Stages Of Process Research Articles

Multiomics correlation analysis on the mechanism of flavor substance formation during the processing of "Huanong 53″ black tea

A comprehensive investigation was conducted using targeted metabolomics, transcriptomics, and GC-MS techniques to study the dynamic changes in volatile and non-volatile metabolites, as well as gene transcription levels, in five processing stages of 'Huanong 53′ black tea (Camellia sinensis). A total of 2062 metabolites were identified, with flavonoids (428) and amino acids and their derivatives (194) being the main categories. The types and contents of flavor characteristic components of black tea changed most significantly during the withering and fermentation stages. Key elements of tea aroma composition, including linalool, benzeneacetaldehyde, and geraniol were found to correspond significantly with specific transcripts annotated as linalool synthase, aromatic aminotransferase, and geraniol diphosphate synthase, respectively. Throughout processing, a decrease in catechins and concomitant increase in oxidized catechin dimers, such as theaflavin (TF), was positively correlated with down-regulated flavonoid pathway gene expression and up-regulated expression of putative TF biosynthetic genes, including laccases, polyphenol oxidase, and a wide range of peroxidases. This study provides a comprehensive perspective on the changes in metabolites during black tea processing, and contributes to the research on improving black tea quality and the suitability of tea varieties for processing.

Modality-Specific and Amodal Language Processing by Single Neurons.

According to psycholinguistic theories, during language processing, spoken and written words are first encoded along independent phonological and orthographic dimensions, then enter into modality-independent syntactic and semantic codes. Non-invasive brain imaging has isolated several cortical regions putatively associated with those processing stages, but lacks the resolution to identify the corresponding neural codes. Here, we describe the firing responses of over 1000 neurons, and mesoscale field potentials from over 1400 microwires and 1500 iEEG contacts in 21 awake neurosurgical patients with implanted electrodes during written and spoken sentence comprehension. Using forward modeling of temporal receptive fields, we determined which sensory or abstract dimensions are encoded. We observed a double dissociation between superior temporal neurons sensitive to phonemes and phonological features and previously unreported ventral occipito-temporal neurons sensitive to letters and orthographic features. We also discovered novel neurons, primarily located in middle temporal and inferior frontal areas, which are modality-independent and show responsiveness to higher linguistic features. Overall, these findings show how language processing can be linked to neural dynamics, across multiple brain regions at various resolutions and down to the level of single neurons.

Experimental thermal analysis of brake cooling relative to mass flow of air through a ventilated brake disc

Individual component testing is an integral part of vehicle development and can be performed in multiple stages of the product development process. One such component assembly that often requires extensive testing is the brake system. The brake system is crucial for vehicle safety and, thus, needs to be validated from a functional perspective.A test rig setup to accommodate a brake caliper fixture, as well as a funnel housing an anemometer, was purposefully designed and manufactured. This arrangement allows for measuring brake disc performance, surface temperature and quantifying mass airflow through the disc. The results show that the mass flow of air through the disc vanes highly depends on the disc temperature, but can also vary by more than 10 % for discs with the same specifications. Furthermore, the results highlight non-negligible differences in disc cool-down behaviour based on the braking scenario used to heat the disc up.

RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH ON INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR DETECTING DEFECTS IN FLAT ROOFS

