Stages Of Development Research Articles

Piaget as Metamodernist

The emerging discourse on metamodernism as an answer to the aporia of postmodernism seems to crystalize more and more into coherent and compelling configurations. Different and to some extent divergent conceptions of metamodernism—such as aesthetic sensibility, structure of feeling, cultural phase, political movement, and philosophical paradigm—have been considered by some to be expressions of a common underlying generative structure: that is, a worldview structure or developmental stage of cultural evolution. In this contribution, I will argue that developmentalism is indeed inherent in metamodern thought and that Piaget’s research program of genetic epistemology presents an early exploration of what might be called the metamodern condition. I will outline how the Piagetian project anticipates the principal themes now associated with metamodernism, such as an overcoming of relativism and particularism; a developmental view on ontology, epistemology, and ethics; a reconciliation of facts and values; a normative perspective on knowledge and validity; a relational view on subject/object and subject/subject interaction; a dialectical thinking that synthesizes opposing views; a reconstruction of developmental principles and construction laws; a depth-hermeneutic interpretation of cultural artifacts; an attitude of sincerity and hopefulness; a commitment for a political mission; a spirituality without religion; and, perhaps most significantly, a return of metanarratives.

Examining the nexus between carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, fossil fuel energy use, urbanization and renewable energy towards achieving environmental sustainability in India

Purpose Global urbanization has accelerated due to the persistent trend of rural-to-urban migration in search of better prospects and livelihoods, which has had serious negative effects on the environment, especially in rapidly developing economies. Hence, the purpose of the study is to analyse the relationship between urbanization, economic growth, consumption of renewable energy and carbon emissions with careful examination, particularly in the context of India, where urban population growth has skyrocketed. Design/methodology/approach This study uses econometric methods like Granger causality analysis and the ARDL bound tests, to analyse the intricate relationships between the selected time series variables for India from 1970 to 2022. Findings This research highlights the difficult task of striking a balance between economic development and environmental preservation by emphasizing the crucial role that urbanization and economic expansion play in causing carbon emissions. India’s urbanization trajectory presents a significant policy problem that calls for a move towards renewable energy sources to successfully decrease carbon emissions. Moreover, this research indicates a two-way causal relationship between economic growth, urbanization and carbon emissions, pointing to the intricate interactions between these variables during the developmental stage. Research limitations/implications Despite India’s per capita emissions remaining below the global average, this study highlights the mounting policy challenge of balancing economic development with environmental sustainability as urbanization persists. The paper emphasizes the need for India to invest in renewable energy capacity to replace non-renewable sources and mitigate the carbon footprint of its growing energy demands. Collaborative efforts between India and the developed world to facilitate access to clean energy technologies are crucial for India to achieve sustainable growth in the long run. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, existing literature predominantly focuses on investigating the relationship between renewable energy and economic growth, with only a limited number of studies exploring the impact on sustainable development to attain carbon neutrality. Furthermore, these studies have not considered the role of urbanization and non-renewable energy in addressing the challenge of sustainability issues in an emerging country like India. Hence, this study is a comprehensive study that addresses the research gap in these directions.

An Empirical Study on the Digital Economy, Fiscal Policy, and Regional Sustainable Development—Based on Data from Less Developed Regions in China

Reducing inequality within and between countries and enhancing social welfare are important components of the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Based on the experience of developed countries or regions, the digital economy and fiscal policy are effective ways of promoting inclusive regional economic growth. Fully considering the completeness and availability of the data, we select the data of China’s less developed regions from 2001 to 2011 for empirical testing. This study empirically examined the effect of the digital economy on regional sustainable development and the underlying mechanism, taking an analysis of the regulatory effect of fiscal policy into account. The results show the following: (1) The digital economy and regional sustainable development exhibit an inverted “U” curve relationship. In the early stage of development, relying on its own economies of scale, the digital economy releases the “digital dividend”, positively affecting the sustainable development of the regional economy; in the later stage, the “digital divide” has a positive impact on the development of the regional economy. The inhibitory effect of the “digital divide” is greater than the enhancement effect of the “digital dividend”, negatively affecting the sustainable development of regional economies. (2) There is regional heterogeneity in the mechanism of the effect of the digital economy on regional sustainable development. The digital economy affects the level of regional sustainable development through the two paths of “comprehensive prosperity” and “holistic well-being”. For the samples in the eastern and western regions, the digital economy plays the role of promoting and then inhibiting, while for the samples in the central region, it plays the role of inhibiting and then promoting. (3) Fiscal policy negatively regulates the effect of the digital economy on regional sustainable development, but the regulatory effect is not significant.

