Stake Holders Research Articles

Analisis Konsep Kepemimpinan Dalam Organisasi Berdasarkan Ajaran Islam

Organizations need leaders to develop the capabilities of their members. While keadership is the process of achieving organizational goals. Criterialeaders must organize and help their members achieve defined goals.The process of leaders influencing their organization can be done by managing sentences with words, then providing exemplary examples to them by guiding them through advice and guidance. Leaders and leadership must be synchronized because leaders must have the ability to manage and build cooperation with all stake holders and all elements of society. leadership in Islam is a process of governance that does not tolerate tyranny or chaos. Muslim leaders are people who have the principles of life based on the pure principles of Islam, and are fully convinced that in Islam leaders must be trustworthy, fair, deliberative, and tell their members to do good. Islamic leadership is based on Surah Al-Baqarah verse 30, Surah An-Nur verse 55, Surah Shad verse 26 and hadith.In the leadership of Islamic organizations must have leadership criteria, leadership factors, leadership functions and the positive impact of leadership to develop the organization”

Implementing Quality Improvement to Morbidity and Mortality Conferences: Focusing on Action Plans By Closing the Loops with Timely Follow Ups

Introduction Morbidity and Mortality (M&M) meetings are often part of the medical curriculum for doctors in training where junior doctors present cases for reflection on diagnostic or treatment decision-making, and in return they attain clinicopathological wisdom. Studies have shown that for M&M meetings to facilitate improvement, they need to be structured and systematic in reviewing and discussing sentinel events, directing discussions towards improving system and process variations. Often, the structure of M&M meetings led to a lack of organizational learning and accountability. We sought to restructure the traditional M&M process in our department and utilize this process as a Quality Improvement initiative. Using a structured follow up process as a “closing the loop” mechanism, we wanted to assess what impact this would have on the original emphasis of the meetings and on professional learning. Setting and Objective M&M conferences are held at monthly Hematology & Oncology division meeting attended by fellows, senior staff physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, pharmacists, and administration members. A case is curated and presented to the group by one of the Hematology and Oncology Fellows on a rotational basis. Guests from other divisions are invited depending on the cases being discussed. The hospital's peer review coordinator facilitates the coordination among stakeholders before and after the conference. Typically, these discussions result in fruitful proposals, however there was no formal process in place to implement changes and report follow up back at the M&M conferences. There were incidents where multiple similar issues were brought up in a repeated fashion creating frustration and mistrust in the system among team members. Subajects and Methods Consequently, an intervention was planned to streamline proposed action plans, implement them and provide updates at future M&M conferences on cases previously discussed. The process involved creating a tracking spreadsheet, each case culminated with proposed action plans. The outcome was reported three months later at the beginning of the M&M conference. This redesigning of the M&M process was carried out in a PDSA cycle fashion. This quality improvement study design was a prospective cohort study. In July 2022, a pre-intervention survey was sent to all stake holders and the same survey was sent 10 months later after completion of 10 M&M conferences in the redesigned format. The survey covered the following 5 questions: Rate the overall educational value of past M&M conferences that you have attended in this department.On average, how engaged or involved did you feel during past M&M conferences in this department?To what extent have prior M&M conferences in this department contributed to your ability to prevent or handle similar complications to those that were presented?How satisfied were you with the action plan being proposed by the end of the meeting?How assured were you that the proposed action plan will be followed up on after the meeting is over? Results and Discussion Follow-up action plans included improving access to outpatient oncology care, coordinating transition of care between inpatient & outpatient teams, providing education regarding hospital policies, communications with multiple inpatient consult services as well as outpatient affiliated infusion centers, treatment coordination with blood bank and stem cell transplant teams, feedback suggestions to improve on existing departmental policies covering anti-neoplastic chemotherapy administration. Due to anonymity of survey, there was no way to link or know if the same person took the pre survey and then completed the post survey, so we were limited in the types of analyses that we could do with the data. Nonetheless, there was a positive trend in answers to all the questions asked. Statistical significance was reached in the third question of survey as illustrated. Conclusion This quality improvement initiative reinforces the importance on follow through on action plans after the conference as well as the need to close the loop with follow up reporting back to the group on previously discussed cases. The hematology and oncology fellowship program at Henry Ford Hospital will implement this action plan in future conferences and will continue to address areas of improvement with regards to peer review and M & M case discussions.