Problem Statement. In Ukraine, the most numerous buildings are those constructed between 1960–1990. As of today, half of them require major repairs. According to current Ukrainian regulatory documents, comprehensive inspections of the entire building should be conducted every 10 years, and at least once every 5 years for buildings or separate elements of buildings that operate under adverse conditions, including roofs. During the full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine, the safety and health of workers are of paramount importance. Especially during air raids, when being on the roof is most dangerous—posing a threat to the life and health of specialists inspecting the roof [1]. The issue of preserving life and health is particularly significant during the Covid-19 pandemic. For example, the International Code Council, the main institution for standardizing building systems in the USA, issued recommendations during the Covid-19 pandemic regarding remote inspection of building structures. The authorities of Los Angeles at the municipal level proposed using this method for building structure inspections [2]. Objective. The article aims to analyze the needs and challenges associated with roof inspections in Ukraine, particularly in the Dnipropetrovsk region, in the context of the ongoing full-scale war. It is necessary to determine the overall volume of roofs requiring inspection, the main defects that arise, and the risks that may occur due to the lack of timely inspections. Additionally, the article needs to outline the main stages of the roof inspection process, identify the necessary knowledge and skills required by qualified specialists for comprehensive roof inspections. Conclusions. Analyzing the total number of buildings and the norms determining the frequency of roof inspections, considering all preparation stages and the skills needed by inspection specialists, as well as the conditions of the full-scale war in which our country finds itself today, it can be concluded that the preparation of such specialists is resource-intensive and requires significant investments of time and effort. Unfortunately, according to IMF data, the population of Ukraine is showing a tendency to decrease. According to statistics, in 2022 the population decreased to 35 million, and by 2023 – to 33.2 million. This leads to a decline in the number of sufficiently qualified specialists who will be able to comprehensively engage in roof inspections. The general review of aspects showed the need to introduce innovative solutions and new approaches in the field of comprehensive roof inspections. This particularly concerns the effective detection of roof defects, the preparation of comprehensive reports, and estimates with maximum savings of time, financial, and human resources.

STAGE OF BEGINNING OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS: ACTIONS, DECISIONS, TIMELINES

In the presented publication, in relation to the doctrine of the stages of the administrative process, certain issues related to such elements of the stage of the administrative process as procedural deadlines, decisions and actions that have features in relation to it are disclosed. It is proposed to consider the possibility of conducting a preliminary inspection upon an application and report of an administrative offense, as well as when conducting an accelerated procedure for conducting an administrative process, indicating the procedural time frame for such an inspection. The adoption of a procedural decision to initiate an administrative process in the form of a preliminary inspection is justified. Taking into account the mixed nature of the stage at the beginning of the administrative process, the possibility of including in its content not only administrative-jurisdictional (non-procedural) actions, but also inspection and questioning provided for by administrative procedural legislation is being considered. Recommendations are given to clarify the name of the entity that receives applications and reports of administrative offenses.

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Pharmaceutical microbiology is a specialized discipline within pharmaceutical sciences that looks at microorganisms and their impact on drugs, manufacturing methods, and the environment. Microorganisms, inclusive of microorganisms, fungi, viruses, and parasites, can drastically affect the protection, efficacy, and best of pharmaceutical products.with knowledge of their characteristics, interactions, and management measures is crucial to ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medicinal drugs.the field covers diverse components along with infection manipulation, sterility trying out, microbial identification, antimicrobial efficacy testing, and environmental monitoring. One of the main challenges in pharmaceutical microbiology is stopping microbial infection at some stage in the manufacturing process, as even minimum microbial presence can compromise the quality of drug Product and pose risk to the affected person's health. Sterility testing is an important aspect of pharmaceutical microbiology, making sure that sterile products are loose from feasible microorganisms. additionally, microbial identity strategies are used to locate and become aware of microorganisms in pharmaceutical production environments. Pharmaceutical microbiologists play a vital role in the development and testing of antimicrobial agents including antibiotics and antifungals,in the fight in against to microbial contemination. moreover, environmental tracking programs are carried out to assess and manage microbial infection in production centers, making sure compliance with regulatory standards and guidelines. In conclusion, pharmaceutical microbiology is essential for ensuring the protection, efficacy, and first-rate of pharmaceutical products. by knowledge and handling microbial dangers, pharmaceutical microbiologists assist supply secure medications that help public health globally.