Ensiling Characteristics, Bacterial Community Structure, Co-Occurrence Networks, and Their Predicted Functionality in Alfalfa Haylage Silage with or Without Foliar Selenium Application

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in living systems. In this study, we applied a spray of 50 mg/kg sodium selenite to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at different stages of development (bud, initial bloom, and full bloom stages). After 0, 1, 3, 7, and 45 days of ensiling, we assessed the fermentation quality, chemical composition, and bacterial community of the alfalfa. Our findings indicated that the addition of Se led to an increase in the Se content and a decrease in the pH, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents. As ensiling fermentation progressed, the Se treatments increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, which was significantly greater than that in the control group (42.44% vs. 3.76%). In conclusion, the addition of sodium selenate to silage additive ensures the quality of the silage and reduces bacterial community diversity. This study provides valuable insights for the investigation of Se enrichment in alfalfa haylage silage.

The Glu86 Residue in TBX4 Proves Critical for Human Lung Development

ABSTRACTT‐box transcription factors are a group of evolutionarily conserved T‐box‐containing regulators of mesoderm specification and development. Heterozygous single nucleotide variants (SNVs) or copy‐number variant (CNV) deletions involving dosage‐sensitive TBX4 have been associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), ischiocoxopodopatellar syndrome with or without PAH, and lethal lung developmental disorders (LLDDs), including acinar dysplasia (AcDys), congenital alveolar dysplasia (CAD), and other unspecified primary pulmonary hypoplasias. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function variants have been proposed to cause pediatric PAH and LLDDs, and adult forms of PAH, respectively. Of more than 50 missense SNVs scattered across the entire TBX4, only three have been reported in patients with LLDDs, all mapping to the T‐box domain. Here, we report a recurrence of a pathogenic substitution Glu86Lys identified in an unrelated patient with AcDys. In silico predictions of the conformational changes of TBX4 resulting from this and another substitution, Glu86Gln, suggest the loss of most intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving residue 86, including those with Tyr230 that directly interact with DNA. Functional assays on the TBX4 variants in fetal lung fibroblasts confirmed their deleterious character. We propose that Glu86 is critically involved in maintaining TBX4 structure and function essential for airway branching during early stages of human lung development. Substitutions of this residue may act in a dominant negative manner, leading to AcDys and CAD.

Abstract PR016: Early changes to the colon tumor microenvironment during benign-to- malignant transition

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is now the first and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and women under 50, respectively, upending prior predictions. While many risk factors have been identified, the etiology of early onset disease is poorly understood, and it is unclear why some benign polyps progress to CRC while most do not. The genetic drivers of colon tumor initiation and progression to malignancy are not sufficient to drive disease on their own, as evidenced by the near ubiquitous presence of oncogenic mutations within morphologically “normal” adult tissues like the colon. This raises several fundamental questions: 1) what are the pioneering molecular and cellular events underlying benign-to-malignant transition following oncogenic mutation? 2) Is this sequence of events predetermined by cancer genetics or are additional (micro)environmental stimuli necessary? 3) How does the benign-to-malignant transition reshape tumor clonal architecture and is this immunogenic? We have begun to address these questions using a combination of rare human colon polyps with evidence of early malignant transition and innovative new mouse models that enable control of stepwise colon cancer progression. These autochthonous models combine in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 and an inducible “split-Cre” system to decouple focal tumor initiation in the distal colon (via Apc knockout) from spatiotemporal control of secondary driver events of malignant progression (e.g., Kras G12D, Trp53 knockout) in rare cells of benign adenomas. We have validated the in vivo functionality of these models, generating early “intramucosal carcinoma” and “adenocarcinoma-in-adenoma”—physiologically relevant and elusive stages of human colon cancer development that have never been reliably captured in model systems to date. Comparing these tumors with spatial transcriptomic data from human specimens, we report distinct transcriptional programs of early progression, a unique stromal reaction associated with early progression, and restructuring of glandular architecture and the stem cell niche in early carcinoma. By delineating the earliest events underlying cancer progression, this work promises to inform new strategies for early detection and prevention. We anticipate that the models will also be particularly valuable in functionally interrogating host and environmental factors that impact risk of early onset cancer. Citation Format: Peter M.K. Westcott, Yihan Qin, Daniel Zhang, Nikita Persaud, Zakeria Aminzada, Nischal Bhandari, Colin McLaughlin, William Rideout III, Santiago Naranjo, Song Han, Rodrigo Romero, Claire Regan, Jonathan Preall, Semir Beyaz, Tyler Jacks, Zhen Zhao, Sepideh Gholami. Early changes to the colon tumor microenvironment during benign-to- malignant transition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Tumor-body Interactions: The Roles of Micro- and Macroenvironment in Cancer; 2024 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(22_Suppl):Abstract nr PR016.