Lesson Learned Student Entrepreneurship Activities to Increase Graduates as Entrepreneurs

Lesson learned, aimed to provide students with entrepreneurial experiences and give the skill for entrepreneurship. The approach that can be employed is to integrate entrepreneurial activities into the curriculum and extra curriculum. The method used is sharing sessions. The activity held in UKM, attended by 67 students. The results indicated that factors to be considered in becoming an entrepreneur include education, soft skills, support, mentorship, creativity, innovation, and a strong passion. The lessons learned from successful entrepreneur alumni showed that entrepreneurial education provided by experienced entrepreneurs can have a positive impact on students' attitudes and motivation towards entrepreneurship. Future suggestion initiatives should attend other stake holder to sharing their experiences, such as government, creditor, and investor.

Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program in National Cancer Institute, Sri Lanka

Abstract Bacterial infection is a dreaded complication in cancer patients worldwide. In low resource settings where supportive care facilities are less than ideal this takes on even more greater significance. In recent years, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a significant problem worldwide and cancer patients are those among most affected. Treatment of infections due to Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria represents a clinical challenge because therapeutic options are limited. Overuse and misuse of antimicrobials has been acknowledged as a main driver for resistance development and the need to optimize the use of antimicrobials has been stressed. National Cancer Institute is not an exception, children with cancer develop infections due to MDR bacteria when they are neutropenic and mortality and morbidity of those infections are very high. Therefore antibiotic stewardship program (AMSP) was implemented in the pediatric units to optimize clinical outcome while minimizing the unwanted effects, with the rational prescribing of antibiotics. Pediatric Oncology unit comprises of four wards with 150 beds and an intensive care unit with 8 beds. As a preliminary step meetings were conducted to outline a plan of action with the participation of relevant stake holders, microbiology team and pediatric Oncology team. Director of the hospital was also involved to the program. Workshops were conducted to educate and train health care workers and to create awareness on AMR. Antibiogram was established to see the antibiotic resistant patterns of bacterial isolates in the hospital. The audit on antibiotic use was conducted to see the use of antibiotics in the units. Also feedback of the audit was given to the clinicians, it showed deviations from standard practices in the use of antibiotics. It was noted that the antibiotic resistance rates in the unit was very high for both gram negative and gram positive isolates. Clinical practice guideline on fever and neutropenia was developed based on the sensitivity pattern of the antibiogram. The guideline comprised of introduction, basic investigations, antibiotic recommendations, follow-up assessments and antimicrobial dose and frequency. The clinical practice guideline was displayed as a poster in all units near the doctors table. Small booklet was also printed with pediatric dose, duration and route of commonly used antibiotics with their indications. A new drug chart was introduced to patients' bed head ticket with a separate section for antimicrobials including history of allergy, designation of the prescriber, reminder to collect cultures, dose, route, duration and periodic review. Fourteen antibiotics were included in the preauthorization list, which require approval prior to use. Antibiotic resistant rates in the unit was alarmingly high. Therefore, there should be a mechanism for continuous monitoring and auditing. Infection control practices need to be strengthen to prevent the spread of MDR organisms. Better coordination between clinical microbiologist and physicians is required on local resistant patterns of microorganisms. Periodic training of hospital staff should be carried out on AMSP, including adverse reactions, antibiotic resistance and optimal prescribing. Evaluation of AMSP and their perceive level of success needs to be performed periodically.

