Stainless Pipe Research Articles

Qualimetric assessment of the quality of cold-formed pipes.

To quantify product quality, complex indicators using the principles of qualimetry are increasingly used. The use of complex indicators makes it possible to evaluate and compare product quality for various technological process options, but a unified methodological approach to quality assessment and management has not been formulated. The article lists examples of complex indicator definition in various works and presents an approach to assessing the quality of cold-deformed stainless pipes according to GOST 9941. The results of the analysis of GOST requirements for these products are presented, 15 individual indicators are identified. The values of eight individual quality indicators are defined as the probability of falling into a given interval; for seven individual indicators, the probability calculation was carried out for a quantitative characteristic. The calculated complex indicator is assessed according to the Harrington desirability scale: the range of values 0.37–0.63 is a satisfactory level of quality. To improve the complex criterion to values within the range of “acceptable and good quality level”, recommendations have been formulated in the direction of improving technology

Effect of Precursor Solvent on the Carbon Micro-Structures Derived from Spray Pyrolysis of Pine Resin (Gondorukem): Preliminary Study

Carbon materials have been widely used in various fields. This study aimed to produce carbon using spray pyrolysis with pine resin (gondorukem) as the precursor and different solvents, namely gondorukem-acetone (GAC), gondorukem-ethyl acetate (GEA), and gondorukem-dichloromethane (GDC). The precursor was prepared in a 1:8 (m/v) ratio, and the spray pyrolysis method was employed by heating the atomized precursor solution in the heating zone of a tube furnace. The atomization precursor was infused with nitrogen gas at a rate of 1 l/min with furnace temperature set at 1000°C with heating times of 5, 10, and 20 mins. The carbonaceous materials produced from the pyrolysis were collected on the wire mesh 1000 that was put on a stainless pipe. Carbon that has been coated on the wire mesh 1000 was analyzed using the optical microscope (OM). The physical properties and morphology of the synthesized carbonaceous material were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and Brunaur-Emmett-Teller (BET). Based on FE-SEM analysis, the particle size of the GAC sample has an average of 283.58 nm and the highest carbon content, which reached an average of 97.312 At%. GAC samples had the lowest disorder properties in the Raman spectroscopy test, with the value of ID/IG reaching 0.795764. The functional groups observed were C–H stretching at 2920.49 cm-1, N–H bending at 1629.07 cm-1, and C–O stretching at 1159.70 cm-1. Based on carbon content, disorder properties, and functional group stabilization, carbon from the GAC precursor provides the ideal characteristics to be used as a filter material in medical masks. Meanwhile, based on BET testing, the carbon materials from GEA have the ideal material morphological properties to be used as a filter in medical masks. Spray pyrolysis is an efficient method for producing carbon materials, and the use of gondorukem as the precursor shows great potential for various applications.

Destructive and non-destructive testings of 304 austenitic stainless steel produced by investment casting method

ABSTRACT In this study, the properties and structures of 304 austenitic stainless steels produced by investment casting methods and stages through destructive and non-destructive (NDT) testing methods are examined. First, the model mould was created from recycled wax containing 5–25% water, 15–35% filler and 0.5% ceramic for the production of a water pipe armature by investment casting method. Then, the ceramic coated mould was sintered at 1350°C, and 304 austenitic stainless steel was melted in the induction furnace at 1150°C at a speed of 1.36 kg/min and poured into this mould. The hardness value of the 304 austenitic stainless steel water pipe armature was obtained as 86.16 HRB and the tensile strength value was 518.76 MPa. As a result of examination with an optical metal microscope, ferrite and austenite structures were observed. Linear and round defects were detected in the liquid penetrant test, and third level (RT-3) shrinkage-delta defects were detected in the radiography test. These results showed that the armature part was acceptable in terms of mechanical strength, corrosion and leakage.

Development of Heat Exchanger for Syngas Purification in a Smart Mini-Grid Gasification Power Plant

The shell and tube heat exchanger was designed using a stainless pipe with a diameter of 203.2 mm (8 inches) and 3 mm thick. The design calculation results indicates that heat transfer rate was about and a tube length of 0.7 m was used and the number of tubes Nt is 17, this is required to cool the syngas from 350℃ to 80°C theoretically. Results obtained from CFD ANSYS software 2022 version showed that the verification of the model was achieved by comparing the theoretical temperatures of the syngas with the temperatures predicted from the simulation.