Objects of State Human Rights Practices

The paper characterizes the object of human rights practices and the object of state human rights practices based on the analysis of scientific views on the categories of the object available in modern philosophical and legal literature. The concept of an object of state human rights practices is proposed and a classification of these objects is developed. The question of the types of objects of state human rights practices is investigated. Separately, such controversial issues in modern legal science and practice as the attitude of the latest complex artificial intelligence systems to the objects of state human rights practices, the hierarchy of objects of state human rights practices, and the recognition of the unborn fetus as an object of state protection of human rights are analyzed. The author makes a conclusion about the possibility of transformation of objects of state human rights practices with the development of human civilization and a fundamental change in approaches to this category at the present stage of development of the Russian state, including in the context of a new system of protection of rights in the context of digitalization. It is proposed to formulate at the legislative level the concept and types of objects of state protection of human rights.

A Global Synthesis of Environmental Enrichment Effect on Fish Stress

ABSTRACTThe stress‐coping ability (SCA) is one of the core aspects of fish welfare and is of vital importance for fish production in the aquaculture industry and for fish fitness in hatchery release. Environmental enrichment (EE), a method of introducing external stimuli into the husbandry environment, has been recently proposed to improve fish SCA, but the present experimental evidence is mixed, and the reasons for these discrepancies are unclear. Here, we conducted a global meta‐analysis using a data set that consists of 1786 cases from 107 studies across 42 fish species to solve this problem. Overall, we found that enriched fish had significantly higher SCA than control fish, reflected in either basal stress levels or stress responses. Meta‐regression analyses showed that specific subgroups of enrichment type, fish developmental stage, stress category, stress duration, stress place, sample tissue and indicator system showed significant positive EE effects on SCA. Multi‐model inference indicated that the indicator system, fish developmental stage, stress characteristic and enrichment mode are important drivers for the high heterogeneity among effect sizes. These results highlight the importance of introducing EE into the rearing systems, which will not only increase the welfare of aquaculture fish but also improve the ecological adaptability of released fish. The comprehensive knowledge obtained in this analysis will provide insights into fish ontogenetic plasticity and its responses to EE and have important implications for improving the production cycle in fish aquaculture and fisheries conservation.

New mid‐Cretaceous macrothelids showing a similar living mode to extant Macrothelidae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae)

AbstractFive new spider fossils of the family Macrothelidae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) are described from mid‐Cretaceous Kachin amber, Myanmar. A new genus Acanthomacrothele gen. nov. is established for three new species: Acanthomacrothele pauciverrucae sp. nov., Acanthomacrothele geminata sp. nov., and Acanthomacrothele longicaudata sp. nov. Both male and female specimens of A. pauciverrucae sp. nov. are described, representing a rare case of a fossil spider with both sexes known. We also describe an unidentified juvenile of Macrothelidae to document different developmental stages of Cretaceous species. To test the phylogenetic position of the new fossils, we undertook phylogenetic analyses using both topology‐unconstrained and topology‐constrained methods. Our analyses supported the placement of Acanthomacrothele gen. nov. in Macrothelidae, although its phylogenetic relationship to other genera of Macrothelidae differed among different analytical methods. The fossils documented here have elongated, widely spaced posterior lateral spinnerets, compact rectangular group of eyes on a tubercle, and more spines on male tibia of anterior legs than female, similar to extant macrothelids, suggesting that they probably have similar retreat construction behavior, habitat preference, and mating position to their living relatives.