Endemicity of Diphtheria in Some Regions of Nigeria: Chronology of a Fourteen Month Sustained Outbreak

Diphtheria in humans is caused by exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which is a gram positive bacteria. The sustained endemicity of diphtheria amongst Nigerian population from May 2022 to July 2023 is significant and has not been widely reported. Secondary data was collected from the recent data base of Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Federal Ministry of Health, and Federal Ministry of Information then analyzed applying standard procedure. The result shows in overall a total of 4,160 suspected cases of diphtheria which spanned through a period of May 2022 to July 2023. Out of these suspected cases, 1,534 were positive, yielding a total prevalence of 36.9% and mortality of 137(8.9%). In the Northern states alone, 4,061 individuals were recorded as suspected diphtheria cases; out of which 1,525(36.6%) individuals were confirmed positive with 132(8.7%) death cases. Conversely, in the southern states, a total of 40 suspected cases were recorded. Out of these, 9(22.5%) were confirmed positive with mortality of 5(55.6%). Only one state yielded a suspected case without any conclusive confirmatory evidence. The result further showed that a total of 15 states were grouped as “others”. In this group a total of 59 cases were suspected, but none yielded positive result. The prevalence was high (36.6%) in the North when compared to the south (22.5%), and mortality was high (55.6%) in the south when compared to the North where a total mortality rate of 8.7% was recorded. Amongst the Northern states affected, prevalence was highest (75.9%; 41/54) in Bauchi and least (5.0%;5/101) in Kaduna state. This present result shows that diphtheria is endemic in some parts of Nigeria leading to sporadic outbreaks overtime, predominantly in the Northern part. High spread and prevalence in the North may be that herd immunity in the North is low or inadequate. Thus, urgent attention of Government and relevant stake holders is necessitated to eliminate this negative trend.

Influence of Stakeholders Participation on the Performance of Agriculture Projects in Rwanda: A Case of PSDAG Project at Sarura Commodities Ltd

Participation of stakeholders has been respected as a decisive component of programming since 1970s. The study was undertaken to establish how stake holder’s participation influences the performance of agricultural projects SARURA Commodities Ltd. The research was guided by three objectives; to establish the influence of stakeholder participation in project identification on the performance of agricultural project in Sarura Commodities Ltd; determine the influence of stakeholder participation in project execution on performance of agricultural project in Sarura Commodities Ltd; and, examine the influence of stakeholder participation in project funding on performance of agricultural project in Sarura Commodities Ltd. This study employs a descriptive survey research design, targeting project stakeholders, including donors, the implementing agency, and beneficiaries (n=115). A census method is used for sample selection. Data is collected through questionnaires, with a focus on demographic information and project-related inquiries. Thematic and descriptive analyses are applied for qualitative and quantitative data, respectively. Ethical considerations encompass informed consent, participant rights, and anonymity preservation. The study assessed the impact of project identification, execution, and funding on the performance of agricultural projects in Sarura Commodities Ltd, Rwanda. Results indicate high agreement among respondents on project identification (Mean=4.4298), execution (Mean=4.530), and funding (Mean=4.710). Correlation analysis reveals a positive and significant (ranging from 0.721 to 0.860) relationship between stakeholder participation and project outcomes. Regression models demonstrate that stakeholder participation significantly influences timely completion (R²=89.0%), completion within budget (R²=72.1%), and quality specification (R²=86.0%). These findings highlight the crucial role of effective project management and stakeholder engagement in enhancing the success of agricultural projects in the context of Sarura Commodities Ltd. In conclusion, the study reveals that project identification, execution, and funding significantly impact the performance of agricultural projects in Sarura Commodities Ltd, Rwanda. The high mean scores indicate the substantial influence of each factor. Recommendations include enhancing stakeholder skills in funding, promoting flexible working systems for donor collaboration, and dispelling misconceptions about the time and cost associated with project funding. These measures can optimize project outcomes and stakeholder engagement in agricultural initiatives. Keywords: Stakeholders Participation, Performance of Agriculture Projects, PSDAG Project, Sarura Commodities Ltd, Rwanda