Metallurgical Failure Analysis: A Case Study of Observing a Leak in a Stainless Steel SS304 Pipe

Metallurgical Failure Analysis: A Case Study of Observing a Leak in a Stainless Steel SS304 Pipe

Kajian Pengolahan Nilam (Patchouli) Menggunakan Metode Penyulingan Uap di Kecamatan Poleang Utara Kabupaten Bombana

This study examines the processing of patchouli oil using the steam distillation method in North Poleang District, Bombana Regency. Data collection methods: (a) observation; (b) interviews); (c) questionnaires; and (d) documentation. The method in this study is to describe the processing of patchouli oil using the steam distillation method. The results showed the processing of patchouli oil using the steam distillation method in North Poleang District, Bombana Regency. Distilleries are used with water and steam distillation systems. Distil water and steam through a kettle filled with water to the limit of the filter and patchouli leaves on the filter. Then the water is heated and produces steam passing through the material and flowing through a stainless pipe. (a) Patchouli oil is obtained from the leaves, stalks, stems and patchouli plants. Harvesting can be done 6 - 8 months after planting in plants that grow well. Nilan harvest is usually done by pruning as high as 10 - 20 cm from the ground. Production of the first leaves and twigs is still low (about 50 - 75% of normal production). Done every 4 - 6 months depending on the rainfall and soil fertility; (b) drying is usually carried out by drying, the crop (pattern leaves and stalks) are dried in the sun for 5 hours followed by wind-drying for 2 - 3 days until the moisture content reaches 12 - 15%; and (c) direct steam distillation, in which the material is in a still boiler and water vapour is drained from the boiler at the bottom of the distillate. The duration of direct steam distillation ranges from 4-6 hours.

Study on the Effect of Niobium on the High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Ferritic Stainless Steel

More and more cars are installing urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems to solve the problem of exhaust emissions, which often operates at high temperatures in the exhaust system and is prone to failure of the exhaust pipe due to high-temperature oxidation. And niobium containing ferritic stainless steel has been widely used in the manufacturing of automotive exhaust pipes. In order to extend the service life of ferrite stainless steel exhaust pipes, niobium plays a crucial role as an added alloying element. The solid solution and precipitation of niobium in ferritic stainless steel will give ferritic stainless steel more excellent high temperature resistance. The precipitation of Nb can change the organizational structure in steel and refine the grains. However, if the content is not properly controlled, large particles of (Nb, Ti) C will precipitate, which will reduce the high temperature oxidation resistance. In this paper, the high temperature oxidation behavior of two kinds of ferritic stainless steels with different Nb content at 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C was studied. The microstructure of the oxide film on the surface of the material, the thickness of the oxide layer on the cross section, the distribution of chemical composition, the existence form and distribution of Nb element were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD and TEM. The results show that the higher the niobium content, the better the high temperature oxidation resistance, and the higher the temperature, the more obvious the high temperature oxidation resistance of niobium. This is because the high Nb content steel is easy to precipitate NbN and other Nb-containing precipitates at the grain boundary, which is helpful to the high temperature resistance. In the case of less Nb content, its ability to generate (Nb, Ti) C precipitates and coarsen at high temperatures reduces its high-temperature resistance.

Irregular pentagon loop for nuclear reactor natural circulation system test apparatus

The natural circulation loop has become a crucial topic for investigating a heat transfer system without a recirculation pump. This study aimed to analyze the steady-state condition of an irregular pentagon natural circulation loop design. The loop was constructed using stainless pipes and equipped with a real-time data acquisition and control system capable of handling high-temperature fluids without human contact. The data acquisition and control system was based on Python programming and operated on a Raspberry Pi mini computer. The heater in the loop was designed from a pipe wrapped around a nichrome wire, and the voltage source could be adjusted using Variac. The cooling system utilized the wind from the blower flowing in the annulus between the pipe inside the larger diameter pipe. The experimental results were used as parameters and boundary conditions in modeling using ANSYS Fluent software. The results showed that the deviation of the modeled temperature from the experimental results was below 1.5%. In addition, the results provided that the higher the power applied to the heater, the greater the Reynolds number value at steady-state, with the difference in value between the highest and lowest power reaching 38.7%. This research contributes to the understanding of the natural circulation system as an efficient heat transfer method and can potentially be used in the design of passive safety systems for generation IV nuclear reactors.

