Stages Of Purification Research Articles

The hypogea of the churches of Naples: Burials and cult of the dead

An interesting mortuary practice widespread in Naples until the second half of the nineteenth century was the one housed in the hypogea located under the floor of churches and convents. These funerary crypts were structured according to two organizational models based on the double burial system: the terresante and the scolatoi, both of which aimed at favouring the decomposition of the corpses and reaching the state of a skeleton. According to the established procedures, once skeletonization was accomplished, the skulls were usually displayed on a cornice running along the walls of the hypogeum, while non-cranial bones were placed in a common ossuary. The foundation of the ritual was the idea of death perceived not as a sudden event but as a long-lasting process, during which the deceased went through a transitional phase, gradually passing from the earthly state to the hereafter. Indeed, the ultimate purpose of these funerary rituals was the liberation of the bones from the earthly element of the flesh, an indispensable condition to allow the definitive passage of the soul into the afterlife. This process also had to been exhibited, and, therefore, in these hypogea the decomposition of the corpse was displayed to visitors. Through the corpse’s progressive decomposition, the ritual was intended to visually symbolize the various stages of purification faced by the soul on its path towards the kingdom of the dead, a destination considered reached only when the skeletonization was complete, and the definitive burial carried out. This article briefly reviews the structural organization of these underground sepulchral chambers, the funerary practices held within and the worships which took root and developed within them.

Investigation of the sulfur enrichment mechanism on the catalyst in the FCC process of waste tire pyrolytic oil

The high sulfur content of polymer solid waste (like waste tires) pyrolytic oil limits its application as feedstock in fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC), while there are fewer studies on the effect of sulfur on catalysts. To explore the mechanisms of sulfur enrichment on the catalyst, the distribution characteristics of sulfur in the spent catalysts were investigated and the conversion behavior of sulfur during the FCC process of the waste tire pyrolytic oil was analyzed. The results showed that the species of sulfur in the catalyst before and after the FCC process could be well distinguished by using combined physicochemical analysis method. Sulfur mainly existed in the form of sulfates in the spent catalysts and part of the sulfur was confirmed to be bound to the catalysts matrix. The enrichment of sulfur in the catalysts was probably due to the direct and indirect migration of sulfur compounds in waste tire pyrolytic oil in the catalytic cracking stage, rather than SO2 adsorption on the catalyst in the flue gas purification stage. Furthermore, it was suggested that the sulfur-containing compounds reacted with the oxygen-containing functional groups to form sulfones and/or sulfates on the surface of the catalysts. These findings contribute to the clean utilization of solid waste and to a better understanding of the catalyst deactivation mechanism in the FCC processes.

P‐10.3: Design of Driving Waveform Based on a Damping Oscillation for Optimizing Red Saturation in Three‐Color Electrophoretic Displays

The three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) technology has filled the gap in the color demand in the electrophoretic displays. However, there are problems of dim brightness and insufficient color saturation. In this paper, a driving waveform based on a damping oscillation is proposed to optimize the red saturation in three-color EPDs. The optimized driving waveform is composed of an erasing stage, a particles activation stage, a red electrophoretic particles purification stage, and a red display stage. Correspondingly, the driving duration is set to 360 ms, 880 ms, 400 ms, and 2400 ms, respectively. And the red electrophoretic particles purification stage is a damping oscillation driving waveform. The red and black electrophoretic particles are separated by changing the magnitude and polarity of the applied electric field so that the red electrophoretic particles are purified. The experimental result shows that the maximum red saturation could reach 0.583, which is increased by 27.57% compared with the traditional driving waveform.