Development of Google Sites-Based Teaching Materials for Mathematics Subjects with Addie Model

The purpose of this development is to produce Google sites-Based Teaching Materials on Mathematics subjects in the form of E-Books. As a learning support medium, this E-Book is equipped with the Google Sites platform which is expected to improve the quality of the learning process where there is an increase in learning motivation in Mathematics subjects and will ultimately improve student learning outcomes. The development model used in the development of interactive learning multimedia is the ADDIE model. The ADDIE model stands for five stages of the development process, namely Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement, & Evaluate. The development process involves subject content experts, learning design experts and learning media experts to provide feedback and input on improvement. In addition, mathematics teachers. The result of this development research is that this Google sites-Based Teaching Material Product has a level of material feasibility, learning design feasibility, and learning media feasibility. Meanwhile, the level of small group trials and field trials with qualifications is very feasible and does not need to be revised.

A genuine need or nice to have? Understanding HTA representatives' perspectives on the use of patient preference data.

The roles and potential value of patient preference (PP) data in health technology assessment (HTA) remain to be fully realized despite an expanding literature and various efforts to establish their utility. This article reports lessons learned through a series of collaborative workshops with HTA representatives, organized by the Health Technology Assessment International's Patient Preferences Project Subcommittee. Five online workshops were conducted between June 2022 and June 2023, seeking to facilitate collaborative learning and reflection on ways that PP data can be integrated into HTA. Participants included nine HTA representatives from the United States, Canada, Australia, England, and the Netherlands. Workshops were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Despite appreciating the value of PP data, participants were ambivalent about their use in HTA. Some felt that they were already getting the information they needed from the cost-effectiveness analysis or existing patient involvement processes. Others thought that PP data would be very helpful at the initial and final stage of the decision-making process and, particularly, in the following cases: (a) when technology has important non-health benefits; (b) when the clinical and/or cost-effectiveness evidence is marginal; and (c) when treatment is indicated for a large and heterogeneous population. Issues related to the validity and reliability of PP studies were frequently raised, with preference heterogeneity at the core of these concerns. Collaborating with HTA representatives in the "co-creation" of PP research can help address their concerns and facilitate mutual learning about how PP data can be used in HTA.

Capturing Psuedo-Innovation in ELT: The Analysis of implementing Differentiated Learning to suburban Private Madrasahs

The implementation of differentiated learning in private madrasahs raises a big question mark regarding the suitability between theory and practice in the field. The principle of differentiated learning, which is claimed to accommodate diversity, turns out to be far different when implemented, especially in private madrasahs that are transitioning from the previous curriculum. The main purpose of this research is to explore the illusory construction of innovation in differentiated English learning that results in pseudo-innovation. The approach used is a qualitative approach with the type of ethnography. The research was conducted in 4 private madrasahs in the suburbs of Sampit city. The research subjects were English teachers who implemented differentiated learning in the four madrasas. The stage analysis process was assisted by the theory of innovation-decision process by Everett Rogers. The results of this study show that (1) the illusion of innovation in differentiated English learning occurs because the stages of the innovation diffusion decision process cause anomalies in the process. (2) Madrasahs are forced to follow the decision of the Ministry of Religious Affairs which requires the implementation of an independent curriculum including differentiated learning which results in madrasahs being trapped in pseudo-innovation. (3) Madrasahs are registered as institutions that implement differentiated learning. However, in practice, madrasahs still adopt old learning and ignore innovations because they are not considered to be following the characteristics of the madrasah itself. (4) this research implies that it will be an evaluation material for the Ministry of Religious Affairs to pay more attention to private madrasahs in implementing differentiated learning. (5) Confirming pseudo-innovation

Packaging "vegetable oils": Insights into plant lipid droplet proteins.