Deriving community vulnerability indices by analyzing multi-resolution space-borne data and demographic data for extreme weather events in global cities

Climate change in the Anthropocene is cited as one of the main reasons for extreme weather events around the world. There is a need for rapid vulnerability assessment models that may be deployed in near-real time to assist stake holders in driving the required mitigation and adaptation efforts to such events, especially in the Global South. We present an approach to derive Community Vulnerability Index (CVI) to flooding by using an integrated geospatial computational model and illustrate the methodology for six global cities. Time-series of multi-resolution space-borne optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data were analyzed to derive land cover metrics from before and after flood imagery for delineating and mapping the land cover and the spatial extent of flash floods. A texture-based analysis was employed on the SAR data to delineate the spatial extent of flash floods, and this was integrated with the land cover metrics derived from the optical Sentinel-2 (Level 2A) orthorectified surface reflectance imagery. Land cover classification based on supervised image classification yielded a minimum overall accuracy of 71% when only SAR data was available after floods, and increased to 87% with the availability of cloudless Sentinel-2 data. A weighted index method, using weights derived through Factor Analysis, was used to assign appropriate weights to the composite variables derived from satellite datasets and demographic datasets for developing the CVI. The model was developed and tested on global cities with contrasting economies and validated by cross checking results with reliable open source surrogate data. The model provides an effective, adaptable, and cost-effective approach for vulnerability assessment and may provide information for policy makers to design appropriate resilience and adaptation efforts.

Evaluation Of haematological parameters including prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time of patients on antiretroviral therapy in federal medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa state, northcentral Nigeria

Background: Haematological parameters including prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time of HIV/AIDS patients on Anti Retroviral Therapy may be a manifestation of disease suppression and / or side effects of drugs. Objective: This study evaluated the haematological parameters including prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time of adults HIV/AIDS patients on ART and compared with the negative control groups at Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nasarawa State. Materials and Methods: This was a case - control study involving consented 73 tests on ART and 73 HIV negative individuals who were recruited through systematic random sampling technique. Semi- structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to evaluate their socio demographic characteristics. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for the above haematological, PT and APTTK parameters using Sysmex KX21 automated analyze and manual method respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. A p-value of less than 0.05 was taken as statistical significant. Results: The mean age and standard deviation of the tests and the control groups was 3.30± 10.40 years and 36.20 ± 11.70 years respectively. There were more females in both the tests (64.8%) and the control groups (56.2%) than male. The study showed a statistical significant higher leucopenia (17.8%) and neutropenia (20.5%) on the tests as compared with the control groups while anemia (45.1%) was the commonest haematological abnormalities observed in the tests on ART. The results of the clotting profile showed that thrombocytopenia (26.0%), APTT (53.4%) and PT (34.2%) were significantly more prevalent in the tests compared with the control group (P<0.05). There were Leucopenia, Neutropenia, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia and abnormalities in PT and APTT of the tests as compared to the control groups. Conclusion: The results showed that participants on ART had haematological abnormalities as compared to the control group. This may guide the stake holders on appropriate decision towards better management of the patients.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Off-Farm Income Generating Activities Among Smallholder Rice Farmers in Anambra State

The study examined the socio-determinants of off-farm income among small-holder rice farmers in Anambra State. Specifically, it described socio-economic characteristics, off-farm income generating activities, and level of participation in various off-farm income generating activities in the study area. Multistage sampling procedure involving purposive and random sampling methods were used to select two agricultural zones, four LGAs, eight communities, thirty smallholder rice farmers and two hundred and forty (240) respondents for the study. Primary data were collected by means of structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, frequency distribution, percentages, tables and mean ranking) and Simpson participation index. Findings showed that majority of the farmers are within the age limit of 41-50 years and majority had no access to credit due to bottleneck activities and collateral requirements in obtaining the loan from most financial institution. Result on off-farm income generating activities showed that many of the smallholder rice farmers are into trading (54.2%), handcraft (52.5%), repair (50.8%) and many others that help them to generate extra income in the study area. Result of level of off farm participation by smallholder rice farmers revealed that moderate level of off-farm income participation had a high percentage of 52.5% with mean value of 0.49. Thus, smallholder rice farmers participated in off-farm income generation activities moderately. Government should of necessity address the issue of fuel subsidy removal which has a gross effect on the movement of farmers and insufficient extension workers in the State should be addressed by relevant stake holders were recommended. Keywords: Determinants, off-farm, Income, rice farmers.