Supervisory system for automated simulated moving bed (SMB) liquid chromatography (LC)

Praziquantel (PZQ) is a racemic mixture prescribed for Schistosomiasis disease treatment. However, only the enantiomer (R)-PZQ presents demonstrated efficiency against infirmity; the (S)-PZQ causes sickness and vomiting due to its bitter taste. The simulated moving bed chromatography system (SMB) is a well-established separation process applied in many branches of the chemical industry from drug purification stages to food processing systems. In order to implement and operate an SMB for the PZQ separation, allowing the production of medication with proven efficiency and without side effects, a LabVIEW supervisory system was developed. The automated software remotely controlled all equipment in the operational unit, such as automatic pumps, multi-position valves for flow rate alignments, and a chiral detector. Two experiments were conducted to characterize the system’s operational properties and efficiency. The first set of results demonstrated that the data acquisition programming retrieved information constantly, evidencing a direct correlation between the internal liquid pressure and the valve system position, with mean pressure values of approximately 50 bar. The second set of results demonstrated the SMB efficiency, with the raffinate stream producing (R)-PZQ of 100% purity.

Optimization of the primary purification process of extracting sphorolipid from the fermentation broth to achieve a higher yield and purity

Abstract Sophorolipid (SL) is a surface-active glycolipid biosurfactant with promising industrial applications. It is synthesised by fermentation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates using selected non-pathogenic yeasts. However, its applications are limited by high production costs and ineffective product recovery in downstream purification stages. Natural sophorolipids are produced in six to nine different hydrophobic sophorosides, where the carboxyl end of the fatty acid is either free, which is known as the acidic or open form, or it can be esterified internally to produce the lactonic form. The present study deals with the screening and selection of suitable solvents for the extraction of acidic and lactonic SL from fermentation broth. The optimisation study involves exhaustive extraction with the six different immiscible solvents ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methylene dichloride, methyl tert.-butyl ether, methyl iso-butyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone. The partition coefficient (Kd), which is the ratio of the solute concentration in the organic layer compared to the aqueous layer, determines the performance measurement of the extraction process in terms of yield and purity of the desired solute. The factors that influence exhaustive extraction were the broth to solvent ratio and the extraction stages. The optimal extraction conditions for the highest possible yield were a broth to solvent ratio of 1:1 and a number of extraction steps of 2. Methylene dichloride showed better results in terms of yield and selectivity in the extraction of acidic and lactonic SL from the fermentation broth compared to the other solvents investigated. For lactonic SL, the highest Kd value determined was 36.6 and for acidic SL the highest Kd value was 1.14.

Pendekatan Mistisisme Dalam Pengkajian Islam

Mysticism as an approach tries to see Islam from the side of the spiritual experience of a salik. The spiritual experience is in the form of encounters and revelations experienced by a creature towards the Creator. To reach this station, a seeker must first neglect several stages of purification of the soul (tazkiyatun nafs). These stages have been formulated by influential figures in the development of Sufism. The method used is qualitative with a library research approach, examining related references. As a result, the history of the development of mysticism can be divided into several periods, namely: the period in the first and second centuries, the third and fourth centuries, the fifth century, the sixth century, the seventh century, the eighth century, and the ninth century. and X and thereafter. Second, maqamat in Sufism include: al-taubah, al-zuhud, al-shabr, al-faraq, al-tawadlu, al-taqwa, al-tawakkal, al-ridla, al-ma-habbah, and al-marif, mahabbah, ma'rifat, fana' and baqa', ittihad. And unity (ittihad) can take the form of al-hulul or wahdat al-Manifestation. The three influential figures in the development of Sufism include Hasan Al-Bashri, Junaid Al-Baghdadi, Rabiatul Adawiyah, Al-Ghazali, Muhyidin Ibn Arabi, Husain bin Mansur Al-Hallaj, and so on.

Distribution of niobium and vanadium in titanium tetrachloride production middlings

This paper describes the results of a study that looked at the distribution of niobium and vanadium at different stages of titanium slag and titanium tetrachloride production. The former is produced by smelting while the production of the latter is based on chlorination of titanium feedstock in molten alkali metal salts. Titanium feedstock was subjected to reduction smelting at 1.400–1.600 oC in the presence of carbonaceous reducing material. In this case, an AM grade of anthracite was used as such material. The resulting titanium slag was ground and dried and then it was subjected to chlorination at 700–820 oC in molten alkali metal salts in the presence of ground anthracite as the carbonaceous reducing material. The findings indicate that 99.9% of niobium and 84.9% of vanadium convert to the titanium slag produced through the smelting of ilmenite concentrate. The following distribution of niobium in the middlings can be observed at the following stage when the slag is chlorinated in molten salts to obtain titanium tetrachloride: 37% goes to the chlorinator tailings, 3% gets trapped in the dust chamber as part of chloride fumes, 1.8% gets settled in the melt of the settling chamber with a salt bath, and 58.2% gets accumulated as a solid deposit of titanium tetrachloride slurry at the first condensation stage. Out of the total amount of vanadium that is fed into the chlorinator with titanium feedstock, 13.9% goes to the tailings while 78.4% gets recovered as commercial titanium tetrachloride. During the following purification stage, 0.33% of vanadium remains in the purified titanium tetrachloride while the rest of it goes into the waste bottoms.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM FOR BASIC INDUSTRIES IN THE FOOD AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

