotaktowej

The using of CAD/CAE systems in design of head for thread drilling and reaming on multirate stamp press was described. It was presented model of device for thread drilling with the basics calculation. Furthermore, design of special tool for rearming and cutting in one step was described.

Temperature dependent micromechanics-based friction model for cold stamping processes

Temperature rise in cold stamping processes due to frictional heating and plastic deformation of sheet metal alters the tool-sheet metal tribosystem. This is more prominent in forming advanced high strength steels and multi-stage forming operations where the temperature on the tool surface can rise significantly. The rise in temperature directly affects the friction due to break down of lubricant, change in physical properties of tribolayers and material behavior. This can result in formability issues such as workpiece-splitting, etc. Therefore, it is important to account for temperature effects on friction in sheet metal forming analyses. In this study, the temperature effect was included in a micromechanics-based friction model which allows calculation of local friction coefficients as a function of contact pressure, bulk strain and relative sliding velocity. The temperature influence on friction was introduced through material behavior of sheet metal, viscosity of lubricant and shear strength of boundary layer in the micromechanics-based model. The model validation has been done by comparing the calculated fractional real contact area with the experimental results. The model can be used in formability analyses and to predict optimum stamping press parameters such as the blank holder force and the press speed.