Desain Media Pembelajaran Hyperlink Berbasis Canva pada Materi Asmaul Husna Kelas X

This research aims to develop hyperlink-based learning media using Canva application on Asmaul Husna material for grade X students. This learning media is designed as an innovative solution that utilizes interactive features to increase student interest, understanding, and involvement in the learning process. The method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate), although in this study only until the development stage. The validation results show that this media is very feasible to use, with a material expert eligibility score of 89.5%, and a media expert of 78.5%. So that the validation results obtained from the hyperlink feature on Canva on class X asmaul husna material can be used as one of the learning media that makes it easier for students to access various additional content such as videos and articles, thus creating a more dynamic and interactive learning experience.

Effects of climate and forest development on habitat specialization and biodiversity in Central European mountain forests.

Mountain forests are biodiversity hotspots with competing hypotheses proposed to explain elevational trends in habitat specialization and species richness. The altitudinal-niche-breadth hypothesis suggests decreasing specialization with elevation, which could lead to decreasing species richness and weaker differences in species richness and beta diversity among habitat types with increasing elevation. Testing these predictions for bacteria, fungi, plants, arthropods, and vertebrates, we found decreasing habitat specialization (represented by forest developmental stages) with elevation in mountain forests of the Northern Alps - supporting the altitudinal-niche-breadth hypothesis. Species richness decreased with elevation only for arthropods, whereas changes in beta diversity varied among taxa. Along the forest developmental gradient, species richness mainly followed a U-shaped pattern which remained stable along elevation. This highlights the importance of early and late developmental stages for biodiversity and indicates that climate change may alter community composition not only through distributional shifts along elevation but also across forest developmental stages.

Ecotoxicological effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on Gryllus (Gryllus) assimilis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) ontogeny: a study on antioxidant system, oxidative stress and cholinergic system.

Brazil is an important global agricultural producer and to increase production the country has extensively used glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), surpassing consumption and sales records. Consequently, concerns have arisen regarding the potential impact of GBH on ecosystems and non-target organisms. Thus, the effects of GBH exposure were evaluated throughout the cricket Gryllus (Gryllus) assimilis ontogeny, with five developmental stages. Each period contained 3 control and 3 treated boxes, with 15 crickets each, resulting in 90 insects at a time. The control groups received water, while the treated ones were continuously exposed to GBH (0.864 mg.GBH.L-1), with the solutions changed every 48 h. After each exposure time the crickets' group were euthanized to assess the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GST, GR, GPx, and CAT), cholinergic enzymes (ChE), and lipid peroxidation (LPO). The results revealed changes in the systems throughout different developmental phases. Specifically, CAT activity exhibited a significant increase during the nymphal phase, associated with the dismutation of hydrogen peroxide. The GBH increased GST, indicating its role in cellular detoxification, particularly during adulthood. In the senescence stage there was a considerable rise in ChE enzymes, suggesting their involvement in both, choline esters breakdown and potential pesticide detoxification. The action of these enzymes to effectively control lipid peroxidation shows the adaptability of this species to environmental contamination. These findings underscore the long-term effects of agrochemical pollution and emphasize the importance of sustainable practices, effective regulations, and alternative weed control methods.

Description of the immature stages and bionomics of Anthonomus (Anthonomus) brunnipennis Curtis, 1840 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Anthonomini)

The developmental stages (larva, pupa) of Anthonomus brunnipennis are fully described for the first time. Despite great similarities of the adults of A. brunnipennis and A. rubi the differences between immature stages of both species could be demonstrated. Two different habitats of A. brunnipennis in Germany are described, and host plant data are critically reviewed. The only well-documented host plant of A. brunnipennis is Potentilla erecta.

Menstrual challenges in puberty: Investigating menorrhagia in adolescent girls

Menorrhagia, defined as excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding, poses a significant challenge during this developmental stage, potentially impacting the health and well-being of adolescent girls. Despite its prevalence, comprehensive studies on menorrhagia in this specific demographic are scarce. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the underlying causes and treatment outcomes of puberty menorrhagia.A six-month observational study involving 50 adolescent girls presenting with menorrhagia was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in a tertiary care center. The study utilized consecutive enumerative sampling and included a thorough investigation of participants, collecting data on demographic profiles, symptom severity, anemia levels, diagnoses, therapy requirements, and responses to conservative management. Baseline investigations encompassed a range of tests, including pregnancy exclusion, complete blood count, coagulation profile, and hormonal assays.The study cohort of 50 participants revealed varying characteristics: 24% were under 14 years, 34% were between 14-16 years, and 42% were aged 17-19 years. BMI distribution showed 14% below 18.5, 76% between 18.5 and 25, and 10% exceeding 25. Symptom duration included 20% reporting less than 6 months, 34% between 6-12 months, and 46% over 12 months. Etiology analysis indicated 60% with ovulatory dysfunction. Hemoglobin level analysis illustrated the prevalence and severity of anemia. Diverse treatments, including hormonal and non-hormonal interventions, were administered.This study provides insights into the causes of puberty menorrhagia, emphasizing the need for a holistic treatment. Future research should delve deeper into identified associations and clinical variants to enhance our understanding and guide effective interventions. Management should be directed to the cause.