Plant neutral lipids, also known as "vegetable oils", are synthesized within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and packaged into subcellular compartments called lipid droplets (LDs) for stable storage in the cytoplasm. The biogenesis, modulation, and degradation of cytoplasmic LDs in plant cells are orchestrated by a variety of proteins localized to the ER, LDs, and peroxisomes. Recent studies of these LD-related proteins have greatly advanced our understanding of LDs not only as steady oil depots in seeds but also as dynamic cell organelles involved in numerous physiological processes in different tissues and developmental stages of plants. In the past 2 decades, technology advances in proteomics, transcriptomics, genome sequencing, cellular imaging and protein structural modeling have markedly expanded the inventory of LD-related proteins, provided unprecedented structural and functional insights into the protein machinery modulating LDs in plant cells, and shed new light on the functions of LDs in nonseed plant tissues as well as in unicellular algae. Here, we review critical advances in revealing new LD proteins in various plant tissues, point out structural and mechanistic insights into key proteins in LD biogenesis and dynamic modulation, and discuss future perspectives on bridging our knowledge gaps in plant LD biology.

Efisiensi Penggunaan CBC Calculator sebagai Alat Bantu Pengukuran Produktivitas Metode Crew Balance Chart

Work productivity in construction project operations is often measured using non-scientific methods due to the relatively short time required. Productivity is typically calculated based on daily production output, which is measured in the afternoon. One scientific method for measuring productivity is the Crew Balance Chart (CBC). This study aims to evaluate the efficiency that can be achieved through an Android-based application specifically designed to streamline data processing and reduce measurement time. The method used is a comparative analysis of productivity measurement duration by comparing standard CBC methods with the tools, using a tower crane operation as a case study. The findings reveal an efficiency increase of 142.1%. The use of the Android-based application reduced measurement duration by 1,11 hours, from 3,76 hours to 2,64 hours. It is important to note that the application assists only in the data processing stage, while data collection and analysis continue to follow standard CBC procedures.

Study on Cavitation Erosion Mechanism of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Polymer materials possess low density, high strength, corrosion resistance, and excellent cavitation erosion resistance. As a result, they are widely used in marine, water conservancy, and other engineering equipment as replacements for metal materials. However, polymer friction pairs working in a water environment for an extended period are easily damaged by cavitation erosion. In this work, the cavitation behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in deionized water and seawater is investigated through experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results indicate that the cavitation erosion resistance of UHMWPE is significantly better than that of PTFE, and the UHMWPE has four cavitation process stages, while the PTFE has only three cavitation stages. 316 L counterparts in the seawater corrosion and cavitation coupling effect of a large number of metal particles off and wash polymer material surface, so that the cavitation erosion of PTFE and UHMWPE is more serious in seawater environment. CFD simulation demonstrates that the cavitation erosion zone under the radiator shows a semicircular distribution. Meanwhile, the formation of ring-shaped cavitation pit is related to the distribution of bubbles on the surface of the radiator. The cavitation rate of PTFE and UHMWPE is slowed down by the “water cushion effect.”

Similarity in feature space dictates the efficiency of attentional selection during ensemble processing.

Humans can rapidly and accurately extract statistical information about features of the visual environment, an ability referred to as ensemble perception.However, little is known about how ensemble estimates are affected when task-irrelevant and distracting feature information is present. Here, we tested how effectively feature-based attention-when tuned to a specific color-can select a single item set out of two intermixed ensembles of colored lines. Participants were instructed to report the average orientation of a target-colored item set, while ignoring a second differently colored set. To assess how representational overlap between the two sets impacts color-based selection, we systematically varied the orientation similarity between the relevant and irrelevant items. Our results showed that participants' orientation reports were reliably biased towards the irrelevant items, but interestingly, these biases were only observed when the item sets overlapped in orientation space. In a second experiment, using a visual mask to disrupt access to color information at different time points, we found that these biases were stronger when less time was available to process the stimuli. Together, these results suggest that ensemble representations are rapidly formed based on all available information in the relevant feature dimension, regardless of task relevance, and that selective attention weights and separates these ensemble representations at a relatively later processing stage. This selection appears highly effective when the underlying population activity generated by the two sets is separable along the to-be-estimated feature dimension, but is dampened when relevant and irrelevant ensemble representations overlap in feature space.