In the development of an intelligent control system for basic industries in the food and chemical industries, it is necessary to build an integrated and robotic control system that allows you to effectively optimize, computerize the food industry and convert food products into a pure ecological product. The main task of managing such an intelligent system is artificial intelligence that can significantly improve packaging, increase shelf life, combine the cycle using algorithms and improve food safety by making a more transparent control system. The novelty of the article lies in the development of an intelligent process control system based on a mathematical and integrated model that allows calculating temperature, humidity, the amount of pesticides and weeding out a poor-quality primary product at the stage of purification and drying due to the intelligent NGS system. The experiments were conducted on TIA Portal V14 software on a stand in the lab. The drying and filtration process of the intelligent system was also implemented on a stand in a laboratory chamber that could measure temperature and relative humidity. Measurement of the temperature inside the product and the change in humidity after filtration were recorded during the experiment.

Pilot Scale for Production and Purification of Lactic Acid from Ceratonia siliqua L. (Carob) Bagasse

The bioconversion of lignocellulose and organic waste bagasse to lactic acid (LA) is an important alternative process requiring valorization as a potentially viable method in the production of pure LA, to be utilized for various purposes. Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) biomass was used for the production of LA, using a thermophilic Bacillus coagulans isolate, cultivated in a batch pilot scale of 35 L fermenters without yeast extract supplementation, and operated for 50 h. During the fermentation process, most of the degradable sugar was consumed within 35 h and resulted in the production of 46.9 g/L LA, with a calculated LA yield of 0.72 g/g sugars and productivity at the log phase of 1.69 g/L/h. The use of LA for different industrial applications requires high purity; therefore, a downstream process (DSP) consisting of different purification stages was used, enabling us to reach up to 99.9% (w/w) product purity, which indicates that the process was very effective. The overall almost pure L-LA yield of the DSP was 56%, which indicates that a considerable amount of LA (46%) was lost during the different DSP stages. This is the first study in which carob biomass bagasse has been tested on a pilot scale for LA production, showing the industrial feasibility of the fermentation process.

Direct recovery of Zn from wasted alkaline batteries through selective anode's separation

In the present study, a leaner process for recovering zinc from spent alkaline batteries is studied at a laboratory scale. Such process is part of a diagram, under development, that aims at maximizing the value of all the battery components while reducing the costs of treatment and the environmental footprint involved in recycling this waste. It starts by a physical and selective pre-treatment stage that separates the anode from the remaining components followed by neutral leaching (three washing cycles at room temperature, S/L ratio of 1/5 (w/v), magnetic stirring for 15 min and settling during 45 min), acid leaching of the washed solid (4 mol/L of sulphuric acid, S/L ratio of 1/3 (w/v), 120 min at room temperature under magnetic stirring) and, finally, electrowinning of zinc from the pregnant leach solution (100 mA/cm2, 120 min under slow magnetic stirring). By leaching the anode alone, it is possible to obtain a solution rich in zinc (86 g/L), with very low concentration of other metals (<0.08 g/L). Such solution was adequate for zinc electrowinning, allowing an average recovery rate of 58%, without applying any purification stages, at the same time regenerating sulphuric acid for its recirculation. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that a more specific physical pre-treatment stage is highly desirable to recycle spent alkaline batteries in order to reduce the number of stages involved and the overall complexity, thus, reducing the costs involved and the potential environmental impacts, while maintaining high recovery rates of zinc.