Genome-Wide Identification of GRAS Gene Family in Cunninghamia lanceolata and Expression Pattern Analysis of ClDELLA Protein Under Abiotic Stresses

The Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is a significant species utilized in afforestation efforts in southern China. It is distinguished by its rapid growth and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. The GRAS gene family comprises a group of plant-specific transcription factors that play a pivotal role in plant growth and development, response to adversity, and hormone regulatory networks. However, the exploration of the GRAS family in gymnosperm Chinese fir has not yet begun. In this study, a total of 43 GRAS genes were identified in the whole genome of Chinese fir, and a phylogenetic analysis classified them into nine distinct subfamilies. Gene structure analysis revealed that the majority of ClGRAS genes lacked introns. It is notable that among these proteins, both ClGAI and ClGRA possess distinctive DELLA structural domains. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that nearly all ClGRAS genes contained light-responsive elements, while hormone-responsive elements, environmental-responsive elements (low-temperature- or defense-responsive elements), and meristem-organization-related elements were also identified. Based on transcriptome data and RT-qPCR expression patterns, we analyzed the expression of ClGAI and ClRGA genes across different developmental stages, hormones, and three abiotic stresses. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that ClGAI and ClRGA were localized to the nucleus. Transcriptional activation assays showed that both genes have self-activating activity. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the ClGRAS gene family is involved in the response of Chinese fir to environmental stress. Further research on the ClDELLA genes provides valuable information for exploring the potential regulatory network of DELLA proteins in Chinese fir.

Orchestrating Resources in Green Startups: Learning from Case Studies

This study examines the characteristics of green startups and the progression of their resource utilization patterns during the pandemic emergency, focusing on case studies from the Startup Incubation and Innovation Centre (SIIC) of the Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology (IITK). This study explores how these startups overcame lockdown challenges and identified the resources they utilized throughout various development stages. The findings reveal that the green startups in the sample share characteristics of visionary and inventive startups, often lacking formal business education but possessing strong technical skills and social engagement. They rely heavily on human and social resources in the early stages, leveraging their networks and stakeholder support to define and develop their green innovations. The research also highlights the importance of open innovation strategies, particularly in the product development stage, where startups leverage research labs and expertise within the IITK ecosystem. This study increases the literature on green startups and offers practical recommendations for young green entrepreneurs, emphasizing the importance of operating in familiar industries, building stakeholder networks, and utilizing open innovation strategies for successful green innovation development.

Research on Well Selection Method for Intermittent Pumping in Oil Wells Based on the Analytic Network Process and Fuzzy Logic

In the later stages of oilfield development, the decline in oil well production and the increase in development costs, attributed to issues such as insufficient liquid supply, necessitate the implementation of intermittent pumping measures. However, current methods for selecting these wells lack comprehensiveness in the decision-making process. This article proposes a novel method for selecting intermittent pumping wells utilizing the analytic network process (ANP) and fuzzy logic. Initial surveys identified the main factors influencing intermittent pumping effectiveness. The ANP was employed to screen and integrate six core factors, including submergence depth and water cut. Subsequently, a fuzzy-logic-based model was developed, incorporating trapezoidal and rectangular membership functions to establish detailed correlations among the factors. The model’s efficacy was validated and tested using real-world data from the oilfield. Results indicate that the model’s assessments of intermittent pumping wells align closely with professional engineering judgments. This approach not only provides clear guidance for well selection but also demonstrates high scalability and adaptability across different oilfields by adjusting membership functions, thereby showcasing significant practical value.