A study on the difficulties of practicing reverse logistics by an association of waste pickers in the city of Manaus

Sustainability has been a growing concern worldwide, with reverse logistics being its most relevant ally. This study aimed to analyze the difficulties encountered in the practice of reverse logistics by an association of solid waste collectors operating in the city of Manaus. It used the survey method, whose data was collected from interviews and observations, analyzed using the content analysis technique, and presented through photographs. The results showed five stages of the reverse logistics process: reception, sorting, separation, and mixing of the material and pressing of the raw material produced, as well as the difficulties encountered in all phases of reverse logistics (internally and externally). The conclusion shows that the difficulties can be summarized in the lack of personal protective equipment, machines, and equipment for handling the material and storage of the collected material and the lack of vehicles for transporting and moving the waste internally and externally and the finished product to the association's customers.

Salinization and salt expansion mechanism of soda residue soil at subgrade

The solid waste soda residue (SR) exhibits a high content of soluble salts, and the liquid phase soluble salts in soda residue soil (SRS) undergo phase transition crystallization during cooling process, leading to subgrade salt expansion and deformation damage. In order to explore the salt mechanisms of SRS, this paper systematically analyzes the impact of SR content on the salinization and salt expansion characteristics of SRS using soluble salt tests and salt expansion experiments. Combined with X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and low-temperature frost shrink tests, the study analyzed the salt expansion process of SRS. The results indicate that under different SR content, SRS is classified as chloride saline soil. The SRS is categorized into weak saline soil, moderate saline soil, strong saline soil, and over-saline soil with different soda residue dosage. During cooling from 20°C to −25°C, all SRS groups exhibit initial salt expansion followed by frost shrink deformation characteristics. As the SR content increases within the 0 % – 40 % range, the temperature range for severe salt expansion gradually decreases from 5°C to −15°C. At 25 % SR content, SRS exhibits the most severe salt expansion, while excessively high SR content inhibits the crystallization of sulfate salt phase transitions. The study identifies three stages in the salt expansion process of SRS: promotion stage, severe stage, and inhibition stage. The research findings provide valuable insights for the prevention of salt expansion in SRS and the widespread utilization of SR in road applications.

A multidimensional approach to knowledge coproduction in glaciology

Abstract This work presents a reflection on the meaning and significance of knowledge coproduction in the field of glaciology. We start by invoking the paradigm of Structure–Form–Environment Interplay (SFEI) to formulate a generalised definition of glaciology, which highlights the relevance of knowledge coproduction. The adoption of a relational view of glaciological knowledge leads us to identify five core dimensions of knowledge coproduction: purpose, ethics, ambiguity, inclusion/exclusion, and relationships. Based on those dimensions, we delve into the decisive methodological aspects of the coproduction process, namely the definition of its purpose, the identification of participants, the organisation of the process, the recognition of ambiguity in Ways of Knowing (WoKs), and the consideration of ethical implications. In addition to the already known three stages of knowledge coproduction process (codesign, codevelopment, and codelivery), we propose the inclusion of an additional preparation stage, which entails the acknowledgment of the identity and involvement of all human and nonhuman participants, their positionality, and means to ensure their cultural and ontological safety. We reason that knowledge coproduction does not replace the scientific method, but rather complements it, eliciting the possibility to unveil deeper insights that might be difficult to attain through unilateral means.

Exploring the cognitive underpinnings of early hominin stone tool use through an experimental EEG approach.

Technological innovation has been crucial in the evolution of our lineage, with tool use and production linked to complex cognitive processes. While previous research has examined the cognitive demands of early stone toolmaking, the neurocognitive aspects of early hominin tool use remain largely underexplored. This study relies on electroencephalography to investigate brain activation patterns associated with two distinct early hominin tool-using behaviors: forceful hammerstone percussion, practiced by both humans and non-human primates and linked to the earliest proposed stone tool industries, and precise flake cutting, an exclusive hominin behavior typically associated with the Oldowan. Our results show increased engagement of the frontoparietal regions during both tasks. Furthermore, we observed significantly increased beta power in the frontal and centroparietal areas when manipulating a cutting flake compared to a hammerstone, and increased beta activity over contralateral frontal areas during the aiming (planning) stage of the tool-using process. This original empirical evidence suggests that certain fundamental brain changes during early hominin evolution may be linked to precise stone tool use. These results offer new insights into the complex interplay between technology and human brain evolution and encourage further research on the neurocognitive underpinnings of hominin tool use.