Floating Islands Supported by LED Lighting: an Ecological Solution of Nutrients Removal from Municipal Wastewater?

The aim of the study was to evaluate removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds by floating islands with macrophytes and influence of LED lights imitating the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on that effectiveness. Improving removal efficiency is crucial, thanks to ever-tightening legal requirements. Main reason for that is growing problem of eutrophication phenomenon. Nowadays, this problem is visible not only in lakes and ponds but also in water courses and coastal water. Study was conducted during time of 15 weeks. In that time, listed parameters were tested: pH, conductivity, total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and phosphates. Each tank was filled with same amount of biologically treated wastewater; ambient temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations were kept in same range for the time of experiment. Average concentrations of main pollutants in tanks with LED lighting have reached: conductivity, 936 μS/cm; TN, 8.55 mg/dm3; P-PO4, 0.74 mg/dm3; TP, 2.57 mg/dm3. In case of no LED lighting, concentrations of main pollutants have reached: conductivity, 949 μS/cm; TN, 12.85 mg/dm3; P-PO4, 1.28 mg/dm3; TP, 2.54 mg/dm3. Based on observations and analyses, it can be concluded that the use of LED lighting imitating PAR radiation has positive effect on removal efficiency of total nitrogen and phosphates. Data suggests optimal time for treatment with floating islands as 13 weeks, extending that time to 15 weeks leads to degradation of treated wastewater quality instead improving it.Highlights• Floating islands supported with LED lighting are an alternative solution for nutrients removal.• LED light intensifies nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater.• The use of macrophytes in third stage of wastewater purification may result in increased nutrient removal efficiency.

The Potentials of Isolated Hexadecanoic Acid of Hydroid Aglaophenia cupressina Lamoureoux as an Antifungal Compound on the Rotten Strawberries Fragaria x ananassa Dutch. and Mango Mangifera indica L

Overcoming microbial contaminants in fresh fruits is not merely by recognizing the level of contamination. Still, it requires another effort, such as applying a compound of natural and effective ingredients proven effective in reducing microbial contaminants and safe for health. The hexadecanoic acid used in this study was isolated from the tropical marine hydroids Aglaophenia cupressina Lamoureux. This study aimed to analyze the ability of bioactive compounds acid from the hydroid Aglaophenia cupressina Lamoureoux to inhibit the growth of fungi that cause rotten strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Dutch and mango Mangifera indica. Hexadecanoic acid was obtained by isolating it from the hydroid Aglaophenia cupressina Lamoureoux through the maceration, fractionation, and purification stages. Isolating fungi was done by using the PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium to characterize macroscopically and microscopically and to test the inhibition using the diffusion method, which was incubated for 48 hours and 72 hours at the hexadecanoic acid concentrations of 15 ppm, 30 ppm, and 45 ppm. The results showed the hexadecanoic acid concentration of 45 ppm in the 72-hour incubation could inhibit the growth of two fungal isolates on strawberries, Fragaria x ananassa Dutch, i.e., Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer, for successive concentration, 24.00 mm and 22.75 mm. Meanwhile, the growth of Aspergillus niger, fungi from mangoes, could be inhibited by the hexadecanoic acid by 14.75 mm, 18.25 mm, and 23.50 mm, respectively, for the concentration of 15 ppm, 30 ppm, and 45 ppm with the 72-hour incubation.

Experimental investigation on the poisoning characteristics of methane as impurity in La0.9Ce0.1Ni5 based hydrogen storage and purification system

In the present work, poisoning effect of CH4 as gaseous impurities in La0.9Ce0.1Ni5 based “Metal Hydride Hydrogen Purification System (MHHPS)” was investigated by varying the impurity level between 10% and 50% by weight, in the H2 gas mixture and by performing cyclic test with 10% impurity. Prototype reactor with 6 embedded cooling tube (ECT) was fabricated and filled with 1.2 kg of La0.9Ce0.1Ni5 for purification study. The experimentation comprises of three steps i.e. absorption, flushing and desorption of gas mixture. The gas samples from each purification stages were analysed using Gas Chromatograph (GC). The system delivered 99.9995% pure hydrogen for 10–20% impure gas mixture. While, for higher impurity level, the purity level of desorbed hydrogen was in the range of 95.9%–99.6%. According to the cyclic study, the amount of hydrogen absorbed was decreased in the range of 0.6 wt% to 0.9 wt% for 50%–90% hydrogen content. For pure hydrogen, the absorption capacity was 1.2 wt%, for absorption condition of 20 °C and 10 bar. The regeneration of the poisoned “Metal Hydride (MH)” bed was performed in two regeneration cycles. The bed poisoning can be decreased significantly, if the desorption temperature is maintained above 90 °C.