Fatigue Crack Growth Evaluation of Pipeline Steels and Girth Welds

Abstract Fatigue test specimens were prepared and tested with an API 5 L X70 spiral welded pipe steel and girth weld. For a few selected specimens, two unloading compliance techniques (elastic compliance and back-face strain compliance) were applied simultaneously to a single specimen for direct comparisons of in situ crack size estimation. This paper also includes fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) data of other pipe steels and welds available in the literature. It was observed that most FCGR curves of pipeline steels (X65–X100) remained within the BS 7910 mean and upper bound design curves in the Paris region. It was noted that the FCGR of austenitic stainless pipe steel and girth weld obtained from Arora et al. (2014), “Fatigue Crack Growth Studies on Narrow Gap Pipe Welds of Austenitic Stainless Steel Material,” Procedia Eng., 86, pp. 203–208) showed a very superior fatigue property.

Testing of Carbon Steel Pipe and Stainless Steel Duplex Pipes of Welding Joints : A Cost and Time Perspective

In the welding process, it is not uncommon for a defect or discontinuity to occur in the welding results. Common defects on the surface are undercut, concavity, incomplete penetration, spatter, burn-through, and mismatch. While defects in internal welds that are often found during testing are porosity, worm holes, slag inclusions, incomplete fusion, and cracks, To obtain pipeline results that comply with the specifications set by the welding engineer and ASME or ASTM standards, it is necessary to test surface cracks and inside cracks using the non-destructive test (NDT) method, namely the dye penetrant test and radiography test, to determine the results of welding at pipe joints. In addition, it is also necessary to know the time and cost required for each method in the testing process. The results of the radiography test and penetrant test on carbon steel pipe welding joints showed porosity welding defects 1 mm long. Weld defects in duplex stainless steel pipes were not found. Then the results of the total testing time using the radiography test take 18% longer than testing using the penetrant test. Furthermore, the total costs that need to be incurred during the test are found to be 2~3 times more expensive than the cost of the penetrant test.

Improvement of tool calibration in cold pilligrim rolling mill

In the manufacture of cold rolled tubes, the process performance of the rolling mill and the deformed metal is determined by tool calibration. The method of calibration calculation, the method and equipment of its reproduction significantly affect the deformability and quality of pipes, the cost of rolling tools, productivity, and in general the efficiency of cold (warm) rolling of pipes. Tool calibration is the distribution of individual compressions along the length of the working stroke of the rolls, determined by the shape and size of the grooves and the mandrel. The need to improve the calibration of rolling tools is determined by the ever-increasing requirements for pipe production products. In this article, it is proposed to set the function of relative reductions as a product of elementary functions. In the course of the work, the coefficients of the proposed function were determined from the condition of the minimum load on the gauge at the pre-calibration section to ensure the minimum longitudinal difference in the thickness of the pipes. Calibration and forces during rolling of stainless thin-walled pipes of size 95×2 mm by the improved method have been calculated using MS Excel. The force parameters of rolling, calculated using the improved method, are compared with the forces calculated using other well-known calibration calculation methods. It is shown that the proposed technique provides lower values of force on most of the crimping section, which allows reducing longitudinal variation of pipes and increasing durability of calibers. To assess the accuracy of rolled pipes, the calculation of the elastic deformation of the stand was carried out depending on the force in the pre-calibrating section. The calculated value shows that the proposed improved method of tool calibration allows rolling pipes of increased accuracy. The developed procedure involves the use of size 95×2 mm pipes made of 12X18H10T steel for rolling in order to produce from a two-pass scheme to a single-pass scheme while ensuring the required high cost of pipes.