Exploring the Innovative Ideas on Service Industry

This study aims to get service innovation ideas for micro, small and medium scale companies (MSMEs) in the service industry, specifically for law office service companies. For this purpose, data was collected using a focus group discussion (FGD) approach which was attended by 30 legal practitioners as informants, to find service innovation ideas in legal service-based companies. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling method with the criteria of having worked at a legal services company for at least 3 years, considering the need for innovation in running a business. This criterion was confirmed through initial interviews with informants. Data is analysed using content analysis. The results of this study indicate that the proposed innovation idea is closely related to the use of technology such as the use of online platforms to promote and even conduct legal consultations; document processing automation technology, an application that functions as a reminder of the schedule, either the schedule for hearing in court or the schedule for uploading the required documents. In addition, collaboration is also needed to generate innovative ideas, both for the development of digital platforms or ecosystems as well as collaboration with other stake holders such as prospective clients and employees to formulate service improvements and management of law office services

대학 핵심역량에 대한 학생과 교수자의 인식 및 요구분석

Objectives This study aims to analyze the perceptions and needs of both students and instructors on com-petency-based education in order to derive educational implication.
 Methods A survey was conducted on core competencies and major competencies of 13,109 college students and 316 instructors, and a t-test, Borich's needs analysis and The Locus for Focus analysis were performed.
 Results First, regarding the recognition of the competency model and system, the level of instructors was above average, and the level of students was found to be somewhat low. Second, as a result of analyzing the importance of existing core competencies and major competencies, the future importance of the existing core and major competencies were high, which was statistically significant (p<.01~p<.05). Third, as a result of the needs analysis on core and major competencies, it was found that students tend to aware of their competencies higher with high priorities for instructors' needs.
 Conclusions It is necessary to raise awareness of competency-based education of students and instructors. In order to improve the competency-based education and system, it is possible to consider supplementing based on the existing core competency and major competency. Also, thorough collecting opinion process from various stake holders in college is needed in order to build up the own competency-based education system.

The Effectiveness of Superior Human Resource Potential on Community Economic Independence in Indonesia

This type of qualitative research through a phenomenological approach, while the results showed that the low quality of human resources has an impact on economic independence, the low quality of human resources is due to people not being able to get proper education, but that does not mean that educational institutions are lacking, low community income, poor nutrition causes work ethic and enthusiasm for knowledge is not optimal, as the resulting impact is unqualified human resources, for this reason, support and policies from all stake holders, government, employers and educational institutions are needed so that they can work together to advance the human resources of Indonesian society.

Opportunities for Entrepreneurship in Waste Management: Need for Collaborative Approach under NEP

Due to the high demand for food and meat for the world's growing population, the agricultural sector is expanding every year. It is estimated India generates around 500 Mt of crop residue annually. Timely and effective treatment is of utmost importance to utilize organic matter in agricultural waste and avoid environmental pollution. This not only reduces the environmental effects but provides entrepreneurships opportunities to the students. The New Education Policy (NEP) emprises on skilling and entrepreneurships developments Agriculture waste management can be one of the area for skilling to covert waste into wealth. This review of the developments in this area revealed that agriculture waste can be utilised for mushroom cultivation, pig farming vermicomposting and many more. Indian council of Agriculture Research(ICAR) initiations have developed waste management technologies that includes bio char from agricultural waste material, soil less planting media using sugar industry residue, foliar spray from fish waste etc .There is need to establish collaboration for joint research, compilation of the technology to reach large number of stake holders. There is need to design one year course under degree programme that enable students to specialise and get diploma or certificate to become entrepreneur. The paper discusses opportunities for collaboration and strategies for effective implementation of Agriculture waste management through entrepreneurship development