Neuroeducación en el aula

The present study seeks to establish the way in which neuroeducation can be used in classroom activities through a documentary review. Where it was found that early childhood is a fundamental stage of human development and, therefore, the Ministry of Education has given high priority to children from their conception to their first years of life. At this time, the brain undergoes an irreversible transformation. For it to grow and develop, going through sensitive moments for the acquisition of certain specific learning, millions of phenomenal neural connections are created. For this reason, it requires that external stimuli be of high quality, allowing children to live experiences according to each need, using physical resources and multisensory tools. It is crucial to understand that the brain develops properly considering the harmonious interaction between genetics and environmental cues. For this reason, the experiences lived by children are crucial because they allow the brain development process to be adjusted, resulting in positive or negative outcomes depending on whether adults are present in children’s lives.

Haematogenous seeding in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: Current evidence and clinical implications.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterised by abnormal neoplastic T-cell growth in the skin. Mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common CTCL, manifests as erythematous skin patches and/or plaques, tumours or erythroderma. The disease may involve blood, lymph nodes and rarely viscera. Sézary syndrome (SS) is a unique leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome related to MF, which presents with blood and skin involvement at diagnosis. The pathogenesis of MF/SS is not fully elucidated. The presence of skin lesions at distant sites underpins a hypothesis that MF/SS lesions may develop through haematogenous seeding. Phenotypic similarities between malignant and normal T-cells led to the notion that disease-initiating mutations occur in specific subtypes of mature T-cells, which are responsible for most CTCLs. However, this mature T-cell precursor model is not always consistent with clinical observations and research on MF/SS pathogenesis. Here, we review evidence supporting an alternative model of pathogenesis for MF/SS involving haematogenous seeding as a key process responsible for the initiation and progression of the disease. According to this hypothesis, malignant transformation occurs at an early stage of T-cell development (probably in bone marrow or thymus), yielding circulating neoplastic T-cells which colonise the skin where the microenvironment is most permissive for proliferation and evolution. These mutated precursor cells seed the skin where they find a suitable niche to develop into clinically perceptible disease. Subsequently, malignant T-cells can re-enter the bloodstream, re-seed pre-existing lesions and seed new areas of the skin, causing synchronous and convergent changes in the transcriptomic profile of lesions and tumours, and clinical disease progression - 'consecutive haematogenous seeding' captures this temporal phenomenon. This model radically changes the current understanding of CTCL pathogenesis, transforming it from a primarily cutaneous disease with secondary involvement of blood, to a systemic disease, where the spread of malignant cells through the blood to the skin is not a phenomenon of advanced disease but is an essential component of pathogenesis. This understanding of MF/SS could have several clinical implications, including standardising our approach to assessing blood tumour burden, potential advances in prognosis and monitoring, and investigating combination treatments to improve patient outcomes.

CRIMINAL, CIVIL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE PROTECTION OF UNBORN LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO

Background: Human life is a natural right, and as a fundamental right, its loss entails the loss of all other rights. Consequently, human life is protected by international and national legal acts. This study will approach the chosen topic from a critical thinking angle. Its purpose is to present the basic notions of life, tackle the protection of life through positive legal norms, examine the legal treatment of the unauthorised termination of pregnancy, and provide an overview of data related to such terminations. Furthermore, we will examine whether current legal provisions in Republic of Kosovo effectively safeguard life or, instead, permit the termination of unborn life. The topic will be approached from the perspectives of civil law and the socioeconomic aspect of this phenomenon. Given that Kosovo was once an Autonomous Region of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, we will draw a comparative parallel in terms of legal reforms. The importance of this study will be evident based on the fact that studies of this interrelated nature of such a topic are lacking. Consequently, such a study will be relevant to legislation and legal practice. Methods: The selected topic will be treated by applying the historical-legal method, the normative method, the comparative method, the method of analysis and the synthesis method. Through the application of these study methods, an effort will be made to achieve the goal and the study objective, always with the aim of providing concrete answers to the research questions and validating the raised hypotheses. Results and Conclusions: While it must be accepted that termination of pregnancy is not murder, it is crucial to recognise that if it occurs at advanced stages of fetal development, it cannot be called anything other than murder. In addition to the legal fragility facing Kosovar society, there is also a notable weakness in the punitive policy. This policy, in its effort to be humane towards the perpetrators of criminal offences, may fail to achieve its intended objectives. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a shift in legislative policy concerning certain antisocial phenomena. Such a change would inherently lead to a reevaluation of punitive measures, especially considering that the criminal offence of unauthorised termination of pregnancy continues to be present in our society.