Effect of Shear on Structural Organization of Various Recombinant Spidroins

AbstractTo follow the structural reorganization of spidroin during its spinning, the rheological behavior of low‐concentration solution of recombinant spidroins rS1/9 and rS2/12 is studied on different stages of separation, purification, and lyophilization. It is shown that spidroin solutions with concentration of 1 mg mL−1 appear to be structured liquids with yield stress around value 0.2 Pa. Distribution of hydrodynamic radii of spidroins reveals two peaks due to presence of single particles and aggregates both. Their ability for spidroin transformation from micellar to fibrillar structure under shear stress is demonstrated. Studying rheological behavior of recombinant spidroin solutions and their supramolecular organization is necessary to select the optimal spinning parameters to produce fibrous materials with required physicochemical properties.

Modernization of inertial-vacuum ash collector

Various variations of reducing the aerodynamic resistance of devices with a complex configuration of the flow path are considered. About 50% of power plants in the Russian Federation operate on coal, while two-stage cleaning is used in the ash collection process. Modern coarse ash collectors can achieve an efficiency of 55 – 80%, depending on the period of their work. It is advisable to reduce the number of purification stages by upgrading with the use of modern cleaning devices, which allow achieving high efficiency in cleaning a dusty flow and less subjecting this treatment complex to repair work. The inertial-vacuum ash collector (IVAC) provides trapping of a wide range of studied particles (1 – 100 microns) with an efficiency of up to 99%. This device was tested at the combined heat and power plant of the city of Omsk, and in addition to high efficiency, increased aerodynamic resistance was established. The aim of this work was to achieve an aerodynamic resistance of 660 Pa (resistance of the cyclone apparatus, so that the apparatus can be used as the first, and consequently as two stages of cleaning) while maintaining the efficiency of the apparatus. To achieve this goal, the IVAC uses the method of perforating holes along the divider for the subsequent decrease in speed in the confuser channel and a general decrease in resistance on the device. Perforation is carried out at three different heights, the distance between which is 1 meter. The study used the analysis of a numerical experiment in ANSYS CFX using a k-ε mathematical model (mass ash content 70 g/kg; One-way Coupling). Recommendations for further prospects for the study of the IVAC are proposed.

A polynomial-time approximation to a minimum dominating set in a graph

A dominating set of a graph G=(V,E) is a subset of vertices S⊆V such that every vertex v∈V∖S has at least one neighbor in S. Finding a dominating set with the minimum cardinality in a connected graph G=(V,E) is known to be NP-hard. A polynomial-time approximation algorithm for this problem, described here, works in two stages. At the first stage a dominant set is generated by a greedy algorithm, and at the second stage this dominating set is purified (reduced). The reduction is achieved by the analysis of the flowchart of the algorithm of the first stage and a special kind of clustering of the dominating set generated at the first stage. The clustering of the dominating set naturally leads to a special kind of a spanning forest of graph G, which serves as a basis for the second purification stage. We expose some types of graphs for which the algorithm of the first stage already delivers an optimal solution and derive sufficient conditions when the overall algorithm constructs an optimal solution. We give three alternative approximation ratios for the algorithm of the first stage, two of which are expressed in terms of solely invariant problem instance parameters, and we also give one additional approximation ratio for the overall two-stage algorithm. The greedy algorithm of the first stage turned out to be essentially the same as the earlier known state-of-the-art algorithms for the set cover and dominating set problem Chvátal [6] and Parekh [31]. The second purification stage results in a significant reduction of the dominant set created at the first stage, in practice. The practical behavior of both stages was verified for randomly generated problem instances. The computational experiments emphasize the gap between a solution of Stage 1 and a solution of Stage 2.