Research on Welding Process of Duplex Stainless Steel S31803

The welding test of duplex stainless steel S31803 pipe was carried out by means of argon tungsten arc welding as backing, hot welding, and manual arc welding as filling and covering. The mechanical properties, microstructure, phase ratio, and corrosion resistance of the welded joint were studied and analyzed through the test method. The results show that the appropriate welding parameters can control the proportion of ferrite and austenite, the mechanical properties, ferrite content, and pitting resistance of welded joints to meet the relevant requirements of the standard, and the established welding process has a good guiding role for the welding of duplex stainless steel in gathering and transmission pipelines.

Calculation of temperature data from an automatic solar heat supply system

<p><span lang="EN-US">This paper calculates the temperature in an automated solar heat supply system. The study used an automatic controller to monitor the temperature data of the entire system. The developed solar heat supply system has a flat solar collector, heat-insulating translucent glass, and double glazing with reduced pressure. The coolant is made of thin-walled corrugated stainless pipe. The heat from the solar flow heats the liquid removed from the collector, and cold water from the siphon enters its place. There is a constant circulation of heat, which increases heat transfer efficiency by eliminating additional partitions between the panel and thermal insulation. The controller has sensors that register using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) STM32, designed to monitor the entire solar system, and the actuators include power relays. During the experiment, it was found that temperature sensors save energy by 2% due to the use of power relays, which has a significant impact on the service life of the equipment.</span></p>

Material selection for raw gas pipeline at SBR#2 gas field

In engineering design, material selection is the process of choosing the best material for a specific process via a systematic material selection approach. This article described the material selection process for SBR#2 pipeline, which will be installed to flow raw gas from SBR#2 field to the nearest tie-in point. The material selection process starts with design requirement analysis to generate primary function and objectives, including its constraints, determine primary criteria to be evaluated, screen materials candidates based on criteria evaluation, and select the most suitable materials based on very specific requirements. The criteria were evaluated by performing value engineering with the performance criteria matrix tool. Materials selection, in this case, was determined by two main criteria: corrosion resistance and construction ability. Corrosion resistance was evaluated semi-quantitatively by applying NORSOK M-506 2005 spreadsheet, and construction ability were evaluated qualitatively based on field experience. Solid Corrosion Resistance Alloy (CRA)-Stainless Steel 316L pipe is the most suitable for this case.

Novel assessment of in-operations mapped stainless steel elbow pipe internal wall for detection of corrosion and scale deposition

Novel assessment of in-operations mapped stainless steel elbow pipe internal wall for detection of corrosion and scale deposition

Improving the Efficiency of Environmental Temperature Control in Homes and Buildings

This research developed an effective environmental temperature control system for homes and buildings. The study used a photovoltaic panel (PV) and developed a solar installation with thermosiphon circulation, which has a flat solar collector and heat-insulating translucent glass with double glazing with reduced pressure. The coolant is made of thin-walled corrugated stainless pipe. The heat from the solar flux heats the liquid removed from the collector, and cold water from the siphon enters its place. There is a constant circulation of heat, which increases heat transfer efficiency by eliminating additional partitions between the panel and thermal insulation. We have also developed a solar system control controller, which includes an electronic unit with six sensors. The six sensors are controlled by the STM32 programmable Logistics Integrated circuit (FPGA), designed to monitor the entire solar system, and the drives include power relays. The performance of the photovoltaic panel and the room’s temperature change are calculated during both the simulation and testing of the controller. The standard error was 20% compared to other controllers. During the experiment, the consumption savings amounted to about 1% due to the control signal in the controller, which has a significant impact on the service life of the equipment.