Design recommendation of a care center to overcome the psychological and behavioral impact of infectious diseases on humans

The Covid 19 pandemic threatened the life of individuals, and there was a lack of information on treatment, handling of patients and disposal of waste. The psychological and behavioral impact on humans due to outbreak of Covid is studied and based on that, a person-centered care center is suggested. The research methodology used are surveys and interviews among stake holders. Based on the surveys and interviews conducted during the pandemic, it is found that 94% of the respondents prefer to use private vehicles with at least one member to accompany them. People prefer to use 3 ply facemasks, followed by cotton masks and N95 masks. Existing literature discusses the physical effects on individuals. This paper focuses on psychological and behavioral changes. Based on the study, person centered a care center is recommended with facilities to treat patients with different levels of infections and a counselling center for the persons suffering from Covid and other infectious diseases.

Conservation of Cultural and Historic Landscape of Walden Pond and Woods − With a Particular Focus on Socio-cultural Environment and Corresponding Activities

Walden Pond and Woods, Massachusetts, U.S is an iconic destination, best known for Henry David Thoreau’s book-Walden (1854). Thoreau’s philosophy and the literal value of the book as well as the natural landscape of Walden inspired worldwide literature readers and numerous modern environmentalists. This unique cultural and historical landscape has a long history of conservation effort in various forms started as far back as 1800’s. As a result, now, 80 percent of Walden Woods is permanently preserved. This study focuses on the changing socio-cultural environments and corresponding activities by various stake holders. To clarify the factors that led to its success of today, primary source survey and hearings to the stakeholders were taken place. The study period from 1845 to 2016 is divided in 4phases by characteristic socio-cultural environments. In each phase, corresponding conservation activities were researched and clarified: Phase1 (1845 ~1921): Industrialization and population increase vs. individual activities; Phase2 (1922~1972): Economic growth and Middlesex County’s management policy vs. citizen group’s movement; Phase3 (1972~1987): Rise of environmental awareness vs. involvement of public agencies, policy and plan makings and public input; Phase4 (1988~2016): Suburbanization vs. WWP and continuous implementation of conservation plan. The clarified factors that lead to the success are 1) Common value of the place to empathy with 2) Diversity in stakeholders 3) Longterm and systematic conservation plan with both government and citizen’s participation

Effect of government experience on education and health: Implications on economic growth of Nigeria 1981-2021

This study analyzed government expenditure and economic growth of Nigeria for the period 1981-2021. Government expenditure was proxied with expenditure on education, health, social and community services while government total investment and net foreign trade were included as the intervening variables. Economic growth was proxied with gross domestic product. The data were analyzed using econometric procedures particularly the Auto regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The results showed that in the short run, government health expenditure exerted positive relationship with GDP which was not significant while education expenditure exerted significantly negative effect on the economy. The long run analysis revealed that government education expenditure had negative significant effect on GDP while health expenditure had positive significant effect on GDP. The intervening effects of social and community services expenditure and investment were positive but not significant while net foreign trade exerted negative effect in the model. The study concluded that government expenditure have not been appropriately channeled towards the education sector despite the amount spent on recurrent and capital expenditures to education whereas health expenditure increased growth in the economy significantly. It was recommended that government should increase budget allocations to education sector and also encourage private stake holders to invest in the education sector as well as engaging in foreign partnership in funding the health sector.

Trust BUT VERIFY: Maintaining Research Integrity in the 21st Century

Research misconduct erodes the trust of the stake holders in the social science research enterprise. In order to return confidence and trust in social science research findings, we must emphasize research integrity through education and transparency. This essay discusses three fundamental components of research misconduct to raise awareness of examples of fabrication and falsification misconduct by several prominent social science researchers.