Evaluating Antivenom Efficacy against Echis carinatus Venoms-Screening for In Vitro Alternatives.

In India, polyvalent antivenom is the mainstay treatment for snakebite envenoming. Due to batch-to-batch variation in antivenom production, manufacturers have to estimate its efficacy at each stage of IgG purification using the median effective dose which involves 100–120 mice for each batch. There is an urgent need to replace the excessive use of animals in snake antivenom production using in vitro alternatives. We tested the efficacy of a single batch of polyvalent antivenom from VINS bioproducts limited on Echis carinatus venom collected from three different locations—Tamil Nadu (ECVTN), Goa (ECVGO) and Rajasthan (ECVRAJ)—using different in vitro assays. Firstly, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) was used to quantify antivenom–venom complexes to assess the binding efficiency of the antivenom. Secondly, clotting, proteolytic and PLA2 activity assays were performed to quantify the ability of the antivenom to neutralize venom effects. The use of both binding and functional assays allowed us to measure the efficacy of the antivenom, as they represent multiple impacts of snake envenomation. The response from the assays was recorded for different antivenom–venom ratios and the dose–response curves were plotted. Based on the parameters that explained the curves, the efficacy scores (ES) of antivenom were computed. The binding assay revealed that ECVTN had more antivenom–venom complexes formed compared to the other venoms. The capacity of antivenom to neutralize proteolytic and PLA2 effects was lowest against ECVRAJ. The mean efficacy score of antivenom against ECVTN was the greatest, which was expected, as ECVTN is mainly used by antivenom manufacturers. These findings pave a way for the development of in vitro alternatives in antivenom efficacy assessment.

The purity of SnCl4 as monitored by 35Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance

The nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy was used to control the comparative purity of three SnCl4 samples subjected to successive stages of deep purification. The results showed that at 77 K the samples were identical in purity degree due to the ‘freezing’ of impurities into a separate fraction not affecting the perfection of the SnCl4 crystal lattice. The results of relaxation measurements suggest that paramagnetic impurity atoms (Fe and Cr) contained in the samples in small amounts might be embedded into the crystal lattice causing extremely long spin–spin relaxation time.

Pemisahan Butanol dari Campuran ABE Menggunakan Software Aspen Plus: Pengaruh Refluks Rasio terhadap Kandungan Butanol

Production of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) through the fermentation process is one alternative that needs to be developed. Less economical in the ABE fermentation process is the difficulty of the separation process from the fermentation product and the by-products of the reaction. Among the separation process methods, such as extraction, distillation, adsorption, and gas stripping, the distillation method is still the most widely used method in the ABE separation process. The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations for predicting good ABE separation and producing optimum operating conditions to produce high % butanol content. Which is then simulated using Aspen Plus V11 software. This study varied the reflux ratio in the distillation column and the decanter operating temperature. The results showed that butanol purity reached 90.33% in the radfrac 1 column operated at a pressure of 1.3 atm with a reflux ratio of 5, the location of the 7th feed stage and the number of stages 11. Then proceed to the purification stage in the radfrac column 2 which is operated at a pressure of 2 atm with a reflux ratio of 5, the location of the 4th stage feed and the number of stages 5. The decrease in the reflux ratio of the radfrac column causes a decrease in the butanol content at the bottom so that the purity of butanol also decreases and decreases % recovery or recovery of butanol. This is also followed by the location of the feed stage, which is getting higher, and the number of stages is increasing.

A Review of Methodologies for the Detection, Quantitation, and Localization of Free Cysteine in Recombinant Proteins: A Focus on Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Free-cysteine residues in recombinant biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies can arise from incorrect cellular processing of disulfide bonds during synthesis or by reduction of disulfide bonds during the harvest and purification stage of manufacture. Free cysteines can affect potency, induce aggregation, and decrease the stability of therapeutic proteins, and the levels and positions of free cysteines in proteins are closely monitored by both manufacturers and regulators to ensure safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the latest methodologies for the detection and quantification of free cysteines.