Study on the Application of the GTAW Process in Strengthening the Welding Quality of Short Duplex Stainless Pipe

This study focuses on the results of the welding process when the Taguchi method is added to the design of experimental welding parameters when creating the welding procedure for gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) by ASME Code for duplex stainless steel (UNS31803). A Vickers hardness tester is employed to collect and convert the tensile strength data for each test piece (weld bead, base material, and heat-affected area). A ferritic rate meter can quickly determine the ferric contents, which affect corrosion resistance and susceptibility to cracking. The test data are entered into the Taguchi technique to analyze the influence of each component on the welding quality. The L9 (34) orthogonal table is used to design the parameters for the experiment. We fixed the same shielding gas and flow rate. Backing gas at root, workpiece clamping angle, heat input, and interlayer temperature are employed as control factors for the four essential variables of the GTAW process. The ideal set of quality analysis and optimization parameters can be found. The welding parameters could be used to improve the welding quality of thin and short duplex stainless steel pipe fittings during argon welding.

Experimental Investigation of Effect of Flow Conditions on Pressure Drop of Two Phase Oil (D130)-Water Flow in Horizontal and Vertical 6-inch Annulus Pipe

The flow of oil-water in pipes commonly occurs in oil and petroleum industries and is a challenging issue. Clear understanding of the frictional pressure drop (FPD) of oil-water flows in pipes is important for determining size of pumps and pipelines in transportation of oils. An experimental investigation has been conducted for measurement of pressure drop of oil Exxsol (D130)-water two-phase flow in 6 inch diameter horizontal and vertical stainless steel annulus pipe at different flow conditions. Two-phase large scale horizontal & vertical flow loop was used to acquire data for different water cuts and fluid mixture (oil-water) flow rates. Experiments were carried out for different water cuts (WC) ranging from 0-100% and for different inclination angles (0° and 90°). The oil-water flow rates were varied from 2,000 to 12,000 barrels-per-day (BPD). Exxsol mineral oil (D130) and potable water have been used as working fluids. In order to simulate field conditions, the range of liquid flow rates used matches the range of actual flow rates in oil wells. The frictional pressure drop (FPD) has been found to decrease initially (for all flow rates) from WC=0% to WC=20%. Further increase in WC, causes FPD to increase from WC=20% to WC=40%. This is due to phase inversion. For a given WC=40%, for increase in BPD from 6,000 to 8,000, increase in FPD is about 34%. The effect of angle has found to be appreciable. For a given flow rate 8,000 BPD & WC=40%, for increase in angle from 0 to 90°, percentage increase in frictional pressure drop is about 26%. The outcomes of the study will be helpful in mitigating multi-phase flow problems in oil and petroleum industries.

Defect type identification of thin-walled stainless steel seamless pipe based on eddy current testing

Aimed at eddy current detection of defects in thin-walled stainless steel seamless pipes, an effective detection method for identifying defect types is proposed. First, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is used to process the collected eddy current signals and obtain the principal intrinsic mode function (IMF) components of different defects. The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is used to extract the frequency-domain features of the principal IMF components, which are combined with the time-domain features to form an effective defect feature vector. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensions of the defect feature vector and the redundant information is removed to obtain the principal component vector of the defect. Finally, two radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are used to identify and classify the defect types and three error evaluation indicators are selected to evaluate the performance of the classification network models.

MODELING OF STEEL ELBOW MANUFACTURING PROCESSES VIA FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION PARAMETERS

With the advancement of today's technologies, parts of pipe and elbow elements, natural gas pipelines, petrochemicals, machinery manufacturing industry, water distribution and flow systems, sewage systems, foundation piles, shipbuilding industry, nurse containers, aviation, space and defense industry, pipe networks, refineries , steel structures, tube and pipe engineering, etc. widely used in areas. In this study, extrusion method, which is one of the cold forming methods of elbow pipes, has been investigated. When the literature is examined, the production conditions of steel pipes and the problems that occur in production have been examined by different people and suggestions have been made. In this study, the production process of AISI 316L (EN 1.4404) quality stainless steel elbow pipes has been investigated. The mold design model created with the Solidworks program was transferred to the non-linear finite element analysis software ANSYS program for simulations. The process was modeled and simulated in the transient structural analysis section of the ANSYS program. In the process of transforming the pipe into an elbow product, we have learned about the stress distributions and obtaining the total deformation changes on the elbow. The parameters of the production process have been optimized by comparing the work done in the simulation and experimental data. In this way, cost-effective production is aimed by minimizing production costs. The data was extracted by simulating the production environment and conditions.