Challenges and recommendations for advancing respite care for families of children and youth with special health care needs: A qualitative exploration.

Caring for children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) is a significant undertaking for families. While respite care is intended to address this burden, demand continues to exceed supply. Exploring the perspectives of respite service providers (SPs) and stakeholders (SKs) provides unique insight into families' needs and respite care systems. We conducted semistructured interviews with 41 respite care SPs and SKs across four Canadian provinces to ascertain perspectives on current and ideal respite care for families of CYSHCN. The analysis included delineating units of meaning from the data, clustering units of meaning to form thematic statements and extracting themes. The second-level analysis involved applying themes and subthemes to cross-functional process maps. Participants noted the critical, but sometimes absent role of Community Service Workers, who have the ability to support families accessing and navigating respite care systems. SPs and SKs identified current respite systems as operating in crisis mode. New findings suggest an ideal respite care system would incorporate advocacy for families, empower families and value CYSHCN, their families and respite workers. The evidence of unmet respite care needs of families of CYSHCN across Canada has long been available. Our findings identifying respite system challenges and solutions can be used by funders and policymakers for planning and enhancing resources, and by healthcare professionals, respite care providers and SKs to understand barriers and take action to improve respite outcomes to meet the respite needs of all families and CYSHCN. The research team is composed of patients, researchers, clinicians and decision-makers along with our Family Advisory Committee (FAC) composed of members of families of CYSHNC. The FAC was formed and met regularly with research team members, knowledge users and collaborators throughout the study to provide input on design, review themes and ensure findings are translated and disseminated in a meaningful way.

Audit Expectation Gap and the Credibility of Public Sector Audit: The Nigerian Case

The study investigated the impact of audit expectation gap on the credibility of Nigerian public sector audit. The survey research design was adopted to elicit responses from respondents on audit expectation gap in Nigeria. The source of data was primary. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The gathered data were scrutinized and analyzed by employing a ChiSquare quantitative analysis technique using SPSS. The results revealed that there was a significance impact of audit expectation gap on the credibility of audit report and that audit expectation gap can be eliminated or minimized through sensitization. It also found auditing education to be highly correlated to reducing the expectation gap. The study concluded that there was the existence of audit expectation gap in the Nigerian Public Sector. It therefore recommended that there was the need for continued sensitization of the public, by both the auditing profession and other stake holders on the role and duties of the auditor to avoid unreasonable expectation by the public.

Factors affecting Industrial Attachment Programme: Measures of academic performance and efficiency in Zimbabwe: A Review

Assessment of the Industrial Attachment Programme was deemed incomplete without reviewing measures of academic performance, efficiency, and the factors that affect performance and efficiency. The factors forming the basis for this review were found to human and system oriented. Academic performance of students has to be measured using examinations, tests, assignments and exercises. Data Envelope Analysis and Stochastic Frontier Analyst were the efficiency measures reviewed. Data Envelope Analysis was regarded appropriate for this study considering its ability to handle multiple inputs and outputs. Data Envelope Analysis estimates allocative, technical and economic efficiency which are key efficient measures. Some of the factors reviewed include financing, timing, evaluation and assessment methods of the programme. Linkage among students, tertiary education institutions, host organizations and various stake holders were other key factors. Courses covered before Industrial Attachment were noted as other key factors since the programme intends to marry theory learnt in the classroom with the practice. Industrial Attachment in Zimbabwe as with the Agricultural colleges and other institutions of tertiary education was also reviewed. The institutions use different approaches which will help much in the assessment of the programme. Measurement of performance and efficiency levels were found to be done with primary and secondary schools making reference to the academic side and not much was found to be done with agricultural colleges and the industrial attachment programme thereby forming the basis for this study. Colleges have to adopt models which improve performance and efficiency of the programme.