High-density recording reveals sparse clusters (but not columns) for shape and texture encoding in macaque V4.

Macaque area V4 includes neurons that exhibit exquisite selectivity for visual form and surface texture, but their functional organization across laminae is unknown. We used high-density Neuropixels probes in two awake monkeys (one female and one male) to characterize shape and texture tuning of dozens of neurons simultaneously across layers. We found sporadic clusters of neurons that exhibit similar tuning for shape and texture: ∼20% exhibited similar tuning with their neighbors. Importantly, these clusters were confined to a few layers, seldom 'columnar' in structure. This was the case even when neurons were strongly driven, and exhibited robust contrast invariance for shape and texture tuning. We conclude that functional organization in area V4 is not columnar for shape and texture stimulus features and in general organization maybe at a coarser stimulus category scale (e.g. selectivity for stimuli with vs without 3D cues), and a coarser spatial scale (assessed by optical imaging), rather than at a fine scale in terms of similarity in single neuron tuning for specific features. We speculate that this may be a direct consequence of the great diversity of inputs integrated by V4 neurons to build variegated tuning manifolds in a high-dimensional space.Significance Statement In the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey, studies have demonstrated columnar functional organization, i.e. shared tuning across layers for stimulus orientation, spatial frequency, ocular dominance, etc. In mid and higher level visual form processing stages, where neurons exhibit high-dimensional tuning, functional organization has been harder to evaluate. Here, leveraging the use of the high-density Neuropixels probes to record simultaneously from dozens of neurons across cortical layers, we demonstrate that functional organization is not columnar for shape and texture tuning in area V4, a midlevel stage critical for form processing. Our results contribute to the debate about the functional significance of cortical columns providing support to the idea that they emerge due to one-to-many representational expansion.

ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR DISTANCE ESTIMATION TO AN OBJECT FROM A SINGLE VIDEO CAMERA IMAGE USING NEURAL NETWORKS

This paper discusses about any approaches to determining the distance to an object based on an image generated by a monocular video camera, which use artificial neural networks at various stages of processing. Method based on finding a depth map, detecting an object, and then projecting its coordinates onto the depth map is analyzed. It describes a method that uses the relationship between the real size of an object and its size in the image. It considers a method based on a modification of the YOLO, which allows expanding the resulting descriptor with an additional vector characterizing the distance to the object. Data sets used to train neural networks used in algorithms for calculating the absolute distance to an object based on an image is analyzed. The paper discusses about the effectiveness of the methods considered, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the prospects for using them for practical solutions.

Driving Forces and Enablers for Universal Design in Urban Planning.

The built environment is still, to a large extent, not accessible and usable for all. The awareness of people's different conditions and abilities sometimes seems to be far from the agenda for planning and architecture. Universal Desing (UD) is pointed out as a strategy to achieve a built environment for all people regardless of age and abilities. UD has a radical potential to bring about change and raise attention to spatial practises that produce or reproduce exclusion and inequalities. But it is also challenging the contemporary planning discourse and several of the actual strong planning trends. Densification, mixed-use and mobility management are some of these trends that needs to be met by an elaborated practice with human diversity as a starting point. Curiosity about what universal design can mean in practice is growing among many professionals. Lack of accessibility is easy to trace, while the good examples blend naturally into the environment and are often taken for granted. It is the good examples that are decisive to achieve social goals such as equality, participation and a sustainable society. There is a need to highlight and discuss the driving forces and enablers for a UD-approach, in the different stages of processes, in the design of buildings and places and applied to different spatial scales. This paper will highlight some of these driving forces and enablers related to UD, for an in-depth discussion on the conditions to realise urban development characterised by human diversity.